See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/273391212

Re-Os isotopic constraints on the evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan

oceanic mantle, Central Tibet

Article  in  Lithos · March 2015

DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2015.02.023

CITATIONS READS

9 279

7 authors, including:

Qi-Shuai Huang Rendeng Shi

Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences
35 PUBLICATIONS   668 CITATIONS    108 PUBLICATIONS   3,947 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Suzanne Yvette O’Reilly William L. Griffin

Macquarie University Macquarie University
606 PUBLICATIONS   38,417 CITATIONS    573 PUBLICATIONS   32,799 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

P-T-fO2 of the Mesozoic volcanism along BNS View project

Timing and isotope systematics of ultramafic-mafic intrusions and Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits from Polar Siberia: Genetic constraints and implications for exploration
View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Qi-Shuai Huang on 18 March 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Lithos

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos

Re-Os isotopic constraints on the evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang

Tethyan oceanic mantle, Central Tibet
Qi-Shuai Huang a,⁎, Ren-Deng Shi a,b,c, Suzanne Y. O’Reilly c, William L. Griffin c, Ming Zhang c,
De-Liang Liu a, Xiao-Ran Zhang d
a
Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
b
Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
c
ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems and GEMOC, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
d
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Geochemical (including Re-Os isotopic) studies of the mantle rocks of ophiolites in the Bangong-Nujiang suture
Received 2 October 2014 zone in central Tibet have provided a coherent picture of the evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan oceanic
Accepted 22 February 2015 mantle from mid-ocean ridge (MOR) to subduction-zone (SSZ) settings.
Available online 4 March 2015
Clinopyroxene (cpx)-harzburgites and lherzolites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite were formed in a MOR setting, as
demonstrated by the Cr# of spinels (b0.60) and whole-rock LREE-depleted patterns. Suprachondritic 187Re/188Os
Keywords:
Mantle Re-Os isotopes
ratios (up to 1.833) of cpx-harzburgites and their spinels can be explained by interaction with melts derived from
Tibet mantle evolution high Re/Os sources. Re-depletion (TRD) model ages (0.48-0.55 Ga) suggest these rocks may represent a Pan-
Tethyan ophiolite ages African domain beneath the Gondwana continent. High TiO2 contents of spinels and whole-rock samples imply
Bangong-Nujiang suture zone that the lherzolites were formed through a refertilization process. Similarly, Re-Os isotopic systematics of sulfides
Tibet in the lherzolites (187Re/188Os: 0.173-1.717, 187Os/188Os: 0.12646-0.17340) demonstrate that they are mixtures
of primary and secondary sulfides. 187Os/188Os ratios (0.1211-0.1226) of whole-rock lherzolites give TRD ages
of 0.73-0.97 Ga, indicating the presence of Neoproterozoic lithospheric mantle under the spreading ridges.
Mantle rocks in the SSZ-type ophiolites from Bangong Lake, Dongqiao and Nagqu reflect the complex evolution of
the Bangong-Nujiang oceanic mantle during the SSZ stage. Most harzburgites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite
give TRD ages of 1.0-1.5 Ga, possibly representing relics of a Mesoproterozoic lithospheric mantle. However,
three samples have both high Os contents (1.32-4.45 ppb) and near-chondritic 187Os/188Os (0.1260-0.1297),
and may represent Mesozoic oceanic lithospheric mantle. 187Os/188Os ratios of dunites and harzburgites from
the Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites vary from 0.1174 to 0.1316 and give TRD ages up to 1.43 Ga, also suggesting
the existence of a Mesoproterozoic lithospheric mantle which has experienced mantle refertilization and later
metasomatism caused by percolation of several generations of melts and/or fluids.
We interpret the old mantle domains in the Bangong-Nujiang ophiolite belt as relics of ancient sub-continental
lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which may have survived during the opening of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan
ocean basin, and subsequently were incorporated into Mesozoic oceanic lithospheric mantle.
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Ophiolites are remnants of oceanic lithosphere thrust onto margins
of continental plates (Coleman, 1977; Dilek and Furnes, 2011). They
may originate in a variety of tectonic environments from continent-
rifting and seafloor-spreading stages to the initiation of subduction
and finally closure of an ocean basin, and can be divided into MOR-
type and SSZ-type ophiolites with different geochemical and mineralog-
ical features (Dick and Bullen, 1984; Miyashiro, 1973; Pearce et al.,
1984). These mantle peridotites are generally considered to be residues
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: huangqishuai@itpcas.ac.cn (Q.-S. Huang).
of partial melting of the convecting upper mantle (Johnson et al., 1990;
Niu, 1997). Geochemical and isotopic data from abyssal and ophiolitic
peridotites and their constituent minerals can provide direct informa-
tion about processes controlling the geochemical evolution of oceanic
upper mantle.
Numerous studies have shown that the chemical variations ob-
served in depleted refractory and relatively fertile mantle peridotites
are not consistent simply with variable degrees of mantle melting
(Kelemen et al., 1992; Niu et al., 1997). Consequently, melt-rock interac-
tion and refertilization have increasingly been recognized in mantle sec-
tions of ophiolites (Aldanmaz et al., 2009; Büchl et al., 2002; Hanghoj
et al., 2010; O'Driscoll et al., 2012; Saal et al., 2001; Shi et al., 2012;
van Acken et al., 2008). Structural observations, mineral chemistry

