Advanced Certificate of Science

Level 2
CYF2515 Chemistry I
Day School – 10 (English Medium)
Kithmini Wickramanayake, BSc.(OUSL), MSc.(Reading)
bwkiwic@gmail.com
Department of Chemistry
04.07.2023.
 CAT-2 Exam - on 29th of July
from
last week at 1.30-2.30 p.m.

1 hr paper – 25 MCQs

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Refer these videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFZtjSeT3XE

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96L6_IwyHRM

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9B5FGPDwX_E

• CO (Carbon monoxide) Resonance -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt2AJJA0yO4

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UNIT 3
SESSION 4
Lewis structures

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Valence electrons
• Chemistry of an atom
depends mostly on the
electrons in its outermost
shell, called valence
electrons.
• Valence electrons are the
only electrons generally
involved in bond
formation.
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Lone pairs
• A pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another
atom in a covalent bond.
• Sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair.

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 Lewis Structures
1) Find your element on
the periodic table.
2) Determine the number
of valence electrons.
3) This is how many
electrons you will
draw.

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Lewis Dot 1) Write the element
Structures symbol.
2) Carbon is in the 4th
group, so it has 4
valence electrons.
3) Starting at the right,
draw 4 electrons, or
dots, counter-clockwise
around the element
symbol.
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Electron-Dot Notation
Hydrogen has 1 valence electron so
one dot is placed around the symbol.

How many valence electrons does

fluorine have?

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Try these elements
on your own:
1) H
2) P
3) Ca
4) Ar
5) Cl
6) Al

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Department of Chemistry
Lewis Structures
•Electron-dot notation can also be used to represent molecules.
•A hydrogen molecule, H2, is represented by combining the
notations of two individual hydrogen atoms.

Remember each
hydrogen has one Shared electron pair
valence electron that (called a bonding pair).
it brings to the bond.

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Often the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond is replaced by
a long dash.

Shared pair Replace with long dash.

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Will two fluorine atoms form a bond?

Neither atom will give up an electron – remember fluorine is

highly electronegative.

What’s the solution - what can they do to achieve an octet?

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The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle.
A lone pair is a pair of
electrons that is not
involved in bonding and
that belong exclusively to
one atom.

octet octet

This is the shared pair called the

bonding pair.

It is a single bonding pair and is called

a single bond.

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 Unshared electrons.

Atomic symbol –
represents nuclei
Electron pair in and inner-shell
covalent bond. electrons.

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 Structural formula

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 Always remember atoms are trying to
complete their valence shell!
“2 will do but 8 is great!”
The number of electrons the atoms needs is the
total number of bonds they can make.
Ex. … H? O? F? N? Cl? C?
one two one three one four

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 Let’s Practice
H2
H 1x2=2

DRAW

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 Let’s Practice
CH4
C 4x1 = 4
H 1x4 = 4

DRAW

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 Let’s Practice
NH3
N 5x1 = 5
H 1x3 = 3

DRAW

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 Let’s Practice
CO2

C 4x1 = 4

O 6x2 = 12

DRAW – carbon is the central atom

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 Let’s Practice
BCl3
B3x1=3
Cl 7 x 3 = 21

DRAW

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Non-Octet Compounds
• The four possibilities for non-octet compounds are:

1. Where more than 4 atoms are bonded to the central atom such
as PCl5
2. A noble gas is participating in bonding such as XeF4
3. Where the central atom has less than 8 valence electrons such as
BH3
4. Where molecules contain an odd number of nonbonding
electrons such as NO
N O

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Resonance & Formal Charge

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 Formal Charge
• The difference between the number of valence
electrons on the free atom and the number of
valence electrons assigned to the atom in the
molecule.

Formal charge = Valence electrons of free atom – Valence assigned in Lewis

structure

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Examples in Page 38

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Department of Chemistry
Resonance structures
• For some molecules, there are multiple ways of placing the electrons
between the atoms.
• Structures that differ only in the arrangement of the electrons are called
RESONANCE STRUCTURES.
• Resonance structures are indicated using a double headed arrow.

