Translation / RNA translation

- is the process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of
messenger RNA (mRNA).

During translation, an mRNA sequence is read using the genetic code, which is a set of rules that defines
how an mRNA sequence is to be translated into the 20-letter code of amino acids, which are the building
blocks of proteins. The genetic code is a set of three-letter combinations of nucleotides called codons,
each of which corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal.

Translation occurs in a structure called the ribosome, which is a factory for the synthesis of proteins. The
ribosome has a small and a large subunit and is a complex molecule composed of several ribosomal RNA
molecules and a number of proteins.

Translation of an mRNA molecule by the ribosome occurs in three stages: initiation, elongation, and
termination. During initiation, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the start of the mRNA sequence.
Then a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule carrying the amino acid methionine binds to what is called the
start codon of the mRNA sequence. The start codon in all mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG and
codes for methionine. Next, the large ribosomal subunit binds to form the complete initiation complex.

During the elongation stage, the ribosome continues to translate each codon in turn. Each
corresponding amino acid is added to the growing chain and linked via a bond called a peptide bond.
Elongation continues until all of the codons are read. Lastly, termination occurs when the ribosome
reaches a stop codon (UAA, UAG, and UGA). Since there are no tRNA molecules that can recognize these
codons, the ribosome recognizes that translation is complete. The new protein is then released, and the
translation complex comes apart.