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GENERAL PHYSICS PROJECTILE MOTION LAB. REPORT
The objective of this experiment is to predict where a steel ball will land when it
released from a certain height on an inclined ramp based on theoretical formulae
and calculate its actual the total horizontal distance (range) where a steel ball will
land by doing experiment. In general, the following are the objectives of this
experiment.
To predict where a steel ball will land and when released from a certain height on
an Inclined ramp
To calculate the horizontal range of a steel ball rolled down from an inclined ramp
(track)
Apparatus / Materials:
Inclined ramp(track)
Meter stick
Steel ball (1 to 5cm in diameter)
Carbon paper
Sheets of white paper
Table
INTRODUCTION (THEORY)
GENERAL PHYSICS PROJECTILE MOTION LAB. REPORT
When a ball is thrown horizontally from a certain height it will have a curved
motion that can be described as a combination of two straight line motions: one
vertical motion and the other horizontal motion. The motion in the vertical
direction is a uniformly accelerated motion whereas the motion in the horizontal
direction is a uniform motion. The positive x - direction is horizontal and to the
right, and the y - direction is vertical and positive upward. The most important
experimental fact about projectile motion in two dimensions is that the horizontal
and vertical motions are completely independent of each other. This means that
motion in one direction has no effect on motion in the other direction.
The equation of motion in the horizontal direction is X=Vot and the equation of
motion
Figure 1: (Horizontal projectile motion from inclined ramp above the ground)
R = Vt
Y = Ut + 1/2gt2
Then, t = √(2Y/g)
At the top of the ramp, when the ball bearing is released from rest, it will only have
PE, PE = mgh. At the base of the ramp the ball has both translational KE, KE =
½mv², and when rolling down it has also rotational KE, KErot=½Iw². Based on our
GENERAL PHYSICS PROJECTILE MOTION LAB. REPORT
previous knowledge moment of inertia for a solid sphere is given by I=⅖mr² and
V=wr -> w=V/r.
PEtop = KE + KErot
gh = ½v² + ⅕v²
gh = 7v²/10
V = √(10gh/7)
Experimental Procedure:
1.We placed inclined ramp as shown in the figure 2 below and marked the location
at which we release the steel ball.
3. Laid down a runway of carbon and white papers. When the steel ball hits the
carbon paper, the force will transfer some of the ink to the underlay white paper
and allowed us to pin point where the contact was first made.
GENERAL PHYSICS PROJECTILE MOTION LAB. REPORT
4. We started the experiment by releasing the steel ball at the marked point on the
ramp.
5. Measured the horizontal distance travelled from the plumb line to the first mark
made and recorded the value in the data table.
Steps 4 and 5 were repeated for different release heights and we recorded the
obtained values in the data table.
Data table:
The table shown below shows the raw data collected which includes the
following parameters.
Data analysis:
The table below shows the predicted value of the horizontal distance travelled
(Xp = R) by the steel ball and the percentage error which are calculated from the
collected data.
Y = 78 cm = 0.78 m
h1 = 0.1m
h2 = 0.2m
GENERAL PHYSICS PROJECTILE MOTION LAB. REPORT
h3 = 0.3m
Discuss what the possible source of errors could have produced the deviation
above?
On doing this experiment we’ve faced errors such as personal & random errors.
Some of the possible source of errors that have produced the deviation seen above
were the presence of air resistance which affects the range and the second one is
the bouncing of the ball at the moment of the initial projection. By repeating to
release the ball slowly we tried to reduce the errors. In addition, by taking as much
as possible precise measurement we have tried to minimize the errors caused
during the experiment.
GENERAL PHYSICS PROJECTILE MOTION LAB. REPORT
If air resistance were not present, would the steel ball land farther or closer to the
table? Explain why?
As a projectile move through the air it is slowed down by air resistance. Air
resistance will decrease or retard the horizontal component of projectile. It’s
considered as a frictional force that slows down the motion of objects travelling
through air. Even if its effect is very small, it’s needed to be considered. If air
resistance were not present, the motion will remain with the same horizontal
velocity but will have a velocity change in the vertical direction due to gravity. In
our experiment the steel ball would land farther from the table.
Conclusion;
In conclusion, projectile travel with a parabolic trajectory due to the fact that the
downward force of gravity accelerates them downward from their otherwise
straight-line, gravity free trajectory.
And we can also conclude that when the height of the ramp from the table
increases the horizontal range also increases.
References
* Serway, R. A. and Vuille, C., 2018, College Physics, 11th ed., Cengage
Learning, Boston, USA