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.02.023
0024-4937/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
and whole-rock geochemical data provide strong evidence that these
metasomatic processes have occurred in the upper mantle (Le Roux
et al., 2007; Pearce et al., 2000; Piccardo et al., 2007), but the time
dimension is often poorly constrained, as many lithophile isotopic sys-
tems (e.g., Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd) are inevitably reset during mantle meta-
somatism, hindering efforts to clarify the origin and formation of the
peridotites exposed in ophiolitic mélanges. In this regard, the Re-Os iso-
tope system may provide more quantitative assessment of the ages and
isotope heterogeneity of mantle peridotites, and will play a key role in
investigating their genesis and the evolution of oceanic upper mantle.
The Re–Os isotope system can, in principle, date melt-depletion
events in peridotites and constrain the timing of processes ranging
from mantle melting to melt-rock reaction events in the mantle, and
trace mass transfer during Earth’s evolution (Armytage et al., 2014;
Reisberg and Lorand, 1995; Saal et al., 2001; Shirey and Walker,
1998). Re and Os abundances and 187Os/188Os ratios of mantle perido-
tites are not only controlled by melt extraction during partial melting
(Walker et al., 1989), but also are significantly affected by melt percola-
tion (Ackerman et al., 2009; Becker et al., 2001; Büchl et al., 2004b;
Reisberg et al., 2005; van Acken et al., 2008; Wittig et al., 2010). The
effects of melt-rock interaction processes on Re-Os isotopic systems
have been the focus of recent studies because of their significance in
upper mantle evolution (Ackerman et al., 2009; Becker et al., 2001;
Xiao and Zhang, 2011). The degree to which these processes can modify
bulk-rock Os-isotope compositions depends on the nature of melt, melt/
rock ratios and the timing of refertilization (Rudnick and Walker, 2009).
As distribution of Os and Re in mantle peridotites is mainly controlled by
sulfides (Burton et al., 1999; Lorand and Alard, 2001), in situ analysis of
the Re-Os system in sulfide phases potentially can unravel the complex-
ity of multistage mantle melting and metasomatism, improving the
interpretation of whole-rock Os model ages of mantle peridotites (Alard
et al., 2002; Griffin et al., 2002; Pearson et al., 2002).
A consensus has developed that most ophiolites belong to the SSZ-
type (Metcalf and Shervais, 2008), in which podiform chromitites
serve as indicators of a subduction-related environment (Rollinson
and Adetunji, 2013). Most Re-Os isotope studies on ophiolites have
focused on the formation of chromitites (Büchl et al., 2004a; Gervilla
et al., 2005; González-Jiménez et al., 2011; Shi et al., 2012), or the eval-
uation of Os-isotope heterogeneity (Büchl et al., 2004b; Frei et al., 2006;
Liu et al., 2012; O'Driscoll et al., 2012). Nevertheless, the mantle evolu-
tion of an oceanic basin during a complete Wilson cycle, which is a crit-
ical component in the evolution of oceanic upper mantle, has received
little attention (Aldanmaz et al., 2012; Uysal et al., 2012). Given the
problems of sampling abyssal peridotites, ophiolitic peridotites with
field-based control are particularly valuable for assessing the causes
and extent of mantle processes. Mantle peridotites that have experi-
enced different patterns of evolution in various tectonic settings (from
MOR to SSZ) can be tectonically juxtaposed in an ophiolite complex or
a single suture zone (Batanova and Sobolev, 2000).
In this study, we report major- and trace-element data, as well
as whole rock Re-Os isotope data, for both MOR-type and SSZ-type
ophiolites in the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. For comparison, we
also examine the Re-Os isotopes of sulfides and spinels from the mantle
peridotites and endeavor to use the Os-isotope systematics of the mantle
peridotites to provide a coherent picture of the chemical and isotopic
evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan oceanic mantle with reference
to an initial chondritic composition.
2. Geological background and sample description
2.1. Geological background
The Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, which extends for more than
1200 km across central Tibet, is an important plate boundary separating
the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes (Girardeau et al., 1984; Yin and
Harrison, 2000). It is marked by ophiolitic fragments including the
33
Bangong Lake, Gaize, Dongqiao, Nagqu and Dingqing ophiolites, and
thick sequences of Jurassic flysh, mélange and volcanic rocks.
The Bangong Lake ophiolite is located south of Bangong Lake and
about 10 km north of Rutog county in western Tibet. Ophiolitic mélanges
were obducted onto the Lhasa terrane during the Late Jurassic-Early Cre-
taceous closure of Bangong-Nujiang ocean (Kapp et al., 2003; Liu et al.,
2014). The Bangong Lake ophiolite is made up of tens of mafic-
ultramafic bodies, but detailed petrological and geochemical studies are
scarce. On the basis of geochemical data, French and Chinese scientists
working in the early 1980s interpreted the ophiolite as a piece of Tethyan
oceanic lithosphere formed at an oceanic ridge near a continental margin
(Wang et al., 1985; Yang et al., 1991). Shi et al. (2008) proposed that one
of these mafic-ultramafic bodies (Fig. 1b), which consists mainly of brec-
ciated cpx-harzburgites and lesser amounts of gabbro, diabase dikes and
pillow lavas, probably represents a suite of MOR-type oceanic crust and
mantle. In contrast, massive harzburgites in the south of the body were
suggested to be SSZ-type peridotites (Shi et al., 2008). In this study, we
distinguish small volumes of lherzolite and depleted harzburgite along
with cpx-harzburgite from the same ultramafic body, based on field
work, petrologic observation and geochemical analysis. Lherzolites,
cpx-harzburgites and depleted harzburgites are tectonically juxtaposed
in the southern ultramafic body in the Bangong Lake ophiolitic mélange
(Fig. 1). The contacts between these rock types cannot be mapped in the
field. To the north of the MOR-type ophiolitic suite, brecciated
harzburgites crop out in another ultramafic body; these harzburgites
are heavily serpentinized and intruded by orthopyroxenite veins. We
refer to these massive and brecciated harzburgites, excluding the cpx-
harzburgites, as “depleted harzburgites”.
The Dongqiao ophiolite, located about 500 km north of Lhasa, forms a
large well-preserved section in the central part of Bangong-Nujiang
suture zone. The Dongqiao ophiolite is about 17.5 km long with a maxi-
mum width of about 4 km, and consists mainly of mantle peridotites as-
sociated with chromitites, and lesser amounts of basaltic lavas and
mafic-ultramafic cumulates (Shi et al., 2012; Wang et al., 1985). The
peridotites are mainly harzburgite with minor dunite and serpentinite,
and are intruded by pegmatitic pyroxenite veins. The dunites occur as at
least two types. One kind contains the economically important podiform
and massive chromitite deposits, which locally are in direct contact with
harzburgites. The other type occurs as lenses within harzburgites, and is
not known to contain chromitites (Wang et al., 1985).
These ophiolite blocks are thrust into Jurassic strata and structurally
overlain by Devonian metasedimentary rocks. Emplacement of the
ophiolite is thought to have occurred in Late Jurassic since the ophiolite
is covered transgressively by subaerial to shallow marine sedimentary
rocks of latest Jurassic age (Girardeau et al., 1984). Jurassic Ar–Ar ages
of 175-180 Ma have been obtained from a metamorphic sole several
meters thick, beneath the Dongqiao ophiolite (Zhou et al., 1997).
The Nagqu ophiolite is located in the central part of the Bangong-
Nujiang suture zone, about 20 km northwest of the county seat of
Nagqu (Fig. 1). The ophiolite was tectonically emplaced into the Jurassic
Mugagangri Group. Previous studies suggested that the Nagqu ophiolite
was formed during the initiation of subduction or in a back-arc setting
(Huang et al., 2013; Wang et al., 1985). The Nagqu ophiolite predomi-
nantly consists of mantle peridotites that tectonically overlie a cumulate
complex. This complex consists of dunites at the base and layered
gabbro in the upper part, with interleaved olivine-pyroxenite and py-
roxenite horizons (Huang et al., 2013). The mantle section is mainly
composed of heavily serpentinized harzburgites and dunites associated
with chromitites.
2.2. Sample descriptions and petrography
The Os isotopic compositions and Os and Re abundances were
analyzed in mantle rocks including lherzolites, cpx-harzburgites and
depleted harzburgites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite, as well as
harzburgites and dunites from the Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites.
34 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45

Fig. 1. (a) Structural framework of Tibet and adjacent India, showing the location of the Bangong Lake, Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites; BNSZ: Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, YZSZ: Yarlung
Zangbo suture zone, JSSZ: Jinsha suture zone. (b) Simplified map of the Bangong Lake ophiolite, showing the distribution of ultramafic bodies (Modified from Shi et al., 2008). (c) Simplified
map of the Dongqiao ophiolite, showing the distribution of the harzburgite, dunite and chromite ore bodies (Modified from Shi et al., 2012).

