CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

“SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS”

Arranged by:

Group 1 :

1. Akhirunnisa Audina (4201131018)

2. Annisa Rahayu (4203131045)
3. Evaline (4203131036)
4. Gracia Kristy Tarigan (4201131003)
5. Miranda A. Sihite (4203131031)
6. Safirda Hasanah (4201131006)

Class : CESP 2020

Course : Inorganic Physics Chemistry

Lecturer : Dr. Muhammad Yusuf, M.Si

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS 2020

FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2022/2023
 FOREWORD

Assalaamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

First of all, the author would like to thank Allah SWT who has given the writer health
and understanding so that he can finish this Critical Book Report paper on time. Shalawat and
greetings are also delivered to our master, the great prophet Muhammad SAW, who has brought
us from the age of ignorance to the good age today. The author also wants to thank Mr. Dr. M.
Yusuf , M.Si., as a lecturer in the Inorganic Physics Chemistry course who has guided the author
in working on this paper.

The author's goal in completing this CBR paper is to fulfill one of the assignments for the
Inorganic Physics Chemistry course in the Chemistry Education Study program, Medan State
University. The author realizes that this thesis is far from perfect, so constructive criticism and
suggestions are really needed from readers.

That's all that the author can convey, more and less I apologize. Hopefully this paper is
useful for anyone who reads it. Thank you author for your attention.

Author,

Group 1

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................................ I

TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................. II

CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

A. BACKGROUND ...........................................................................................................................................................1
B. PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................................................1
C. IDENTITY OF BOOKS ....................................................................................................................................................1

CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

A. DISCUSSION ..............................................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................................................... 15

CLOSING .............................................................................................................................................................. 15

A. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOOKS ..............................................................................................................15

B. CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................................................16

REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................... 17

ii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Complex compounds are compounds that contain one or more complex ions with a small
number of molecules or ions around a central metal atom or ion, usually of a transition metal.
Complex compounds or coordination compounds refer to molecules or entities that are formed
from the joining of ligands and metal ions. Traditionally, a complex meant the reversible
association of molecules, atoms, or ions through weak chemical bonds. This understanding has
now changed. Some metal complexes are formed irreversibly and many of them are quite tightly
bonded. A complex compound will be formed when there is a coordination covalent bond
between a metal atom or ion with several neutral molecules or electron donor ions. A complex
compound is a compound that contains a complex ion and a counter ion. Complex ions are ions
composed of a central ion (central atom) surrounded by molecules or ions called ligands.
Between the central ion and the ligand there is a coordination bond. The number of coordination
bonds that occur between the central atom and the ligand is called the coordination number.

B. Purpose
Based on the background above, the purpose of writing CBR is:

1. Knowing the differences between the 4 contents of the book regarding the material for the
synthesis of complex compounds

2. Knowing the strengths and weaknesses of each book

3. Knowing how to synthesize complex compounds

4. Knowing more about complex compound material

C. Identity of Books
1. Book 1

Title : KIMIA ANORGANIK Struktur dan Kereaktifan

Author : Akram La Kilo

Publisher : UNG Press

1
Year : 2018

City of Publication : Gorontalo

ISBN : 978-602-6204-79-0

Pages : 208 pages

2. Book 2

Title : Kimia Anorganik Struktur dan Ikatan

Author : Nuryono

Publisher : UGM Press

Year : 2019

City of Publication : Yogyakarta

ISBN : 9786023861927

Pages : 192 pages

2
3. Book 3

Title : Buku Teks Kimia Anorganik Online

Author : Taro Saito

Publisher : Iwanami Publishing Company

Year : 2004

City of Publication : Kanagawa

ISBN : 602386192X

Pages : 201 pages

3
4. Book 4

Title : Dasar-Dasar Kimia Anorganik Transisi

Author : Kristian H. Sugiyarto

Publisher : Graha Ilmu.

Year : 2012

City of Publication : Yogyakarta

ISBN : 978-979-756-793-4

Pages : 282 pages

4
 CHAPTER II
CONTENTS
A. Discussion
Resume of Book 1:

1. DEFINITIONS OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS

Complex compounds are compounds that contain one or more complex ions. Complex
ions consist of a central atom in the form of a transition metal or metal in the main group, which
binds to anions or neutral molecules called ligands, compounds so that the complex can be
neutrally charged, the complex ions of these compounds will combine with other ions called
counter ions. If the complex ion is positively charged, then the counter ion will definitely be
negatively charged and vice versa.

