Lab 5: Damped simple harmonic motion

Simple harmonic oscillation

Damped harmonic oscillation

381 Mechanics

Simple harmonic oscillation

Ideal case: no friction

Hooke's law: F = kx

Newton's 2nd law: F = mx

kx = mx

mx + kx = 0


x + x = 0
2

k
=
m
2
m
T=
= 2

k
2

solution: x = A cos (t + )

A : Amplitude

: phase

Simple harmonic oscillation (cont.)

displacement: x = A cos (t + )
velocity: v = x = A sin (t + )

v =A cos t + +
2

cos

sin

+
=

accelaration: a =
x = A cos (t + )
2

a =A cos (t + + )
2

cos ( + ) = cos

Force: F = ma =Am cos (t + + ) = kx

2

x
v
a

x, v, a

-1

time

Phase space plot (v vs. x)

0.5

0.0

-0.5
-1.0

-0.5

0.0
x

0.5

1.0

Non-ideal spring (mass)

k
m

How should we consider

the effect of finite spring
mass?

Damped simple harmonic oscillation

Friction: retarding motion (energy dissipation)

Hooke's law: F1 = kx

Damping force: F2 = Rx kx Rx = mx

Newton's 2nd law: F = mx

mx + Rx + kx = 0
2

x + 2 x + x = 0
Assume a solution: x = e

k
R
=
, =
m
2m
t

+ 2 +

)=0

Damped simple harmonic oscillation (cont.)

+ 2 + = 0
2

=
2

x=e

( Ae

*t

+ Be

*t

* = 2 2

underdamping: < * = i 2 2

2
2
critical damping: =0 * = 0
overdamping: 2 > 2 * = 2 2
0

2
0

Damped harmonic oscillation (underdamping)

let's define 1
2

x ( t ) = e t ( Aei1t + A * e i1t )

C i
B is replaced by A* because x is a real function. let A = e
2

C t i1t +i
i1t i
x (t ) = e (e
+e
)
2

e +e
using Eular's formula cos x =
2
ix

x ( t ) = Ce

cos (1t + )

ix

Damped harmonic oscillation (underdamping)

x ( t ) = Ce

cos (1t + )

1 = 2 2

x ( 0 ) = 1; v ( 0 ) = 0

1.0

0.5

0.0

<0

-0.5

-1.0
0

10

20

time (arb. unit)

30

40

Damped harmonic oscillation

1.2
1.0

=10
=
=0.1

0.8
0.6
0.4

0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
0

10

20

30

Time

40

50

Damped harmonic oscillation (underdamping)

x = Ce

cos (1t + )
x
v
a

=0.1

1.0

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
0

time

10

15

Approaching the ideal limit

2
2
 0

2.0

=0.01

1.5

x
v
a

1.0
x

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
0

10
time

15

20

Phase space plot (v vs. x)

1.0

=0.1

0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.0

-0.5

0.0
x

0.5

1.0

Detection: ultrasonic motion detector

r = vt 2