EE122 Digtial Logic Desgin

TOPICS: : K-MAPS AND SIMPLIFICATION OF BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS

WEEK: 5 LECTURE: 2 OVERALL LECTURE NO. 10
LEVEL: 2 ND SEMESTER
PROGRAM: BE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE TEACHER: DR. JAVED IQBAL ( javed.ee@suit.edu.pk )

ACCESS AT: portal.suit.edu.pk
Electrical Engineering Department, SUIT Peshawar

Slide 1

Recap
Standard SOP and POS form
Need for Standard SOP and POS expressions
Converting standard SOP-POS
Minterms & Maxterms
Converting SOP & POS to truth table format
Karnaugh Maps

Slide 2 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 2

Today’s Lecture
Mapping Standard SOP expressions
Mapping Non-Standard SOP expressions
Simplification of SOP expressions using K-map

Slide 3 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 3

 Mapping of Standard SOP expression
Selecting n-variable K-map
1 marked in cell for each minterm
Remaining cells marked with 0

Slide 4 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 4

Mapping a Standard SOP Expression

For an SOP expression in standard form, a 1 is placed on the Karnaugh map for each product term
in the expression. Each 1 is placed in a cell corresponding to the value of a product term. For
example, for the product term ABC, a 1 goes in the 101 cell on a 3-variable map.
When an SOP expression is completely mapped, there will be a number of 1s on the Karnaugh
map equal to the number of product terms in the standard SOP expression. The cells that do not
have a 1 are the cells for which the expression is 0. Usually, when working with SOP expressions,
the 0s are left off the map. The following steps and the illustration
in the figure (on the right) show the mapping process.
Step 1: Determine the binary value of each product term in the standard SOP expression.
After some practice, you can usually do the evaluation of terms mentally.
Step 2: As each product term is evaluated, place a 1 on the Karnaugh map in the cell
having the same value as the product term.

Mapping of Standard SOP expression

SOP expression AB C  A B C  A B C

AB\C 0 1
A\BC 00 01 11 10

00 0 0
0 0 0 0 1
01 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
11 1 0

10 1 0

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 5

•Consider the 3-variable standard SOP expression ABC*+AB*C*+A*BC*

•A 3-variable K-map is used to map the expression as the SOP expression has a domain of 3
variables.
•What are the minterms in the SOP expression?
•The Standard SOP expression has three minterms 2, 4 and 6.
•The minterms present in the expression are mapped to the corresponding K-map cells.
•The cells representing the three minterms are marked with 1s, remaining cells are marked with
0s.
•Any of the two K-maps can be used.

Mapping of Standard SOP expression

SOP expression A .B .C .D  A .B .C .D  A .B .C .D  A .B .C .D  A .B .C .D  A .B .C .D  A .B .C .D

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 0 0

01 1 1 0 1

11 0 1 0 1

10 1 0 0 0

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 6

•Consider the 4-variable SOP expression having the 7 sum terms.

•A 4-variable K-map is used as the SOP expression has a domain of 4 variables.
•What are the minterms in the SOP expression?
•The Standard SOP expression has seven minterms 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13 and 14
•The minterms present in the expression are mapped to the corresponding K-map cells.
•The cells representing the 7 minterms are marked with 1s, remaining cells are marked with 0s.

Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression

Selecting n-variable K-map
1 marked in all the cells where the non- standard product term is
present
Remaining cells marked with 0

Slide 7 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 7

 Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression
SOP expression A  BC

AB\C 0 1

00

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01

11 1 1 0

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 8

•Consider the non-standard SOP expression A+BC*

•A 3-variable K-map is used as the SOP expression has a domain of 3 variables.
•Any of the two K-maps representations, that is column or row representation can be used
•The non-standard product term A is mapped first.
•The 3 variable K-map cells having the term A are marked with 1s.
•The cells marked 4, 5, 6 and 7 all have the term A, therefore these cells are marked with 1s

Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression

SOP expression A  BC

AB\C 0 1

00 0 0

A\BC 00 01 11 10
01 1 0

11 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 9

•Now consider the second non-standard product term BC*

•Using the same k-map
•The cells marked 2 and 6 are marked with 1s.
•Both the cells have the variable BC*
•Remaining cells are marked with 0s.
•It is possible that multiple terms are present in the same cell, such as the terms A and BC*.
•Both the terms are present in cell 6.
•Presence of multiple terms in a single cell is marked by a single 1.
 Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression
SOP expression D  A C  BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 1 0

01 0 1 1 0

11 0 1 1 0

10 0 1 1 0

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 10

•Consider a 4-variable non-standard SOP expression D+AC*+BC

•A 4-variable K-map is used to map the expression as the SOP expression has a domain of 4
variables.
•The non-standard product term D is mapped first.
•The K-map cells having the product term D are marked with 1s.
•The 8 cells marked 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 all have the D product term therefore they are
marked with 1s.

Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression

SOP expression D  A C  BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 1 0

01 0 1 1 0

11 1 1 1 0

10 1 1 1 0

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 11

•The non-standard product term AC* is mapped next.

•Using the same k-map
•The cells marked 8, 9, 12 and 13 are marked with 1s.
•As all four cells have the variable AC*
•It is possible that multiple terms are present in the same cell, such as the terms D and AC*in
cells 9 and 13.
•Presence of multiple terms in a single cell is marked by a single 1.
 Mapping of Non-Standard SOP expression
SOP expression
D  A C  BC

AB\CD 00 01 11 10

00 0 1 1 0

01 0 1 1 1

11 1 1 1 1

10 1 1 1 0

DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK

Slide 12

•Finally, the third non-standard product term BC is mapped.

•Using the same k-map
•The cells marked 6, 7, 14 and 15 are marked with 1s.
•All four cells have the variable BC
•Remaining cells are marked with 0s.
•Again, presence of multiple terms in a single cell is marked by a single 1.

Simplification of SOP expressions using K-map

Mapping of expression
Forming of Groups of 1s
Each group represents product term
3-variable K-map
◦ 1 cell group yields a 3 variable product term
◦ 2 cell group yields a 2 variable product term
◦ 4 cell group yields a 1 variable product term
◦ 8 cell group yields a value of 1 for function

Slide 13 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 13

The process that results in an expression containing the fewest possible terms with the fewest
possible variables is called minimization. After an SOP expression has been mapped, a minimum
SOP expression is obtained by grouping the 1s and determining the minimum
SOP expression from the map.

Grouping the 1s
You can group 1s on the Karnaugh map according to the following rules by enclosing those
adjacent cells containing 1s. The goal is to maximize the size of the groups and to minimize
the number of groups.
1. A group must contain either 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 cells, which are all powers of two. In the
case of a 3-variable map, 23 = 8 cells is the maximum group.
2. Each cell in a group must be adjacent to one or more cells in that same group, but all
cells in the group do not have to be adjacent to each other.
3. Always include the largest possible number of 1s in a group in accordance with rule 1.
4. Each 1 on the map must be included in at least one group. The 1s already in a group can
be included in another group as long as the overlapping groups include non common 1s.

Simplification of SOP expressions using K-map

4-variable K-map
◦1 cell group yields a 4 variable product term
◦2 cell group yields a 3 variable product term
◦4 cell group yields a 2 variable product term
◦8 cell group yields a 1 variable product term
◦16 cell group yields a value of 1 for function

Slide 14 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 14

Grouping
1;s

Slide 15 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 15

 Determine the product terms for each of k-
maps and write the resulting minimum SOP
expression:

Slide 16 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 16

The resulting minimum product term for each group is shown in the Figure. The minimum SOP
expressions for each of
the K-maps in the figure are
(a) AB + BC + A* B* C*
(b) B* + A* C* + AC
(c) A*B + A* C* + AB*D
(d) D* + AB*C + BC*

END OF LECTURE 10

Slide 17 DR. JAVED IQBAL (SUIT PESHAWAR) JAVED.EE@SUIT.EDU.PK 17