2. COMPLEX OF COMPOUNDS OF COMPOUNDS

Alfred Werner (1866-1919) said that complex compounds are composed of transition
metal ions surrounded by ions or other molecules called ligands. Based on the number of atoms
in a ligand molecule:

• Monodentate ligand

Ligands that are coordinated to a metal atom by only one atom are called monodentate
ligands, for example F-, Cl-, H2O and CO. Most ligands are anions or neutral molecules that are
electron donors. Some common monodentate ligands are F-, Cl-, Br-, CN-, NH3, H2O, CH3OH,
and OH-.

• Bidentate ligand

If the ligand is coordinated to the metal via two atoms it is called a bidentate ligand. This
ligand is well known among the polydentate ligands. Neutral bidentate ligands include diamine
anions, diphosphine, dieter, among others.

• Polydentate ligands

Ligands that have two or more donor atoms that can be coordinated with a metal ion so
that they can fill two or more metal ion d orbitals are called polydentate ligands.

3. DETERMINING COORDINATION NUMBER

5
 The coordination number is the sum of the ligands directly attached to the central atom.
The coordination number of Co3+ in the compound [Co(NH3)6]3+ is 6, because six ligand
atoms (N of NH3) are bonded by the central atom, namely Co3+. Generally, the coordination
number that appears most often is 6, but sometimes coordination numbers 2 and 4 can also
appear and it is possible that even larger numbers can appear.

4. NOMENOM OF COMPLEX COMPOUNDS

In writing the name of a complex compound, some basic rules are as follows:

• The name of the positive ion in the complex is written first, followed by the name of the
negative ion

• To write the name of a complex ion, the name of the ligand is written first and sorted
alphabetically (regardless of the type of charge), followed by the name of the metal

Example :

• [CoSO4(NH3)4]NO3 : tetraamminsulfatcobalt (III) nitrate

• K4[Fe(CN)6] : potassium hexacyanoferate (II)

A. Rules for Writing Metal Names

• The name of the central metal in the complex ion is written last

• The metal in the negative complex (anion) is suffixed with –at

Example: Na[Co(CO)4] = sodium tetracarbonylcobaltate (I)

• Metals in neutral complexes or positive complexes (cations) are not given a special
ending

Example :

o [Co(NO2)3(NH3)3] = Triammindinitrocobalt(III)

o [CoSO4(NH3)4]NO3 = Tetraamminsulfatokobalt(III)

• The charge of the central metal is indicated by Roman numerals immediately following
the name of the metal

B. Writing Complex Compound Formulas

6
 In writing the molecular formula of a complex compound, there are several rules that
must be followed, namely as follows:

• Complex ions are written in square brackets “ […..]”

• The metal is listed first, followed by the ligand

• Ligands are written after the metal in the following order: negative ligand – neutral ligand
– positive ligand

• The order of writing ligands with the same charge is adjusted in alphabetical order.
Example :

a triammintrinitrocobalt (III) = [Co(NO2)3(NH3)3]

b potassium nitrosylpentasianoferrate(II) = K[Fe(CN)5NO ]

c [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 = Pentaamminnitrocobalt(III) chloride pentaamminnitrito-N-

cobalt(III) chloride

d Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2= Pentaamminnitritokobalt(III) chloride Pentaamminnitrito-O-

cobalt(III) chloride

Resume Book 2:

A. The energetics of chemical reactions

Chemical reactions as processes involving the arrangement of electrons,

breaking, and or the formation of bonds between atoms always require or release
energy. Energy is needed if a chemical reaction involves the process of excitation of
electrons or the formation of new bonds, whereas energy is released if a chemical
reaction involves the process of emitting electrons or breaking bonds between atoms.
The quantity and quality of energy involved in these chemical reactions can be
studied microscopically and macroscopically. The study of chemistry microscopically
is statistical thermodynamics and macroscopically is chemical thermodynamics.
Statistical thermodynamics uses a theoretical approach, which is based on the internal
energy of each particle. The internal energy includes the energy of electrons, the
energy of atomic nuclei, and the energy of vibrational, rotational and translational
motion of particles. Each of these internal energies can be calculated in a quantum
manner, so no other thermodynamic quantities are needed. In contrast, chemical
thermodynamics uses an empirical approach in which the energy of a molecule is

7
calculated based on changes in other thermodynamic quantities. These
thermodynamic quantities include temperature, pressure, and volume. If the energy of
the molecule changes, then the change results in a change in temperature, pressure, or
volume around the molecule. These changes are observed and quantitatively
measured to determine the energy of the molecule. Therefore, chemical
thermodynamics is a branch of chemistry which includes the observation and
measurement of thermodynamic quantities.

