Homework

Private study work (bring notes to show

me next lesson);
• Look at the following websites
• http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bon
dingmenu.html#top
Covalent bonding and dative covalent
• http://www.chemnotes.org.uk/f321.html
• Topic 5, concentrate on covalent bonding
1. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show
the bonding in methane (CH4)

2. Draw a dot and cross diagram to show

the bonding in lithium fluoride (LiF)
Covalent Bonding

Friday 13 November 2020

 Lesson Objectives
Covalent Bonding and Dative Covalent
(co-ordinate) Bonding
• Describe what a covalent bond is
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for covalent
substances
• Describe the relationship between bong
lengths and bond strengths
• Explain dative covalent (coordinate) bonding
• Draw dot and cross digarams showing dative
covalent (coordinate) bonding including Al2Cl6
and NH4+
 Definition
• Write a definition of a covalent bond.
• “Strong electrostatic attraction between two
nuclei and the shared pair of electrons between
them”
• A pair of electrons shared between two non-
metal atoms. The attraction of the nuclei to the
electron pair effectively holds them together.
• The attraction is directional, it only acts on the
sharing atoms. Remember that an ionic bond
attracts in all directions.
Covalent bonding
 Activity
Draw dot and cross diagrams for the following
covalently bonded molecules:
• H2O
• Br2
• NH3
 Single Bonds
• The three molecules we just looked at are single
covalent bonds.
• A single bond only involves one pair of electrons.
• Now draw dot and cross diagrams for the
bonding in:
– O2
– N2
– CO2
 Multiple Bonds
• If two electron pairs are shared between atoms
then this is called a double covalent bond.
• E.g.
– O2, written O=O
– CO2, written O=C=O (two double bonds)
• If three electron pairs are shared between atoms
then this is called a triple covalent bond.
• E.g. N2, written NΞN
 Exam questions

Define the term covalent bond (2 marks)

 Exam questions

Explain how the atoms are held together by the covalent

bond in a molecule of hydrogen (1 mark)
Exam questions
 Exam questions
Draw the dot and cross diagrams for (1 mark each):
Methane, CH4
 Exam questions
Draw the dot and cross diagrams for (1 mark each):
Ethene, CH2 = CH2
 Exam questions
Draw the dot and cross diagrams for (1 mark each):
Nitrogen, N2
Exam questions
 Lesson Objectives
Covalent Bonding and Dative Covalent
(co-ordinate) Bonding
• Describe what a covalent bond is
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for covalent
substances
• Describe the relationship between bong
lengths and bond strengths
• Explain dative covalent (coordinate) bonding
• Draw dot and cross digarams showing dative
covalent (coordinate) bonding including Al2Cl6
and NH4+
 Strength of covalent bonds
The stronger a bond the harder it is to break
it

The shorter the covalent the bond the

stronger it is
 Limitations to models of covalent
bonding
• Dot and cross model only shows how atoms
share electrons pairs. Doesn’t explain
anything about bond lengths
• Most bonds aren’t purely ionic or covalent
• Some compounds that use covalent
bonding end up with more than 8 electrons
in their outer shell (use d orbitals to expand
their octet)
 Lesson Objectives
Covalent Bonding and Dative Covalent
(co-ordinate) Bonding
• Describe what a covalent bond is
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for covalent
substances
• Describe the relationship between bong
lengths and bond strengths
• Explain dative covalent (coordinate) bonding
• Draw dot and cross digarams showing dative
covalent (coordinate) bonding including Al2Cl6
and NH4+
 Lone Pair
• What do you notice about the electrons in
these diagrams?
 Lone Pair
• Once covalent bonding has happened, all
electrons are paired.
• Some of these electrons are shared pairs which
are called bonding pairs (or bonding electrons).
• The pairs of electrons which are not involved in
bonding are called lone pairs.
• How many lone pairs in
1. Water
2. Ammonia
3. Methane
 Dative Bonding
• Now draw the bonding in the ammonium
ion, NH4+.
• Imagine that it is made from the
combinations of NH3 and H+.
• Draw those two species first and then try
to draw them bonded together.
Also written:
 Dative Bonding
• A dative covalent bond is a shared pair of
electrons which have both been provided
by the same atom.
• Dative covalent bonds are also called co-
ordinate bonds.
Co-ordinate bonding
Al2Cl6 is another example
Draw a dot and cross diagram for this
Examples of co-ordinate bonds
 Lesson Objectives
Covalent Bonding and Dative Covalent
(co-ordinate) Bonding
• Describe what a covalent bond is
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for covalent
substances
• Describe the relationship between bong
lengths and bond strengths
• Explain dative covalent (coordinate) bonding
• Draw dot and cross digarams showing dative
covalent (coordinate) bonding including Al2Cl6
and NH4+
 How many covalent bonds?
When covalent bonds form, unpaired
electrons often pair up so that the bonded
atoms obtain a noble gas electron
configuration (obeying the octet rule)
This is not always possible:
-there may not be enough electrons to react
an octet
-more than four electrons may pair up in
bonding (expansion of the octet)
 Not enough electrons to reach an octet
• In period 2 beryllium, Be and boron, B form
covalent compounds
• However they do not have enough
unpaired electrons to reach a noble gas
configuration
• But they can pair up any unpaired electrons

• E.g. BF3; three unpaired

electrons from B pair up
 Expansion of the octet
As you move down the periodic table more
of the outer – shell electrons are able to
take part in bonding
In the resulting molecules one of the
bonding atoms may finish up with more
than eight electrons in its outer shell
This breaks the octet rule and is called the
expansion of the octet rule
 Expansion of the octet
Elements that can expand their octet; P, As,
S, Se, Te, Cl, Br, I, At

E.g. Sulfur hexafluoride SF6.

Six covalent bonds can form.
Each of sulfurs six electrons is paired
meaning that 12 electrons surround sulfur.
 Exam questions
Draw the dot and cross diagrams for (1 mark each):
The ammonium ion, NH4+
 Exam questions
Nitrogen forms an oxide called nitrous oxide, N2O. The
bonding in nitrous oxide can be represented as:

Complete the diagram below for the N2O molecule using

dots or crosses to represent electrons. Just show all of
the outer shell electrons. (3 marks)
 Lesson Objectives
Covalent Bonding and Dative Covalent
(co-ordinate) Bonding
• Describe what a covalent bond is
• Draw dot and cross diagrams for covalent
substances
• Describe the relationship between bong
lengths and bond strengths
• Explain dative covalent (coordinate) bonding
• Draw dot and cross digarams showing dative
covalent (coordinate) bonding including Al2Cl6
and NH4+