Lherzolites, cpx-harzburgites and depleted harzburgites were
sampled in the southern ultramafic body in the Bangong Lake ophiolitic
mélange (Fig. 1). Depleted harzburgites also were sampled in the north-
ern ultramafic body (samples 08026A-D and 08027A-E). Lherzolites
and cpx-harzburgites are moderately serpentinized, while depleted
harzburgites are heavily serpentinized with no fresh relict silicates.
In the lherzolites, orthopyroxene (opx) grain boundaries commonly
display cuspate embayments filled with secondary olivine (ol).
Clinopyroxene (cpx) grains are anhedral and commonly occupy inter-
stitial spaces; petrographic observations and whole-rock chemical
analyses yield cpx modes of 8-10 vol.%. The shapes of spinel grains
(sp) range from anhedral to vermicular, and most of the sp occurs in in-
tergrowths with opx. Two types of sulfides occur in the lherzolites:
some grains are enclosed in opx; others lie along grain boundaries or
in fractures within silicate grains. As described in a previous study (Shi
et al., 2008), cpx-harzburgites originally have a mode of about 80 vol.%
ol and 15 vol.% opx with minor cpx and spinel. Porphyclastic textures
are common, with large subhedral crystals of opx in a matrix of smaller
anhedral olivine grains or serpentine. Depleted harzburgites have
porphyroclastic textures with pseudomorphs of serpentine after opx
and ol.
Harzburgites and dunites in the Dongqiao ophiolite are heavily
serpentinized; fresh minerals are locally preserved in some samples.
The harzburgites, which grade into cpx-harzburgites, consist of about
65-80 vol.% ol and about 15-35 vol.% opx with minor sp and magnetite.
In some harzburgites, large opx crystals have relatively fresh cores, and
“islands” of fresh olivine are commonly present in the serpentine
(Wang et al., 1985). Some opx grains have lobate grain boundaries
(“embayment texture”), interpreted as due to resorption associated
with incongruent melting or dissolution of opx (Parkinson and Pearce,
1998). Disseminated sp forms small anhedral crystals whereas massive
sp consists of large (up to 5 mm) subhedral crystals. Almost all sp grains
are reddish-brown in transmitted light. Dunites consist of N90 vol.% ol
and b10 vol.% opx, with minor sp and magnetite.
Mantle peridotites in the Nagqu ophiolite are extensively
serpentinized with no fresh minerals available for analysis. Spinel grains
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
in dunites are rounded or trapezoidal, and most have been replaced by
magnetite. Harzburgites and dunites in the Nagqu ophiolite show
geochemical and isotopic compositions (see below) similar to their
counterparts in the Dongqiao ophiolite, and are thus discussed together
in the following sections.
3. Analytical methods
Whole-rock major-element abundances were determined using
XRF, and trace elements were measured by ICP-MS after dissolution in
Teflon vials using HF, HNO3 and HCL at the Institute of Geophysical
and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
(CAGS) and the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy
of Sciences (CAS). The GSR standard was used for determination of both
major and trace elements. The reproducibility of the recommended
values for rock standards and samples is good and mean values are in-
distinguishable between the two laboratories. Mineral compositions
were analyzed by EPMA (JXA-8100) at the State Key Laboratory of
Continental tectonics and Dynamics, Institute of Geology, CAGS. The
analyses were performed under an accelerating voltage of 15 kV and a
beam current of 20 nA with a bind spot of 2 ìm.
Re-Os isotopes in whole-rock peridotites and spinels were ob-
tained by isotope dilution techniques at the Guangzhou Institute of
Geochemistry, CAS. The experimental procedure is described by Li
et al. (2010).About 1.5 g powder was dissolved using inverse aqua
regia (2.5 ml 10.8 mol/L HCl, 7.5 ml 14 mol/L HNO3) in sealed Carius
tubes at 240 °C for 24 h (0.1 g and 48 h for spinel). Isotopic tracers (185Re
and 190Os) were added to samples prior to dissolution. Os was purified
using CCl4 and HBr, micro-distilled for 3 h (Birck et al., 1997) and dried
to 3 μL. Os isotope measurements were carried out by N-TIMS with a
Thermo Finnigan Triton (Creaser et al., 1991; Völkening et al., 1991).
Re was extracted and purified by anion exchange using AG1 × 8 resin.
Re concentrations were measured using ICP-MS. Total blank levels
were 5 to 10 pg and 3 to 7 pg for Re and Os, respectively, and the aver-
age 187Os/188Os ratio of the blank was 0.20556. Contribution of the
blank to measured Os contents and 187Os/188Os ratios of most samples
was negligible, except for several samples in the Dongqiao ophiolite,
which have extremely low Os contents. However, this will not signifi-
cantly affect the conclusion in this study as those samples have both
low Os contents and unradiogenic Os-isotope compositions.
The analytical procedures for in situ Re–Os analysis of sulfides have
been described in detail by Griffin et al. (2002) and Pearson et al.
(2002). Analyses were carried out using a Merchantek 266 nm laser
microprobe attached to a Nu Plasma multi-collector ICPMS in the Geo-
chemical Analysis Unit (in the Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust
Fluid Systems (CCFS) and GEMOC, Macquarie University. Ablations
were carried out using He as the carrier gas, to enhance the sensitivity
and reduce elemental fractionation, at 4 Hz repetition rate and laser en-
ergies of 1–2 mJ/pulse, and typical pit diameters were 50-80 microns.
Masses 188–194 were measured in Faraday cups, and masses 185 and
187 in ETP ion counters. During ablation runs, a standard NiS bead
with 200 ppm Os and Pt (PGE-A) is analyzed between samples, to
correct any drift in the ion counters. These corrections typically were
less than 1% over a long day’s analytical session. The overlap of 187Re
on 187Os was corrected by measuring the 185Re peak and using
187
Re/185Re = 1.6741, as described by Pearson et al. (2002). A mass-
bias correction independent of the abundance of Os in the sample was
obtained by conducting mass fractionation corrections using a “dry” Ir
aerosol bled into the gas line between the ablation cell and the ICPMS.
The data were collected using the Nu Plasma time-resolved software,
which allows the selection of the most stable intervals of the signal for
integration. Os and Pt contents of samples were estimated by comparing
the signal intensity with PGE-A standard. There also is a nugget effect in
the distribution of Pt within some sulfide grains. The external reproduc-
ibility of 187Os/188Os for the PGE-A standard over several months is
35
±0.00048 (2sd), and the mean value of 187Os/188Os is indistinguishable
from that derived by TIMS analysis (Pearson et al., 2002).
4. Results
4.1. Whole-rock major and trace-element abundances
Volatile-free major-element compositions of the mantle peridotites
from the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone are listed in Table 1. Lherzolites,
cpx-harzburgites, harzburgites and dunites show large variability
in chemical composition (Fig. 3). The lherzolites are characterized
by high CaO (2.35-2.93 wt%), Al2O3 (2.38-2.72 wt%), TiO2 (0.24-
0.25 wt%), and low MgO (38.4-40.0 wt%), defining relatively fertile com-
positions. The TiO2 contents in lherzolites (Fig. 3) are as high as the es-
timated value for the primitive mantle (McDonough and Sun, 1995).
The whole-rock Mg# (atomic Mg/[Mg + Fe2+]) of lherzolites ranges
from 0.88 to 0.89. In contrast, the depleted harzburgites in the Bangong
Lake ophiolite have very low Al2O3 (0.31-0.76 wt%), CaO (0.04-
0.42 wt%), TiO2 (b0.01 wt%), and higher MgO (44.3-45.5 wt%), which
are consistent with residues after high degrees of partial melting. The
depleted harzburgites have an Mg# between 0.89 and 0.92; the low
Mg# reflects the high Fe2O3 contents, ~ 9.5 wt%. The harzburgites in
the Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites have high MgO (45.6-48.0 wt%),
low Al2O3 (0.36-0.56 wt%), CaO (0.26-0.32 wt%) and TiO2 (less than
0.04 wt%). The dunites show higher MgO (50.5-52.5 wt%) consistent
with residues after higher degrees of partial melting.
Chondrite-normalized whole-rock REE patterns for peridotites are
shown in Fig. 4. There is a clear difference between the REE spectra of
lherzolites, cpx-harzburgites, depleted harzburgites and dunites. The
lherzolites have LREE-depleted patterns as expected for residues of
melt extraction from MORB mantle. In contrast, the cpx-harzburgites
show spoon-shaped REE patterns (Shi et al., 2008) similar to other
MOR peridotites, e.g. in Turkish ophiolites (Aldanmaz et al., 2009;
Uysal et al., 2012). The depleted harzburgites in the Bangong Lake
ophiolite have chondrite-normalized HREE abundances of 0.14 to 0.36
(Supplemental Table A1), and show LREE-enriched patterns with
marked positive Eu anomalies. REE in dunites and harzburgites from
Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites range in concentration from 0.01
to 0.1 and 0.03 to 0.2 times chondritic values, respectively, and show
chondrite-normalized LREE-enriched and HREE-flat patterns with
LREE/HREE ranging from 10 to 30.
4.2. Mineral chemistry
4.2.1. Olivine and spinel
Mineral compositions are given in Supplemental Tables A2 and A3.
Olivine in the lherzolites has an average Mg# of 0.89. It is lower than
the olivine Mg# in cpx-harzburgites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite
(average of 0.91; Shi et al., 2008), consistent with a lower degree of
partial melting. The Mg# of olivine in harzburgites from the Dongqiao
ophiolite ranges from 0.92 to 0.93, and lies in the range of olivines
studied by Wang et al. (1985).
The Cr# (atomic Cr/[Cr + Al]) in spinel from the lherzolites ranges
from 0.45 to 0.55, and is higher in the depleted harzburgites (average
of ~ 0.66 for depleted harzburgites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite
and ~ 0.73 for harzburgites from the Dongqiao ophiolite). As Fig. 5
shows, the spinels from lherzolites plot outside of the array defined by
spinels from mid-ocean ridge peridotites (Arai, 1994; Dick and Bullen,
1984) towards the crystallization fractionation trend, while most
harzburgite spinels plot within the area representing spinels from
subduction-related peridotites. The spinels in lherzolites have obviously
higher TiO2 contents than those in cpx-harzburgites and other peridotites
in this study (Fig. 6), similar to spinels in abyssal peridotites from the
Atlantic ocean (Brunelli and Seyler, 2010; Pearce et al., 2000; Seyler and
Bonatti, 1997), and in plagioclase peridotites from the Ligurian Tethys
(Piccardo and Guarnieri, 2010). Dick and Bullen (1984) and Pearce et al.
36 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45

Table 1
Bulk rock major-element data from XRF analysis (wt%).