B. Chemical Thermodynamics Study

At a certain moment, the process of changing a chemical or physical system will reach a
static state, where the total change in the state of the system is equal to zero. This condition
occurs when a thermodynamic equilibrium has been reached either between the system and the
system or the system and the environment. The types of thermodynamic equilibrium studied in
chemical processes are as follows:

1. Thermal equilibrium that occurs when the temperature is the same at every point.

2. Chemical equilibrium occurs when chemical reactions from reactants to products or vice
versa take place at the same rate.

3. Phase equilibrium that occurs when changes between phases take place at
the same rate and amount of matter.

The three categories of thermodynamic equilibrium above are objects of study of

chemical thermodynamics that are studied based on the laws of thermodynamics. The first law of
thermodynamics is concerned with thermal equilibrium, while the second and third laws of
thermodynamics are concerned with chemical equilibrium and phase equilibrium. These three
laws of thermodynamics help chemists to:

1. Determine the conditions under which a chemical reaction may occur.

2. Adjust and vary the thermodynamic quantities so that they are obtained desired reaction
result.

3. Maximize the desired reaction or inhibit the reaction that is not desirable if the chemical
reaction involves several pathways.

4. Determine the stable state of the reactants and products involved in the
reaction chemistry.

C. Gas Laws

Gas is a type of system phase that is strongly influenced by system variables, such as
volume, pressure, temperature, and number of particles. These variables influence each other. If

8
one variable is changed, then several other variables will change. One technique that is often
used to reduce the relationship between these variables is to keep one of the variables constant.
For example, to determine the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas, the
volume and number of particles must be constant. Likewise, to determine the relationship
between temperature and gas volume, the pressure and the number of particles must be constant.

D. The Laws of Thermochemistry

The first law of thermodynamics describes the relationships and types of energy involved
in a process. This explanation is very helpful in determining the amount of energy involved so
that a process can be predicted whether it can reach energy balance or not. However, this law is
not sufficient to explain the spontaneity of a process, including its direction whether it is
reversible or irreversible. A process of change is considered spontaneous if the process reaches
equilibrium without energy input from outside the system. Conversely, a change process is
considered non- spontaneous if the process requires input of energy from outside the system. If
the state after the change can be returned back to the state before the change without causing
other changes, both inside and outside the system, So the change process is reversible. But
change without causing other changes is impossible to find in everyday life, so that changes in
nature are generally irreversible changes. Thermochemistry is the science that studies reactions
chemistry and the energy changes involved. In studying thermochemistry, it is necessary to
define "system" and "environment". The system is everything on which we focus our attention.
The environment is everything other than the system. First law of thermodynamicsstates that
energy cannot be created or destroyed. The implications of this law on the energy in the system,
ie energy change in, ΔE equals the sum heat(q) absorbed or released by the system with the work
(w) performed or received by the system. Thus the statement of the second law of
thermodynamics can be formulated in general: "there is no process that can take place
continuously by absorbing heat and converting all of the absorbed heat into work without side
results, namely there is heat lost". The consequence of this law gives rise to a new
thermodynamic quantity related to the lost heat, namely entropy (S)

E. Heat As A Form Of Energy

In addition to producing new products, chemical reactions can also produce or change
forms of energy. An example that is very easy for us to find is the metaboslime process in the
human body that produces energy so that humans can move. This energy comes from food
ingredients that undergo a decomposition process in the body to produce energy in the form of
heat. Another example is the movement of the piston of a motor engine because it obtains
mechanical energy from heat energy resulting from the reaction of burning gasoline. Besides
being converted into other forms of energy, heat energy can also be transferred, either from
system to environment, environment to a particular system, or between different systems. A
simple example is when cold temperature ice is put into warm water. When some of the ice starts
to turn into water, the water temperature starts to drop lower than before. This is because the

9
thermal contact between the water and the ice causes some of the heat from the water to be
transferred to the ice. This transfer causes changes in the microscopic properties of ice so that it
turns into water. The above process takes place irreversibly, until thermal equilibrium occurs, ie
when the change in system temperature starts to become constant. Thermal equilibrium is a
reversible process, where small changes are always accompanied by opposite changes so that the
system remains in equilibrium. This concept requires that all systems that make thermal contact
will reach thermal equilibrium so that it can be formulated that "if systems A and B are
respectively in thermal equilibrium with system C, then systems A and B are in thermal
equilibrium with each other". This statement is known as the zero law of thermodynamics.

