Chemical Bonding

Chemical bonding
- The attractive force holding atoms together.
Valence electrons
-play a fundamental role in chemical bonding
- the farthest from the nucleus and thus experience
least attraction from the nucleus and therefore are most
reactive
Two Major Types of Chemical Bonding
A. Ionic bond
-a bond that results from the electrostatic attraction
(force) between ions of opposite charge

example: NaCl: sodium chloride (salt)

B. Covalent bond
-a bond formed through sharing of electron pairs between two
bonding atoms

- can be polar or nonpolar

B.1. Nonpolar covalent bond

-formed between 2
identical atoms wherein electron
pairs are shared equally
between 2 nuclei

Example: include all

homonuclear molecules
B.2 Polar covalent bond
-formed when electrons are not shared equally between two different
atoms
Electronegativity (EN) is an intrinsic ability of an atom to attract
the shared electrons in a covalent bond.

Note:One way to predict the type of bond that forms between two elements is to
compare the electronegativities of the elements.
Guidelines
1. If the differences in electronegativity is less than 0.5 , the
electrons are considered to be equally shared between 2
atoms, resulting in a covalent bond.

Examples: C – C C-H

2.5-2.5= 0 2.5-2.1= 0.4

Note: if the ∆EN is less than 0.5, then the bond is nonpolar
2. If the difference in EN is between 0.5 & 1.7, the electrons are not
shared equally between the atoms resulting in a polar covalent
bond.

example:
2.5-3.5= 1

Note: Oxygen is more electronegative (3.5) than carbon (2.5),

therefore oxygen will more strongly attract the electrons of the bond.
The withdrawal of electrons toward oxygen is called induction, which
is often indicated with an arrow.
3. If the difference in electronegativity is greater than 1.7, electrons are not
shared at all.

example: NaOH (sodium hydroxide)

3.5-0.9= 2.6

The difference in electronegativity between O and Na is so great that

both electrons of the bond are possessed solely by the oxygen atom,
rendering the oxygen negatively charged and the sodium positively charged.
The bond between oxygen and sodium, called an ionic bond, is the result of
the force of attraction between the two oppositely charged ions
Seatwork:
Determine the electronegativity difference between two atoms to
classify the type of bond that occurs between them.
ΔEN Type of bond

A. C-Cl (CCl4) ______ ___________

B. H-H (H2) ______ ___________
C. P-F (PF3) ______ ___________
Lewis structure
-also known as Lewis-dot diagrams, show the bonding relationship between
atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons in the molecule.

bonding pair- pair of valence electrons involved in a covalent bond.

Usually as short line
lone pair- pair of valence electrons not involved in the covalent bond.
Also called as non-bonding electron pair.

Hydrogen cyanide
According to Lewis Theory, an atom is most stable if its outer
shell is filled or contains 8 electrons. This is called the octet rule.
Hydrogen chloride

dioxygen
 Steps in Writing Lewis Structure
1. Count all the valence electrons
2. Determine the central atom
-usually written first
-occurs the least number of times in a compound
-has the lowest electronegativity
(exception to this rule is hydrogen which is never a central atom)
3. Draw single bond to central atom
4. Put all the remaining valence electrons on atoms as lone pairs
5. Turn lone pairs into double bond or triple bond to give every atom an octet
Octet rule
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to
have eight electrons in the valence shell.
Exercise #1: Let’s try!!!

Write the Lewis structure of the following compounds.

A. Carbon dioxide (CO2).

B. Ethyne (C2H2 )
Exceptions to Octet Rule in Lewis
Structure
1. Odd number of electrons
-If the total number of valence electron is an odd number, the
octet rule can not be applied to all atom in the species.
2. Incomplete Octet
• An incomplete octet means that
the atom has less than 8
electrons involved. This could be
because the total number of
valence electrons is less than 8,
or due to formal charge
concerns.

Example: BH3 (Borane)

3. Expanded Valence Shell
• For elements in Period 3 (third
row of the periodic table) or
higher, they can have more than
8 electrons if that helps to lower
the formal charges.

• Common examples involve the

species with P, S or Cl, etc. as Phosphorus pentachloride
central atoms.
Draw the Lewis structure of ethane.

(a) C2H6 (ethane)