Sample SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 FeO Fe2O3a MgO CaO Cr2O3 Na2O K2O LOI Total Mg#

Lherzolites in BG
08019G1 44.4 0.25 2.57 4.06 5.64 40.0 2.93 0.33 0.04 0.02 8.12 99.7 0.89
08019G2 45.5 0.24 2.72 4.01 5.56 38.4 2.87 0.31 0.02 0.03 8.49 99.8 0.88
08019G3 45.4 0.24 2.38 3.94 5.47 39.6 2.35 0.33 0.01 0.02 8.52 100.1 0.89

Harzburgites in BG
08019E2 46.4 0.01 0.39 1.38 6.66 45.0 0.08 0.33 0.04 0.00 12.71 99.8 0.92
08019E3 46.5 0.00 0.31 1.70 6.06 45.3 0.04 0.34 0.04 0.01 12.63 99.5 0.92
08019E4 46.1 0.01 0.63 1.69 5.99 45.3 0.06 0.38 0.04 0.01 12.67 100.0 0.92
08019E5 46.0 0.01 0.63 1.38 6.57 45.2 0.05 0.42 0.04 0.01 12.91 100.0 0.92
08026A 43.7 0.00 0.52 1.23 9.68 44.3 0.42 0.31 0.04 0.01 12.66 100.6 0.89
08026B 43.7 0.00 0.49 1.59 9.42 44.4 0.30 0.31 0.04 0.01 12.61 100.3 0.89
08026D 43.6 0.01 0.54 1.02 9.63 44.8 0.33 0.37 0.04 0.01 12.64 100.3 0.89
08027A 45.2 0.01 0.76 1.25 7.38 45.2 0.01 0.46 0.04 0.01 13.14 100.3 0.91
08027D 44.4 0.00 0.59 0.53 8.86 45.4 0.03 0.39 0.04 0.01 12.52 99.7 0.90
08027E 44.5 0.00 0.65 0.62 8.57 45.5 0.00 0.39 0.04 0.00 12.45 100.5 0.91

Harzburgites in DQ
09017-01 44.9 0.03 0.56 8.38 45.8 0.30 0.10 0.01 0.02 13.34 100.0 0.92
09017-02 44.5 0.02 0.55 8.41 46.8 0.29 0.11 0.01 0.01 12.79 100.8 0.92
09023-08 44.1 0.02 0.53 8.33 46.3 0.29 0.10 0.01 0.01 12.35 99.7 0.92
09023-10 44.0 0.01 0.36 8.38 48.0 0.28 0.12 0.02 0.01 11.87 101.1 0.93
09023-16 44.9 0.02 0.48 8.52 45.9 0.29 0.13 0.02 0.02 13.27 100.4 0.92
09023-18 47.3 0.04 0.46 8.57 45.6 0.32 0.11 0.02 0.02 13.22 102.4 0.92
09023-21 43.6 0.02 0.49 8.56 47.5 0.27 0.10 0.02 0.02 13.35 100.6 0.92

Dunites in DQ
09018-01 39.7 0.01 0.01 7.18 52.5 0.24 0.04 0.02 0.00 16.46 99.7 0.94
09018-03 39.8 0.01 0.22 7.28 52.2 0.24 0.04 0.01 0.00 16.32 99.9 0.94

Harzburgites in NQ
09040-02 41.9 0.01 0.39 7.54 49.0 0.26 0.16 0.02 0.01 15.49 99.3 0.93

Dunites in NQ
09040-01 38.4 0.01 0.28 8.72 52.2 0.25 0.10 0.01 0.00 16.62 100.0 0.93
09040-06 39.6 0.01 0.17 8.99 50.5 0.26 0.07 0.07 0.03 16.53 99.7 0.93
a
peridotites from Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites was reported at Fe2O3 = Fe2O3TOT; BG-Bangong Lake, DQ-Dongqiao, NQ-Nagqu.

(2000) have proposed that the higher TiO2 contents (N 0.1 wt%) in spinels
in mantle peridotites are related to interaction with percolating MORB
melts.
4.2.2. Sulfides
Both enclosed and interstitial sulfides in lherzolites are polyhe-
dral grains, made up of pentlandite (Pn) ± chalcopyrite (Cp) ±
heazelwoodite (Hz) ± monosulfide solid solution (MSS). The Cu
and Ni contents of pentlandites vary significantly (Supplemental
Table A4). Previous studies have shown that enclosed pentlandites
typically have low Cu and high Ni, whereas the interstitial grains
have high Cu, reflecting their secondary origin (Luguet et al., 2003).
However, sulfides in the lherzolites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite
do not show such characteristics; some pentlandite grains enclosed
in opx also have high Cu contents, suggesting complex mixing and
recrystallization during the history of the lherzolites.
4.3. Re-Os isotope and elemental data
4.3.1. Whole-rock data
The Os concentrations of lherzolites, depleted harzburgites and cpx-
harzburgites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite range from 2.9 to 5.4 ppb,
from 1.4 to 4.7 ppb, and from 3.6 to 5.4 ppb (Table 2), respectively; all
are comparable to the range commonly observed in mantle peridotites
(Becker et al., 2006). Re concentrations of lherzolites and depleted
harzburgites vary from 0.19 to 0.22 ppb and from 0.004 to 0.095 ppb,
giving subchondritic 187Re/188Os ratios. However, cpx-harzburgites
have Re contents varying from 0.40 to 1.49 ppb, which may suggest
Re addition during metasomatism. The 187Os/188Os ratios of lherzolites
and depleted harzburgites have a restricted range from 0.1211 to
0.1229 and from 0.1169 to 0.1214, respectively; these signatures are
consistent with long-term ingrowth of radiogenic Os following melt de-
pletion. TRD ages of depleted harzburgites range from 0.81 to 1.50 Ga,
older than those of the lherzolites (0.73-0.97 Ga). In contrast, the
187
Os/188Os ratios of the cpx-harzburgites range from 0.1245 to 0.1285,
and show a rough correlation between 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os.
This pseudoisochron for the cpx-harzburgites yields an age of 178 ±
33 Ma (Fig. 7). All whole-rock and spinel samples plot between the
906 Ma (defined by two points: 01Y134 and SP135) and 178 Ma refer-
ence isochrones, suggesting they may reflect mixing between more
than two sources. TRD model ages, calculated assuming that present Re
was added later, represent minimum ages for mantle depletion events;
the TRD ages of cpx-harzburgites range from 0.48 to 0.55 Ga.
Several harzburgites in the Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites have sig-
nificantly lower Os concentrations (bb1 ppb) than typical mantle peri-
dotites, as low as 0.023 ppb (Table 3), other samples have higher Os
concentrations ranging from 1.09 to 3.29 ppb. Os contents in dunites
from Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites show similar characteristics and
lie between 0.036 and 6.16 ppb. Re concentrations in harzburgites and
dunites are less than 0.025 ppb (except sample 09040-6, 0.251). The
187
Os/188Os ratios of most harzburgites are subchondritic, ranging
from 0.1174 to 0.1233, although sample no. 09023-10 has a
suprachondritic 187Os/188Os ratio (0.1316). The 187Os/188Os ratios of
dunites vary from 0.1186 to 0.1224. The most unradiogenic Os isotope
composition in the harzburgites is comparable to previously-reported
values for two dunites from the Dongqiao ophiolite (Shi et al., 2012)
and the isotopic data for dunites in this study. As Fig. 8 shows, these
peridotites are not all consistent with a simple mixing model between
dunites (e.g. 09017-3, Shi et al., 2012) and basalt; instead, some samples
show significant Os depletion. These peridotites from the Dongqiao and
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45 37

Fig. 2. Microstructures of lherzolites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite (a-d) and harzburgites from the Dongqiao ophiolite (e-f). (a) Coarse orthopyroxene (opx) porphyroclast and inter-
stitial clinopyroxene (cpx) in lherzolites. Crossed polarizers. (b) Vermicular spinels (sp) intergrown with opx in lherzolite. Transmitted light. (c) Embayment of orthopyroxene (opx) filled
with secondary olivine (ol). Sulfides are enclosed in the orthopyroxene (opx). Crossed polarizers. (d) Detail of sulfides in orthopyroxene (opx). Reflected light. (e) Interstitial
clinopyroxene (cpx) surrounding orthopyroxene in harzburgites. Crossed polarizers. (f) Small olivine (ol) grains embedded in spinels (sample no.09023). Crossed polarizers.

Nagqu ophiolites have TMA ages ranging from 0.81 to 1.53 Ga and to
“future” ages, and TRD ages ranging from 0.60 to 1.43 Ga.
4.3.2. Spinels
Disseminated spinel grains were separated from the whole-rock
samples of cpx-harzburgites for Re-Os isotope analysis (Table 2). Os
and Re concentrations of spinels vary from 10 to 211 ppb, and 2.45 to
36.8 ppb, respectively, significantly higher than the associated whole
rock. The spinels show chondritic to suprachondritic 187Os/188Os ratios
(0.1260-0.1303), and suprachondritic 187Re/188Os ratios (0.838-1.180).
The suprachondritic 187Os/188Os and 187Re/188Os ratios of the spinels
can be attributed to addition of Re. The anomalously high Re abun-
dances in spinels separated from cpx-harzburgites are in accord with
the high values found in the whole-rock samples, ruling out seawater
alteration or serpentinization as a source of Re. There is no clear iso-
chron relationship for whole rock-spinel pairs; all of them plot between
906 Ma and 178 Ma reference isochrons (Fig. 7).
4.3.3. Single-sulfide data
Thirteen individual sulfide grains (of twenty-nine analyzed) had suf-
ficiently high Os concentrations to give usefully precise isotopic results
(Table 3). The Os contents of sulfides range from 6.9 to 27 ppm, and
187
Re/188Os ratios and 187Os/188Os ratios range from 0.173 to 1.717
and from 0.12646 to 0.17340, respectively. These characteristics are
similar to those observed in sulfides of peridotite xenoliths from Atlantic
oceanic lithosphere (Coltorti et al., 2010). The radiogenic Os-isotope
compositions and low Os contents in most of the sulfides are compara-
ble to the Group 3 sulfides from the Siberian lithospheric mantle
(Griffin et al., 2002). The sulfides show a range of Os TMA model ages
(Table 3), ranging from 3.51 Ga to “future” ages. The sulfide grain with
the lowest 187Os/188Os (0.1265) gives a TRD age of 0.08 Ga. Eleven of
the 13 sulfide grains lie near a reference isochron with an apparent
age of 1.7 ± 0.3 Ga (Fig. 9). The initial 187Os/188Os of ca 0.1231 corre-
sponds to an age of 0.5 Ga by reference to the mantle evolution curve
(Shirey and Walker, 1998).
5. Discussion
Traditionally, ophiolitic mantle peridotites are considered to be
residues after moderate partial melting of asthenospheric mantle
(Bodinier, 1988). Oceanic mantle may originate in various tectonic
environments including MOR and SSZ, and different types of mantle
residues have distinct geochemical and mineralogical characteristics. It
is generally assumed that MOR-type peridotites are the residues from
38 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45