Resume Book 3:

A. Complex small molecule

Two or three atomic molecules, such as H2, N2, CO, NO, CO2, NO2, and H2O, SO2 are
small molecules and the complex chemistry of these small molecules is very important not only
in inorganic chemistry but also in catalytic, bioinorganic and environmental chemistry. Small
molecule complexes other than water and carbon monoxide have been synthesized recently.
Dihydrogen complexes were only reported in 1984. Dihydrogen complexes The oxidative
addition reaction of a hydrogen molecule, H2, is one of the methods used to form M-H bonds in
hydride complexes. Schematically, the above reaction is written as

M + H2 → H-M-H

B. Complex reaction

Complex reactions are classified into ligand substitution reactions, ligand conversion
reactions and metal redox reactions. Substitution and redox reactions in particular have been
studied in detail.

C. Dinitrogen complex

Because N2 is isoelectronic with CO, the possible stability of dinitrogen complexes

analogous in structure to carbonyl complexes has been the subject of speculation for many years.
This compound has attracted much interest because of its similarity to the interaction and
activation of nitrogen in the iron catalyst used in the synthesis and nitrogen fixation in the
enzyme nitrogenase. The first dinitrogen complex, [Ru(N2)(NH3)5]X2, was prepared by A. D.
Allen (1965) by accident from the reaction of a ruthenium complex with hydrazine. Later, it was
discovered by accident that nitrogen gas coordinates with cobalt, and [CoH(N2)(PPh3)3] was
prepared in 1967 . Many dinitrogen complexes have been prepared since then.

D. Dioxygen complexes

10
 Although it has long been known that the Schiff base complexes of cobalt absorb oxygen,
the discovery of Vaska's complex, [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2 ], which coordinates reversibly with
dioxygen to form [IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2(O2)] is very significant. . In this complex, two oxygen atoms
are bonded to iridium (via the sides), and dioxygen has the character of a peroxide (O2 2-).

Complex reactions Complex reactions are classified into ligand substitution reactions,
ligand conversion reactions and metal redox reactions. Substitution and redox reactions in
particular have been studied in detail. Ligand substitution reactions Ligand substitution reactions
are complex:

LnMX + Y → LnMY + X

It is very important for the preparation of various complex derivatives. The detailed
conditions of the ligands and complexes enabling this reaction have been studied in order to
understand their stereochemistry and achieve practical rates of substitution reactions. As with
any other type of reaction, it is important to understand the equilibrium and the reaction rate.

Formation constants The equilibrium constant for a ligand substitution reaction is called
the stability or formation constant. The concept and method of calculating the stepwise formation
constant was proposed by N. Bjerrum (1941). The equilibrium constant for replacing the

hydrated ion M with another ligand L in aqueous solution is.

The thermodynamic stability of substitute products becomes greater if the formation

constant increases. On the other hand, understanding the effect of the exiting ligand, X, and the
incoming ligand, Y, on the rate of substitution and the species of intermediate formed is
important for elucidating reactions of metal complexes. It is especially useful for summarizing
the electronic structures of metals, the stereochemistry of complexes and the correlation between
the parameters representing the steric properties of compounds and reaction rates.

11
Resume Book 4:

1. Bonds in Complex Compounds

The question that arises then is what kind of bond results from the special interaction
between the central atom and the surrounding group (ligand)? The answer is clearly not "purely"
ionic, nor "purely" covalent in the sense of forming an allied pair of electrons from both parties,
but rather the formation of an allied pair of electrons from only one of the parties, namely from
the ligand. Thus, each ligand (to be precise the donor atom in the ligand) has at least a pair of
non-bonding electrons or more commonly in terms of a lone pair of electrons which of course are
present in the outermost shell. This pair of electrons can be donated to another atom (the central
atom) but are then shared and thus the nature of the bond is a coordinate covalent bond or a
coordination bond. That is why the compound in question is then more commonly known as a
coordination compound. So, in complex compounds the ligand provides a donor atom (donor)
and the central atom acts as an acceptor (receiver). In other words, the ligand is a Lewis base
(electron pair donor) and the central atom is a Lewis acid (electron pair acceptor). Usually if you
want to distinguish from ordinary covalent bonds, this coordinate covalent bond is depicted by
an arrow (-) from the donor atom towards the central atom; but for simplification, the two are
often not distinguished by a regular connecting line (-).

