Protein Synthesis

Teresia Okarina
Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis comes from two words

•synthesis is a race, solving and unraveling
•Protein comes from the word protos / proteos which means
“main”

So protein synthesis is the breakdown of the main components

of living things into simple components through chemical
processes.
Protein Synthesis

Takes place in 2 stages, namely transcription and translation

•The two main processes linking genes to proteins
•Genes give orders to make certain proteins, but genes don't
build proteins directly
•The bridge between DNA and protein synthesis is RNA
•The process of translation of a cell interprets the genetic
message and forms the appropriate protein
The message is a sequence of codons in mRNA and the
interpreter is tRNA (anti-codon).
Protein Synthesis

All the different RNAs (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA) are

involved in protein synthesis. The process of protein
biosynthesis is called Translation, because information
has to be transferred from the four-letter language of
the nucleic acids (U,C,A,G) to the 20-letter language of
the protein's essential amino acids.
Transcription Proces
The first sequence of protein synthesis is transcription. This process is a
stage of protein synthesis in which the information in the DNA strand is
copied into a new molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA).

DNA stores genetic material as a reference or template in the cell nucleus.

Meanwhile, mRNA can be considered as a copy of a reference book
because it carries the same information as DNA.

However, the information in the mRNA is not used for long-term storage
and can be freely carried out of the nucleus. Moreover, although the
mRNA contains the same information, it is not an identical copy of the
DNA segment because the sequence completes the DNA template.
Transcription Proces
The transcription process is carried out by enzymes called
RNA polymerases and a group of proteins called
transcription factors. Transcription factors can bind to
specific DNA sequences, called sequence enhancers and
promoters, to recruit RNA polymerase to the appropriate
transcription site.

The transcription process in protein synthesis consists of

three stages, namely initiation, elongation and termination of
the mRNA chain.
Transcription Proces
Initiation
Transcription factors and RNA polymerase together form a
transcription initiation complex. This complex will initiate
transcription, then RNA polymerase begins the synthesis of mRNA
by matching complementary bases with the original DNA strand.

Elongation
In the elongation process, the RNA moves along the DNA and
untwists the DNA double helix so that an elongated RNA molecule
is formed.
Transcription Proces

Termination
The transcription process will continue until the RNA polymerase
transcribes a DNA sequence called a terminator. This is a sequence
that serves as a signal for the transcription process to be stopped.
After the mRNA strand is completely synthesized, transcription is
stopped and the mRNA is separated from the DNA template. The
newly formed mRNA copy of the gene will leave the nucleus and
serve as a blueprint for protein synthesis during the translation
process.
Translation Proces
The next sequence of protein synthesis is translation, which is the
process of protein synthesis from the information contained in the
mRNA molecule. During the translation process, the mRNA
sequence is read using the genetic code.

The genetic code is a set of rules that determine how the mRNA
sequence is translated into a 20 letter amino acid code. These
amino acid molecules are the building blocks for protein synthesis.
Translation Proces
The genetic code consists of a set of three-letter nucleotide
combinations called codons. Each of these codons will correspond
to a specific type of amino acid, or to a stop signal at the end of
the process.

The translation process will occur in the ribosome which acts as a

factory for protein synthesis. Ribosomes have small and large
subunits, and are complex molecules consisting of several
ribosomal RNA molecules and a number of proteins.
Similar to transcription, the translation stage also consists of the
initiation, elongation, and termination stages.
Translation Proces
Initiation
During the initiation process, the small ribosomal subunit binds to
the beginning of the mRNA sequence. Then, the transfer RNA
molecule (tRNA) carrying the amino acid methionine binds to the
start codon of the mRNA sequence. The start codon in all mRNA
molecules has the AUG sequence and codes for methionine. Next,
the large ribosomal subunit binds to begin to form a complete
initiation complex.
Translation Proces
Elongation
During the elongation stage, the ribosome will continuously
translate each codon in turn. The corresponding amino acids are
added to the elongated chain and linked via peptide bonds.
Elongation continues until all codons are read.

Termination
After the ribosome reaches the last codon or stop codon that
serves as a stop signal (UAA, UAG, and UGA), termination
occurs. This is because no tRNA molecule can recognize this
codon, and the ribosome will stop the translation process.
Thank You