Fig. 3. Variations of whole-rock SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and TiO2 as a function of MgO in peridotites from Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. The curves represent the residues modeled by polybaric
fractional melting and isobaric batch melting (Niu, 1997). The composition of primitive mantle is from McDonough and Sun (1995).

low-degree melting of asthenospheric mantle. This produces LREE-
depleted trace-element patterns, and spinels from MOR-type perido-
tites have high Al2O3 contents and Cr# b 0.60 (Dick and Bullen, 1984).
In contrast, the SSZ-type peridotites are highly depleted in terms of
modal compositions, mineral chemistry and whole-rock geochemistry,
and represent the residues after higher degrees of melt extraction.
They often have LREE-enriched patterns, attributed to metasomatism
involving subduction-related fluids or melts, and the spinels have rela-
tively high Cr (Cr# N 0.60). Although the genesis of mantle peridotites
from the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone is not yet firmly established,
we interpret the lherzolites and cpx-harzburgites from the Bangong
Lake ophiolite as MOR-type peridotites, while the depleted harzburites
from the Bangong Lake ophiolite and harzburgites and dunites from the
Dongqiao and Nagqu ophiolites appear to be SSZ-type peridotites, based
on our present knowledge of these ophiolites (Shi et al., 2008; Shi et al.,
2012; Wang et al., 1985).
The occurrence of the most refractory peridotites as layers intercalat-
ed with more fertile peridotites is not consistent with models involving
variable degrees of partial melting. Consequently, melt-rock reaction
has been proposed and widely recognized as the predominant mecha-
nism for the generation of dunites and other refractory peridotites
(Kelemen et al., 1990; Kelemen et al., 1995). Furthermore, recent studies
have demonstrated that some rather fertile mantle peridotites were
formed via refertilization of pre-existing refractory peridotites (Beyer
et al., 2006; Le Roux et al., 2007; Muntener et al., 2004; Saal et al.,
2001; Shi et al., 2010). Therefore, the compositional variation among
oceanic mantle peridotites may actually reflect a complex history in-
volving variable degrees of partial melting, melt-rock reaction and
refertilization.
5.1. Evolution of possible MOR-type peridotites
5.1.1. Petrogenesis of the lherzolites and cpx-harzburgites
Based on whole-rock major- and trace-element abundances, the
lherzolites and cpx-harzburgites have been interpreted as hybrid
rocks, the products of interaction between basalt and depleted
harzburgites (Huang et al., 2012). As Fig. 3 shows, the TiO2 contents of
the lherzolites are as high as the estimated value for the primitive man-
tle (McDonough and Sun, 1995), indicating that the petrogenesis of the
lherzolites cannot be explained by simple partial melting (Fig. 3). A
similar situation has been reported for lherzolitic mantle from the
Romanche Fracture Zone (Seyler and Bonatti, 1997) and the South

Fig. 4. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the peridotites from Bangong-Nujiang suture zone.
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
Fig. 5. Spinel Cr# vs olivine Mg# in the lherzolites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite and
harzburgites from the Dongqiao ophiolite. The data for cpx-harzburgites are from Shi et al.
(2008).
Sandwich arc-basin system (Pearce et al., 2000) in the Atlantic Ocean,
both of which have been attributed to reaction between melts and peri-
dotites. The REE budgets of lherzolites have also been increased by melt
addition; the humped REE patterns characterized by high MREE/HREE
cannot be produced solely by partial melting, and they suggest that
secondary cpx was precipitated from melts during refertilization by
melt-rock interaction (Le Roux et al., 2007).
The petrographic features of the lherzolites also are consistent with
recrystallization after partial melting. The cuspate embayments in opx
grains filled with secondary ol (Fig. 2c), and the vermicular intergrowths
Fig. 6. Cr# vs TiO2 for spinels from the peridotites from Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. Mod-
ified from Pearce et al. (2000). BON: boninite, IAT: island arc tholeiite, MORB: mid-ocean
ridge basalt.
39
of sp and opx, may be of secondary origin (Fig. 2b), related to melt-rock
reaction (Seyler et al., 2007). This is supported by the high TiO2 contents
(~0.6) of spinels (Fig. 6). In Fig. 5, the lower-Mg# ol from the lherzolites
falls outside the OSMA (Arai, 1994). Our petrographic studies of the
lherzolites have identified no cumulate textures, and hence we rule out
a magmatic origin. Therefore, the compositional trend of ol in Fig. 5 is
interpreted as a result of melt-peridotite interaction, which lowered
the Mg# of olivine relative to the Cr# of spinel in the lherzolite, leading
to deviation to the right of the mantle array (Wang et al., 2013).
Polygonal sulfides enclosed in opx in lherzolites (Fig. 2d) are not
consistent with a previously proposed dichotomy (Alard et al., 2000),
in which silicate-enclosed sulfides are rounded and thought to be resi-
dues of partial-melting processes with unradiogenic Os isotope compo-
sitions, while interstitial sulfides represent products of secondary sulfide
melts or fluids. The Os-isotope compositions of sulfide grains in this
study show no differences based on microstructural setting, and their
radiogenic Os isotopic compositions suggest that most sulfides in the
lherzolites are secondary. Some sulfide grains contain radiogenic 187Os
that is not supported by their low Re/Os ratios, suggesting they are prod-
ucts of mixing between primitive sulfides and metesomatic fluids/melts.
The sulfide “isochron” (Fig. 9) thus may represent a mixing line between
different generations of sulfides (Alard et al., 2005). The sulfide grain
with the lowest 187Os/188Os gives a very young TRD age (0.08 Ga),
which may not reflect a single event. Consequently, the in situ Os-
isotope compositions of sulfides provide further evidence for multistage
mantle metasomatism.
The cpx-harzburgites were previously interpreted as residues after
low degrees of mantle melting in a MOR environment (Shi et al.,
2008). However, their extremely high Re abundances are not consistent
with partial melting of primitive mantle (Fig. 7). Similar characteristics
have been explained by refertilization or interaction of solid residues
with basaltic melts that probably were produced by melting of more
radiogenic source rocks (Aldanmaz et al., 2012; van Acken et al.,
2008), or attributed to melting of a heterogeneous mantle, with mixture
of peridotites and more radiogenic pyroxenites (Hanghoj et al., 2010).
Here we suggest that the cpx-harzburgites may have experienced
cryptic refertilization (O’Reilly and Griffin, 2013) through melt-rock
interaction.
Previous studies have demonstrated that spinels are more robust
recorders of Os isotopic information than peridotitic whole rocks
(Standish et al., 2002). However, the Re and Os concentrations of spinels
from cpx-harzburgites are not fully consistent with our present knowl-
edge of residual spinels from mantle peridotites (Standish et al., 2002).
Similar levels have been found in the spinels of lherzolite xenoliths from
the French Massif Central, which have experienced multiple episodes of
melt depletion and melt/fluid infiltration (Harvey et al., 2010). The high
Re and Os contents in both whole-rock and spinels in cpx-harzburgites
are unlikely to be caused by recent addition of Re during serpentinization
or seafloor weathering (Batanova et al., 2008); alternatively, they pro-
vide cogent evidence for melt-rock interaction in the protolith of the
cpx-harzburgites. The suprachondritic 187Os/188Os and 187Re/188Os ratios
of the spinels can be attributed to addition of Re during refertilization of
the peridotites. The correlation between whole-rock 187Re/188Os and
187
Os/188Os in the cpx-harzburgites could be produced by interaction be-
tween ocean-ridge magmas and pre-existing lithospheric mantle. The
timing of melt-rock reaction and refertilization in the peridotites have
been defined by Re-Os pseudoisochrons in previous studies (Ackerman
et al., 2013; Saal et al., 2001). As Fig. 7 shows, there is no clear isochro-
nous relationship between whole-rock cpx-harzburgite samples and
their separated spinels. Instead, all of them plot between the 906 Ma
and 178 Ma reference isochrons. The spinels have more radiogenic Os
isotope compositions than the whole-rock samples, suggesting they
were in Os-isotope disequilibrium. The Os-isotope disequilibrium sug-
gests that the cpx-harzburgites may be mixtures of more than two
sources. The spinels may preserve more radiogenic Os isotope composi-
tions than other silicate minerals, which can suggest that small sulfides
40 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45