The naming of complex compounds according to IUPAC for simple complex compounds
mainly adopts the Stock naming system and the Ewens-Bassett system. Certain rules that need
special attention are outlined as follows:

(1) If the complex is molecular or neutral, the name is written in one word only; if it is ionic,
then the name of the cation is separated and written first followed by the name of the
anion as in the nomenclature of ordinary salts.
(2) The name of the ligand is written first followed by the name of the central atom; to
indicate the number of ligands the prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta, and hexa are used,
denoting 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ligands for simple ligands respectively; but for more complex
ligands (generally organic ligands) or to avoid doubt the prefixes bis 2, tris= 3, tetrakis 4,
pentakis 5, and heksax #6 are used.
(3) If there is more than one type of ligand, it is usually written in alphabetical order by the
name of the ligand, excluding the prefix. (4) Negative ligands get an additional "o"
ending for the original group name that ends in "at" or "it" and the "o (ido)" ending
instead of the "a (ida)" ending from the original group name, while neutral ligands match
the name of the molecule except for special ligands such as H_{2}*O = aqua, NH, =
amine, CO= carbonyl, NO = nitrosyl.
(4) The name of the central atom is always immediately followed without spaces by (a) the
oxidation state written in Roman numerals in brackets, (); a positive oxidation state need
not be preceded by a plus sign, but for a negative oxidation state a minus sign must be
written before the Roman numerals; zero oxidation state written with Arabic numerals 0;
or (b) the charge of the complex ion concerned is written in Arabic numerals followed by

12
 a plus or minus sign in small brackets (); or (c) the oxidation state (a) or the ionic charge
(b) does not need to be written if the stoichiometric system is used.

B. Isomers in Complex Compounds

As with organic compounds, in coordination compounds there are also known isomers,
namely compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different structures. This is
mainly due to (1) differences in the distribution of ligands inside and outside the coordination-
sphere, (2) differences in the distribution of ligands on two or more central atoms, and (3)
isomers of the ligands. These isomers have different chemical and physical properties. Basically,
isomers of complex compounds are distinguished by the nature of their bonds, namely stereo
isomerism if the bonds are identical and structural isomerism if the bonds are different.

(1) Ionization isomers are isomers that differ in terms of the species coordinated as ligands to
produce different ions in solution.
(2) hydration isomers. These isomers represent differences in the way the water molecules
are bonded in the complexes concerned. One very striking example is the compound
chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate, CrCl 6H,O. The second and third isomers
(monohydrate and dihydrate) can be obtained by heating the anhydrous in an aqueous
solution of HCl.
(3) Linkage isomers (linkage isomers). Ligands consisting of groups of atoms that can form
co-ordinate bonds through more than one different atom will result in linkage isomers.
(4) coordination isomers. If the compound consists of a cation and an-ion which are both
complex species or consist of two or more central atoms, then the central ion pair of the
ligand can vary to produce isomers.
(5) Geometry Isomers. In complex compounds consisting of 2 or more kinds of ligands, the
positions of the ligands can be varied in such a way as to produce isomers in the same
geometric framework. The two types of geometric isomers that are often encountered are
cis-trans and facial-meridional isomers with a geometric framework.
(6) Optically active isomers. This isomer is related to the property of the ability to rotate the
plane of polarized light. The direction of rotation to the right of polarized light is marked
with a plus sign, +, or d (dextrorotary means to rotate right) and the direction of rotation
to the left is marked with a minus sign, or l (laevorotary means to rotate left); the ±
notation means a racemic mixture that is a mixture of both, d and E. (The D and L
notations in organic compounds are related to the configuration of their structure and
have nothing to do with the direction of this angle of rotation).
Optical isomers are often referred to as enantiomers, namely isomers that differ in terms
of chiral atomic configuration, because the optically active carriers are related to the chiral
structure. The chiral structure is a dissymmetric object or handedness meaning, an object that is
similar in nature to the right hand and left hand; they are different but mirror images of each
other. So, the chiral structure is a molecule that produces mirror images that are

13
nonsuperimposable (meaning that one shape cannot be superimposed right on top of its mirror
image just as a right hand prone cannot be superimposed right on top of a left hand that is prone
too).

C. Application of Complex Compounds

Many applications of coordination compounds are found, among others, in household

life, industry, and medicine, as complexing agents which depend on their ability to selectively
dissolve metal ions or bind them or separate them from solution. Metal ions of calcium,
magnesium, and iron can be separated from hard water by complexing agents such as
tripolyphosphate, Na,P,O- These agents are used as builders in detergents, helping the detergent
function by separating ions -ions in hard water increase alkalinity, remove impurities and prevent
re-deposition.

