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Title: Random Chemistry Class Notes

Date: April 6, 2024

Instructor: Prof. Rodriguez

Topic: Chemical Bonding

De nitions:
•
Chemical Bond: A mutual electrical attraction between the
nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds them
together.
• Covalent Bond: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of
one or more pairs of electrons between atoms.
• Ionic Bond: A chemical bond resulting from the attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
Key Concepts:
• Lewis Dot Structures:
• De nition: Diagrams that show the bonding between
atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that
may exist in the molecule.
• Electronegativity:
• De nition: The ability of an atom to attract electrons
towards itself in a chemical bond.
• Octet Rule:
• Statement: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons in order to achieve a stable electron
con guration with a full outer shell of eight electrons
(octet).
Theorems/Properties:
• VSEPR Theory (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Theory):
• Statement: Predicts the shape of individual
molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs
in the valence shell of atoms.
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Formulas:
• Electronegativity Difference: Δ
E
N
=
∣
E
N
atom A

−
E
N
atom B

\Delta EN = | EN_{\text{atom A}} - EN_{\text{atom

B}} |

ΔEN=∣EN
atom
A

• −EN
atom
B

• ∣
• Formal Charge: F
C
 =
V
−
(
L
+
B
2

FC = V - (L + \frac{B}{2})

FC=V−(L+
2

• ), where V

V is the number of valence electrons, L

L is the number of lone pair electrons, and B

B
 B is the number of bonding electrons.
Problem Solving:
• Problem 1: Draw the Lewis Dot Structure for carbon
dioxide (C
O
2

CO_2

CO
2

• ).
• Solution: Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and each
oxygen has 6 valence electrons. Share electrons to ful ll
the octet rule.
• Problem 2: Determine the molecular shape of ammonia
(N
H
3

NH_3

NH
3

• ) using VSEPR theory.

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 • Solution: Ammonia has one lone pair and three
bonding pairs around the central nitrogen atom, resulting
in a trigonal pyramidal shape.
Additional Notes:
• Chemical bonding is crucial for understanding the properties
and behavior of substances.
• Various factors such as electronegativity, electron
con guration, and molecular geometry in uence the type and
strength of chemical bonds.

Next Class Preview:

• Topic: Intermolecular Forces

• Assigned Reading: Chapter 6 from the textbook
Homework:

• Complete exercises 1-12 at the end of Chapter 5.

Upcoming Deadlines:

• Lab report due on April 10, 2024.

Of ce Hours:

• Prof. Rodriguez: Wednesdays 1:00 PM - 3:00 PM

• TA: Fridays 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
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