Table 2
Re-Os isotope data for bulk-rock samples and spinels from peridotites in the Bangong-Nuijang suture zone.
187
Sample Re/ppb Os/ppb Re/188Os 2σ 187
Os/188Os 2σ TMA/Ga TRD(160 Ma) γOs

Lherzolites in BG
08019G1 0.195 3.02 0.311 0.0290 0.1226 0.00035 2.82 0.77 -3.3
duplicate 0.215 3.25 0.319 0.0290 0.1221 0.00032 3.42 0.85 -3.7
08019G2 0.199 3.01 0.318 0.0330 0.1229 0.00043 2.85 0.73 -3.1
duplicate 0.185 3.48 0.256 0.0196 0.1211 0.00044 2.36 0.97 -4.4
08019G3 0.190 5.40 0.169 0.0095 0.1222 0.00055 1.23 0.78 -3.3
duplicate 0.220 2.91 0.364 0.0320 0.1219 0.00026 7.55 0.90 -4.0

Cpx-harzburgites in BG
01Y134 0.400 5.42 0.441 0.0420 0.1245 0.00060 -4.09 0.55 -2.1
a
SP134 36.814 211.4 0.838 0.0812 0.1260 0.00025 -0.13 0.48 -1.7
01Y135 1.607 5.25 1.773 0.1750 0.1285 0.00042 0.07 0.48 -1.7
duplicate 1.488 3.91 1.833 0.1831 0.1283 0.00057 0.06 0.53 -2.0
a
SP135 6.055 35.3 0.827 0.0397 0.1303 0.00022 0.47 -0.17 1.7
01Y136 0.733 3.58 0.986 0.0916 0.1260 0.00042 -0.11 0.55 -2.1
a
SP136 2.449 10.0 1.180 0.0468 0.1294 0.00022 0.18 0.12 0.2

Depleted harzburgites in BG
08019E2 0.095 2.90 0.158 0.0074 0.1194 0.00019 1.83 1.18 -5.5
08019E3 0.063 1.44 0.212 0.0094 0.1207 0.0002 1.95 1.01 -4.6
08019E4 0.039 2.17 0.087 0.0077 0.1194 0.0007 1.44 1.16 -5.4
08019E5 0.030 2.83 0.051 0.0043 0.1213 0.0004 0.96 0.86 -3.8
01Y144 0.069 3.66 0.090 0.0119 0.1274 0.0002 -0.07 -0.02 0.9
01Y145 0.248 1.32 0.890 0.0900 0.1290 0.0006 0.24 0.06 0.5
duplicate 0.098 0.82 0.571 0.0792 0.1297 0.0008 0.95 -0.18 1.8
01Y152 0.041 4.41 0.042 0.0080 0.1217 0.0002 0.88 0.81 -3.5
duplicate 0.033 3.75 0.043 0.0086 0.1233 0.0004 0.61 0.57 -2.2
01Y154 0.221 4.45 0.281 0.0300 0.1260 0.0003 0.48 0.26 -0.5
duplicate 0.198 3.06 0.312 0.0332 0.1270 0.0004 0.01 0.13 0.2
08026A 0.017 2.25 0.036 0.0098 0.1195 0.0005 1.22 1.12 -5.2
08026B 0.004 2.81 0.008 0.0016 0.1173 0.0004 1.46 1.43 -6.9
08026D 0.013 3.39 0.018 0.0046 0.1180 0.0003 1.39 1.33 -6.3
08027A 0.014 2.52 0.027 0.0076 0.1169 0.0004 1.60 1.50 -7.3
08027D 0.029 4.74 0.029 0.0063 0.1207 0.0004 1.00 0.94 -4.2
08027E 0.025 3.65 0.033 0.0065 0.1194 0.0003 1.23 1.14 -5.3

Harzburgites in DQ
09017-1 0.018 0.05 1.8881 0.1380 0.1241 0.0005 -0.12 1.17 -5.4
09017-2 0.011 2.68 0.0192 0.0018 0.1196 0.0003 1.16 1.11 -5.1
09023-8 0.009 0.32 0.1298 0.0094 0.1233 0.0004 0.81 0.60 -2.4
09023-10 0.007 0.02 1.4250 0.1761 0.1316 0.0008 0.27 -0.12 1.5
09023-16 0.003 0.08 0.1511 0.0532 0.1217 0.0005 1.25 0.84 -3.7
09023-18 0.007 1.14 0.0291 0.0040 0.1174 0.0004 1.53 1.43 -6.8
09023-21 0.008 3.29 0.0122 0.0014 0.1206 0.0002 0.97 0.95 -4.2

Dunites in DQ
09018-1 0.019 1.09 0.0834 0.0034 0.1186 0.0003 1.57 1.28 -6.0
09018-3 0.001 0.04 0.1849 0.1186 0.1203 0.0007 1.82 1.06 -4.9

Harzburgites in NQ
09040-2 0.025 0.25 0.4777 0.0139 0.1206 0.0005 -5.31 1.14 -5.3

Dunites in NQ
09040-1 0.010 2.25 0.0224 0.0016 0.1205 0.0004 1.02 0.97 -4.4
09040-6 0.251 6.16 0.1962 0.0096 0.1224 0.0003 1.32 0.76 -3.2

TRD calculated after Shirey and Walker (1998), using (187Os/188Os)CHUR = 0.1270, (187Re/188Os)CHUR = 0.402. a SP134, a SP135 a and a SP136 are isotope data for spinels from peridotites.

could have been entrapped in spinels during melt-peridotite interaction,
as proposed by Luguet et al. (2007).
5.1.2. Ages of partial-melting and metasomatic events in
MOR-type peridotites
A number of studies have reached a consensus that serpentinization
and seafloor weathering have little effect on the Re-Os system (Harvey
et al., 2006; Rudnick and Walker, 2009). The effects of melt percolation
on Re-Os systematics of peridotites also were presumed to be minor, as
most Os remains in the mantle after melting and the 187Os/188Os of pe-
ridotites should not be disturbed by interaction with basaltic melts that
contain little Os. However, a number of recent studies have changed this
interpretation (Ackerman et al., 2009; Becker et al., 2001; Büchl et al.,
2004b; Saal et al., 2001; van Acken et al., 2008). Mantle processes that
may impact Re-Os isotopes of mantle peridotites can be divided into
two categories: melt-rock reaction at high melt/rock ratios and melt
addition at low melt/rock ratios.
Basaltic or picritic melts flowing through upper-mantle peridotites
at high melt/rock ratios can result in the formation of replacive dunites
(Kelemen et al., 1990). This melt-rock reaction may cause dissolution of
primary sulfides and pyroxenes, and add radiogenic 187Os/188Os from
the melt to the replacive dunites (Becker et al., 2001; Büchl et al.,
2002). Moreover, percolation of S-undersatured basaltic melts at high
melt/rock ratios, as has been suggested in several ultramafic suites,
could lower the Re, Os and S contents of the protolith by dissolution of
sulfides (Ackerman et al., 2009; Lorand et al., 2003; Reisberg et al.,
2005). Extremely low Os contents in mantle peridotites imply that Os
can behave as an incompatible element during melt-rock interaction
at high melt/rock ratios and could mobilize during the dissolution of
sulfides (Büchl et al., 2004b).
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45 41

Fig. 8. 187Os/188Os vs 1/Os in harzburgites and dunites from the Dongqiao and Nagqu
187 188 187 188
Fig. 7. Os/ Os vs Re/ Os of lherzolites, cpx-harzburgites and depleted harzburgites ophiolites. The field of crustal rocks is from Shi et al. (2012).
from the Bangong Lake ophiolite.

timing of the original partial-melting event recorded in these rocks.