Example CO3-2
2- 2- 2-
O O O
O C O O C O O C O

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Resonance structures
• Lewis structures for certain atoms do not match experimental
observations
• For example, the bond lengths of CHO2– predicted by the Lewis

[ ]
structure are incorrect O –
H C
O
• The double CO bond should be shorter, and possess a greater bond
energy (due to the higher concentration of e–s in a double bond)
• Yet, experimentally, both bonds are the same
• The reason is due to “resonance”
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• A resonance structure can be drawn for any molecule in which a
double bond can be formed from two or more identical choices
• Resonance structures can be drawn 2 ways…

[ ] [
–
]
–
O
1 O
H C H C O
O

[ ]
2 O –
H C O

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Resonance • What if more than one
valid Lewis dot structure
is possible?

Consider Nitrate ion

• Nitrogen bound to 3
oxygen atoms, one with
a double bond.

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Possible structures for NO3 -

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Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for these Atoms and Ions.
Sodium atom Potassium ion

Magnesium atom Calcium ion

Chlorine atom Iodide ion

Aluminum atom Oxide ion

Sulfur atom Aluminum ion

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Draw Lewis Dot Diagram for these Ionic Compounds.
1. NaI
2. Na2S
3. RbBr
4. CaF2
5. AlCl3
6. BaO
7. Li3N
8. K3P
9. MgO
10. BaCl2

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 2012/2013 CAT-1

XX
X X
X

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UNIT 3
SESSION 5
Shapes of molecules

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Refer these videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwqXAlvNxsU

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2XmaiEC0Vw

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBrq31w8vC4

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Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory
VSEPR Theory – Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory

• e- pairs (bonding or nonbonding) repel each other. Thus, they

attempt to get as far apart from each other
as possible to maximize separation
• powerful technique to predict the molecular geometry (or shapes)
of molecules
molecular geometry – the orientation of atoms in space (how the
atoms are arranged in a molecule)
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• Electron pair geometry must be known before molecular geometry
can be predicted
To determine molecular geometry
1. Draw the correct Lewis structure

2. Determine no: of electron pairs around the central element

3. Determine how those electron pairs orient around the central element

4. Attach terminal atoms to the central element

5. The orientation of the atoms in space determine the molecular geometry

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Lone pairs and Bond Angle
• Lone pairs are physically larger than
atoms.
• Therefore, their repulsions are greater;
this tends to decrease bond angles in a
molecule.

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Two electron pair system

• Only one molecular geometry: linear

• Bond angle 180⁰

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Three electron pair system

• There are two molecular geometries:

– Trigonal planar, if there are no lone pairs
– Bent, if there is a lone pair.

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Four electron pair system https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organ
ic-chemistry/gen-chem-review/hybrid-
orbitals-jay/v/tetrahedral-bond-angle-proof

Molecular
geometry:
– Tetrahedral, if
no lone pairs
– Trigonal
pyramidal, if
one is a lone
pair
– Bent/ Angular,
if there are two
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/ Angular
Five electron pair system
• There are two
distinct positions in
this geometry:
– Axial
– Equatorial

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Lewis electron structure of PCl5 is

All electron groups are bonding pairs, There are no lone pair interactions.

The molecular geometry of PCl5 is trigonal bipyramidal.

The molecule has three atoms in a plane in equatorial positions and two atoms above and
below the plane in axial positions.

The three equatorial positions are separated by 120° from one another, and the two axial
positions are at 90° to the equatorial plane.

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Trigonal Bipyramidal geometry
• Distinct molecular
geometries in this
domain:

– Trigonal
bipyramidal

– Seesaw

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Department of Chemistry
Six electron pair system
• All positions are
equivalent in the
octahedral domain.

• There are two distinct

molecular geometries:

- Octahedral

- Square planar

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The relationship between bonding electron pairs and the
basic proposed geometry

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Multiple bonds in VSEPR theory
* treat a double or triple bond as if it were a
“single bond” from a VSEPR standpoint

determine the molecular geometry of CO2

Molecular geometry = linear

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 Molecular geometry = bent
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 2012/2013 CAT-1

Trigonal planar Tetrahedral

Trigonal pyramidal
Linear

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See –saw Square planar Tetrahedral

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Department of Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
Questions to practice
https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/molecular_structu
re/test.html

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_202
_-
_General_Chemistry_II/Unit_5%3A_The_Strength_and_Shape_of_Covalent_Bonds/5.2%3
A_Molecular_Shape/5.2%3A_Molecular_Shape_(Problems)

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Department of Chemistry
 Thank you!

PO Box 21, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

Phone: +94 11 288 100
www.ou.ac.lk
Department of Chemistry