In metallurgy, the extraction of silver and gold by the formation of cyanide complexes
from their ores and the refining of nickel metal to carbonyl complexes are typical examples of
the use of complexes in this process. In metal ores containing even a small amount of gold or
silver, the two can be separated by extraction with a cyanide solution in water, namely by
forming a soluble complex compound.

Furthermore, this complex ion is separated from other insoluble materials by filtering
(usually by adding Na ions), then electropositive metal Zn is added to the solution of the
complex compound so that gold separation occurs:

A very famous fractional distillation method is the Mond process (Ludwig Mond, 1839-
1909 English chemist from Germany) for the purification of nickel metal. Carbon monoxide gas
is passed through impure nickel metal at a temperature of about 70 °C to form a complex
compound [Ni(CO)] which is very volatile (easily evaporates, boiling point = 43°C), but very
toxic.

Furthermore, this complex compound can be separated from other compounds that are
more difficult to evaporate by distillation. Further heating of this complex compound at 200 °C
will produce pure Ni metal, and the released CO gas can be reused in the process of extracting Ni
metal.

14
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Advantages and Disadvantages of Books
Book Advantages
Book 1 • The scope of material presented by
this book is quite complete. The
material described is general
information found in other books,
so that the readers are much easier
to understand.
• The language used by this book in
explaining the material is everyday
language. This is the main factor
that can make it easier for readers
and understand more about what
the contents of the book mean.
• In explaining the material, this
book also attaches a formula so that
the reader has an material of what
is being discussed
Book 2 • This book provides a fairly detailed
explanation so it is suitable for
runners.
• The use of language in this book is
very easy to understand.
• This book is equipped with
formulas that are complete enough
to make it easier for students.
Book 3 • In terms of cover, this book is
interesting by writing the implied
meaning of the book.
• In terms of book font size is
appropriate and can be read clearly.
• In terms of the use of language in
the contents of the book, it is easy
to understand
Book 4 • In terms of cover, this book is quite
interesting with a blue and green
cover.
• In terms of layout, this book has a
Disadvantages
• Because the information
presented is general
information, the material is not
explained in depth.
• The language used is indeed
everyday language, but in this
book there are many words
that have the same meaning,
causing a waste of words.
• The picture attachments in this
book are quite large so they
take up a lot of space on each
sheet of the book
• The cover of this book is too
plain and lacks.
• There are only a few examples
• Illustrations not so much
• In terms of material regarding
complex compounds, the book
does not provide basic
knowledge about complex
compounds so it is difficult to
understand for beginners who
are just learning about the
material.
• In terms of giving the formula,
according to critics it is
difficult to understand.
• In terms of material, this book
discusses complex compounds
only in general terms and does
15
 good font size which is perfect for not explain the synthesis of
reading, not too small and not too complex compounds.
large, the description of the
material is structured and the colors
of the writing are quite clear.
• In terms of material, this book
discusses physical inorganic
chemistry where there are also parts
of complex compounds and there
are also graphs and pictures to
make it easier for readers to
understand the contents of the
book.

B. Conclusion
Complex compounds are composed of a central atom, which is generally a transist metal,
and a ligand as a surrounding group. Ligands provide a lone electron-pair donor atom for the
formation of a coordinate bond with the central atom. The number of coordinate bonds is the
coordination number of the complex compound concerned. Ligands can be neutral ions or
molecules, with mono- or multi-dentate capability. Common geometric shapes for complex
compounds are the tetrahedron (coordination number 4), the square (coordination number 4), and
the octahedron (coordination number 6). In complex compounds, various isomers are known,
namely ionization, hydration, linkage, cis-trans, fac-mer, and optically active-inactive isomers.
Metallocenes are also considered as coordination compounds in which the electron pairs
originate from the circular or unsaturated bonds of the hydrocarbons. Likewise metal clusters in
the presence of metal-metal covalent bonds. The role of coordination compounds is very
important in various aspects of human life.

16
 REFERENCES
Kilo, L. Akram. (2018). Kimia Anorganik Struktur dan Kereaktifan. UNG Press: Gorontalo.

Nuryono. (2019). Kimia Anorganik Struktur dan Ikatan. UGM Press: Yogyakarta.

Saito, Taro. (2004). Buku Teks Kimia Anorganik Online. Iwanami Publishing Company:
Kanagawa.

Sugiyanto, H. Kristian. (2012). Dasar-Dasar Kimia Anorganik Transisi. Graha Ilmu: Yogyakarta.

17