Reactions at lower melt/rock ratios may re-fertilize refractory peri-
dotites by adding basaltic components. Correlations of Os isotopes or
Re contents with lithophile elements such as Al2O3 reflect the coupled
introduction of metasomatic sulfides and cpx at low melt/rock (~ 1)
ratios (Becker et al., 2001; van Acken et al., 2008; Wittig et al., 2010).
Godard et al. (2009) suggested that oceanic mantle was refertilized by
depleted melts, which crystalized sulfides with less radiogenic Os-
isotope compositions than primary sulfide (Godard et al., 2009). Most
secondary sulfides tend to have radiogenic Os isotopic compositions
(Griffin et al., 2004); their influence on whole-rock compositions is
limited by the fact that their Os concentrations are typically two orders
of magnitude lower than those of primary sulfides (Alard et al., 2000;
Harvey et al., 2010). Reaction at low melt/rock ratios could result in a
significant increase in the Re contents of depleted peridotites and a
limited increase in 187Os/188Os ratios (Becker et al., 2001).
As discussed above, the higher Re concentrations of the cpx-
harzburgites cannot be explained by a simple melt extraction process
and may be indicative of secondary Re addition; this will not affect the
TRD model ages. TRD ages of the cpx-harzburgites range from 0.48 to
0.55 Ga, suggesting they represent a Pan-African lithospheric mantle.
The pseudoisochron of the cpx-harzburgtites yields an age of 178 ±
33 Ma, which may be related to magmatic events during the evolution
of Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean, specifically the refertilization of
the cpx-harzburgites.
The lherzolites give TRD model ages lying between 0.73 and 0.97 Ga.
However, their TRD model ages may substantially underestimate the
Furthermore, all sulfides analyzed in this study have higher 187Os/188Os
ratios than their enclosing whole-rock samples, demonstrating that
the rocks must contain a depleted end member (tiny enclosed sulfides
or ancient platinum-group minerals) disseminated in the lherzolites
(Lorand et al., 2010), and corresponding to older melt depletion events
( N1.0 Ga).
In summary, the cpx-harzburgites and lherzolites in the Bangong
Lake ophiolite both were formed through refertilization. The nature of
their protoliths is not yet confirmed, but they may be residues from
melting event(s) that predated the Mesozoic asthenospheric mantle
upwelling, like the depleted peridotites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite
(see below). The whole-rock Os model ages of the lherzolites give
a Neoproterozoic minimum age for the melt depletion event(s). The
cpx-harzburgites may represent a Pan-African lithospheric mantle.
Neoproterozoic and Pan-African mantle domains may have been inti-
mately mingled during convergent processes beneath the Gondwana
continent. All these findings suggest that ancient mantle domains are
preserved as nominal MOR-type residues, pointing to an origin in buoy-
ant, refractory volumes floating in the fertile asthenosphere underlying
the spreading ridge of Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean.
5.2. Evolution history of SSZ-type oceanic mantle
5.2.1. Formation of depleted harzburgites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite
The depleted harzburgites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite were previ-
ously ascribed to high degrees of partial melting in a SSZ tectonic setting

Table 3
In situ Re-Os isotope data for sulfides in lherzolites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite.
187
Spot Re/188Os 2σ 187
Os/188Os 2σ Os ppm Re ppm Pt ppm Re/Os TMA (Ga) TRD (Ga)

19G1-1 1.038 0.023 0.12837 0.00340 10.55 2.28 0.43 0.216 0.13 -
19G1-4 0.488 0.003 0.12646 0.00097 17.09 1.73 0.07 0.101 - 0.08
19G1-5 0.477 0.005 0.13405 0.00130 11.15 1.11 - 0.099 - -
19G1-6 0.364 0.026 0.13577 0.00120 10.76 0.81 27.74 0.076 - -
19G1-9 1.717 0.036 0.17340 0.00210 9.77 3.49 1.24 0.357 2.08 -
19G1-11 0.498 0.003 0.13896 0.00096 14.99 1.55 0.69 0.103 - -
19G2-4 0.405 0.016 0.13558 0.00093 12.12 1.02 0.06 0.084 - -
19G2-6 0.581 0.029 0.13779 0.00200 6.93 0.84 - 0.121 3.51 -
19G3-12 0.919 0.024 0.15518 0.00150 11.88 2.27 0.2 0.191 3.19 -
19G3-14 0.173 0.006 0.13113 0.00079 24.23 0.87 5.81 0.036 - -
19G3-15 0.384 0.007 0.13277 0.00055 24.94 1.99 - 0.08 - -
19G3-3 0.234 0.005 0.13016 0.00062 27.22 1.33 0.05 0.049 - -
19G3-6 0.641 0.008 0.13754 0.00086 22.08 2.94 0.46 0.133 2.59 -
42 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
Fig. 9. Re-Os isochron diagram for sulfides from the lherzolites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite.
(Shi et al., 2008). Our new geochemical data confirm that the depleted
harzburgites are similar to SSZ-type peridotites (Parkinson and Pearce,
1998). Their low HREE abundances (Table A1, Fig. 4), and high-Cr#
spinel (Fig. 6) indicate higher degrees of partial melting of primitive
mantle. The enrichment of LREE and marked positive Eu anomalies
can reflect interaction of peridotites with slab-derived fluids in the SSZ
setting (Parkinson and Pearce, 1998; Pearce et al., 2000). The refractory
character of the depleted harzburgites allows them to be the protolith of
the lherzolites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite as indicated by Fig. 6
of Huang et al. (2012), in which the lherzolites lie along a mixing line
between depleted harzburgites and basaltic rocks.
The depleted harzburgites fall into two compositional groups with
respect to Re-Os isotopes. Group 1 contains most of the samples, and
is characterized by very unradiogenic 187Os/188Os ratios, implying an-
cient depletion (0.8-1.5 Ga). In contrast, the three samples in Group 2
(01Y144, 01Y145 and 01Y154) have both high Os contents and near-
chondritic 187Os/188Os, suggesting that they represent Mesozoic oceanic
lithospheric mantle produced by the decompression melting of the
convecting upper mantle. These different mantle domains may have
been tectonically juxtaposed in the hanging wall during subduction
processes in the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean.
5.2.2. Extensive metasomatism recorded by peridotites in the
Dongqiao ophiolite
We have previously proposed a refertilization model for the forma-
tion of the Dongqiao harzburgites, in which melt-rock interaction in-
volving refractory dunites produced the harzburgites (Shi et al., 2012).
The compositional variations of Al2O3 and CaO vs a differentiation
index (e.g. MgO) observed in the harzburgite-dunite series reflect
refertilization via melt-peridotite interaction during the infiltration of
basaltic melts through refractory mantle. The LREE-enrichment and
negative Ce and Eu anomalies in harzburgites and dunites are similar
to those of forearc dunites from the South Sandwich arc-basin system,
and may be related to differential mobility of the LREE and MREE during
alteration rather to any primary process (Pearce et al., 2000). The
mineral data and Re-Os data presented here further confirm the nature
of the linkages between the harzburgites and dunites in the Dongqiao
ophiolite.
It has been proposed that dunites in the mantle sections of most
ophiolites were formed through interaction between percolating melt
and mantle peridotites (Büchl et al., 2004b; Zhou et al., 1996); they
are probably melt channels, resulting from melt-rock interaction at
high melt/rock ratios (Büchl et al., 2004b; Kelemen et al., 1995). There
are at least two kinds of dunites in the Dongqiao ophiolite. One kind
of dunite may be an ultra-depleted residue, such as samples 09017-3
and 09017-4 described by Shi et al. (2012). The low Al2O3 contents of
these two samples and the typically high Cr# in spinel are consistent
with their being melt residues, rather than cumulates (Shi et al., 2012;
this study). They have high Os contents (~ 10 ppb) and unradiogenic
Os isotope compositions (187Os/188Os: 0.1175-0.1182), which are not
consistent with dunites produced by melt percolation.
A similar high-Os dunite in the Troodos ophiolite (Büchl et al.,
2004b) might also have such a residual origin. Some dunitic abyssal
peridotites also preserve evidence for extreme melt depletion (Harvey
et al., 2006); they have low 187Os/188Os and are unlikely to be dunite
“channels”, which would have the isotopic characteristics of the perco-
lating melt.
The other kind of dunite in the Dongqiao ophiolite could be formed
during melt percolation, as represented by sample 09023-1 described
by Shi et al. (2012). It has low Os contents (0.442) and relatively high
187
Os/188Os ratios (0.1251). The Cr# of spinels from sample 09023-1
ranges from 0.75 to 0.78 (Table A3), and their high TiO2 contents
(0.12-0.16 wt%) can be explained by interaction with percolating
melts (Dick and Bullen, 1984). However, two dunites (sample 09018-
1 and 09018-3) in this study have both low Os contents (0.036-1.086)
and low 187Os/188Os (0.1186-0.1203), and probably have had a more
complex history.
Mantle peridotites containing spinels with Cr# N 0.70 reflect high
degrees of partial melting, yielding pyroxene-free dunites. However,
spinels in the Dongqiao harzburgites have very high Cr# values and
low TiO2 contents, and overlap with spinels in residual dunites
(Fig. 6). This is inconsistent with simple partial melting, and may be
attributed to refertilization processes (Barth et al., 2003; Uysal et al.,
2012). Moreover, an olivine grain enclosed in spinel in sample 09023-
3 (Fig. 2f) has Mg# (92.7) higher than olivines intergrown with opx.
Considering the low Mg# of enclosed spinels (233SP1 and 233SP2 in
Supplemental Table A3), the high Mg# of this olivine cannot be attribut-
ed to spinel-olivine equilibration, but may be characteristic of the
mantle protolith prior to melt-rock interaction. Other olivines with
lower Mg# may be of secondary origin, produced by later crystallization
during melt/fluid percolation or other tectonothermal events.
The Re-Os systematics of harzburgites and dunites reported in our
previous study supported the refertilization model, suggesting that
most of the Dongqiao harzburgites formed by percolation of basaltic
melts with melt/rock ratios between 1:5 and 1:20 (Shi et al., 2012).
However, the new Re-Os data in this study reveal significant loss of Os
from some harzburgites and dunites. In Fig. 8, the Os-isotope system-
atics of the Dongqiao harzburgites cannot be described by simple
mixing between the extremely depleted dunites and melts with
high 187Os/188Os. It is plausible that harzburgites and dunites have
been metasomatically overprinted again; the Re-Os system may have
been disturbed by interaction with melt or fluid after the formation of
the harzburgites.
Similarly, a study of peridotites of the Troodos ophiolite showed that
during melt percolation the I-PGE behaved incompatibly, in contrast to
their behavior during partial melting (Büchl et al., 2002). Re-Os isotope
studies on SCLM samples from Central Europe and east-central
China have attributed their low Os contents to percolation of sulfur-
undersaturated melts (Ackerman et al., 2009; Reisberg et al., 2005).
However, Os-isotope studies of peridotite xenoliths from subduction
zones suggest that Os can be partitioned into oxidized and chlorine-
rich slab-derived fluids or melts (Brandon et al., 1996). Widom et al.
(2003) have suggested that high-fO2, chlorine-rich, hydrous slab-
derived fluids can transport LREE and radiogenic Os into the mantle
wedge, while scavenging of mantle Os, exchange with radiogenic slab-
derived Os, and incorporation of Re may occur during interaction of
the mantle wedge with oxidized, adakitic, and carbonate-rich slab
melts (Widom et al., 2003).
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
The harzburgites and dunites from the Dongqiao ophiolite in this
study, which have extremely low Os contents (0.023-0.319 ppb), also
have very low Re contents (~ 0.01 ppb) and unradiogenic Os isotope
compositions (0.12031-0.12415). These are different in these regards
from the replacive rocks (e.g. dunites) in the Oman, Troodos and Shetland
ophiolites (Büchl et al., 2002; Hanghoj et al., 2010; O'Driscoll et al., 2012).
We attribute the significant loss of Os in the Dongqiao harzburgites
and dunites to later metasomatism by slab-derived oxidized fluids
(Brandon et al., 1996), following the formation of harzburgites by mantle
refertilization (Shi et al., 2012).
The harzburgites and dunites from the Nagqu ophiolite are geo-
chemically similar to their counterparts from the Dongqiao ophiolite,
with high MgO and low Al2O3 contents and LREE-enriched patterns.
The two dunites have high Os contents (2.2-6.2 ppb), concentrated in
the chromite separates. The harzburgites have low Os contents (0.25-
0.29 ppb), probably reflecting mantle metasomatism as in the Dongqiao
harzburgites. The 187Os/188Os ratios vary from 0.1205 to 0.1224, with
calculated TRD ages between 0.76 and 1.14 Ga, again suggesting the
existence of an ancient lithospheric mantle.
In summary, many ancient mantle peridotites (N 1.0 Ga) and minor
volumes of Mesozoic lithospheric mantle appear to have been tectoni-
cally juxtaposed in SSZ-type ophiolites during the subduction stage of
the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean. Mantle peridotites have experi-
enced metasomatic refertilization, to form harzburgites.
5.3. Origin of ancient mantle peridotites in young Neo-Tethyan ophiolites
Unexpectedly old depletion events have been recognized in mantle
peridotites from modern oceanic lithosphere and Phanerozoic ophiolites
(Aldanmaz et al., 2012; Batanova et al., 2008; Harvey et al., 2006; Liu
et al., 2008; O'Driscoll et al., 2012; Parkinson et al., 1998; Schulte et al.,
2009; Shi et al., 2012; Uysal et al., 2012). Two models have been
proposed to interpret the depleted isotopic compositions of ophiolitic
mantle peridotites and abyssal peridotites. One view holds that these
old refractory domains reflect large-scale isotopic heterogeneities in
the asthenosphere (Lassiter et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2008; Schulte et al.,
2009); they have escaped complete homogenization and remained as
discrete domains within the oceanic lithospheric mantle. The alternative
view, based on geophysical observations, interprets these ancient
mantle domains as fragments of SCLM, stranded in ocean basins during
continental breakup (O'Reilly et al., 2009), with buoyant refractory
or refertilized peridotites scattered in a matrix of more fertile
asthenosphere.
In neither case are these ancient peridotites complementary to local
MORB, but represent exotic material in the local oceanic lithosphere
(Rampone and Hofmann, 2012). The discovery of unradiogenic Os
isotopic compositions in mantle peridotites from the Bangong-Nujiang
suture zone raises the question whether these depleted domains have
SCLM affinity or reflect Os-isotope heterogeneities in the convecting
upper mantle.
The former model was adopted by Liu et al. (2008) to account for old
model ages in abyssal peridotites from the Gakkel ridge. This interpreta-
tion was based on the assumption that no signature of continental
mantle is preserved in the mantle source of MORB from the eastern
Gakkel ridge. However, in another study, the geochemical signatures
of MORB from the western Gakkel Ridge were interpreted as reflecting
the presence of delaminated SCLM incorporated into the Arctic convec-
tive asthenosphere (Goldstein et al., 2008). This reinforces the view that
the very depleted Os and Hf isotopic values of some peridotites from the
Gakkel Ridge (Liu et al., 2008; Stracke et al., 2011) also can be explained
by incorporation of ancient SCLM, like that found beneath Spitsbergen,
stranded in the ocean domain during the known movement of
Spitsbergen from the northern edge of Greenland to its present posi-
tion (Griffin et al., 2012; O'Reilly et al., 2009).
In addition, well-studied Alpine-Apennine peridotites from the
Ligurian Tethys have demonstrated that SCLM was modified by the
43
percolation of upwelling MORB melts and then became exposed on
the seafloor during the early stage of the opening of the western Tethys
ocean basin (External Ligurides; Piccardo and Guarnieri, 2010; Piccardo
et al., 2007; Rampone et al., 1995). The Ligurian Tethys appears to pro-
vide an example of the stranding of buoyant old SCLM remnants within
the oceanic domain as a consequence of rifting and listric faulting at
continental margins (O'Reilly et al., 2009). Thin or missing crust above
abyssal peridotites also supports the conclusion that the depleted man-
tle in the Marion Rise is probably SCLM emplaced into asthenosphere,
representing fragments of the ancient Gondwana continental mantle
(Zhou and Dick, 2013).
In the case of the ancient mantle peridotites in the Bangong-Nujiang
suture zone, we favor the view that the ancient mantle domains reflect
incorporation of SCLM into ocean basins. The ocean basin opened by
listric faulting, leaving significant wedges of continental lithosphere at
rifted margins, and stranding domains of ancient lithosphere in the
upper part of the new oceanic lithosphere. The mineralogical and geo-
chemical signatures of the lherzolites in the Bangong Lake ophiolite sug-
gest they were transformed from depleted Proterozoic lithospheric
mantle during the opening stage of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan
Ocean. The cpx-harzburgites may represent Pan-African lithospheric
mantle beneath the Gondwana continent. Cpx-harzburgites and
lherzolites reflect distinct lithospheric blocks interleaved at depth
or brought together after their formation, similar to lithosphere-
accretion processes beneath the Iberian plate (Bianchini et al., 2007).
The depleted harzburgites and dunites studied here may also represent
ancient SCLM that was emplaced on the hanging wall, and mingled with
Mesozoic oceanic lithospheric mantle during the subduction process.
6. Conclusions
The integration of all geochemical data, including the Re-Os isotopic
compositions of peridotites and minerals, from MOR- and SSZ-type
ophiolites in the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone offers insights into the
evolution of the Tethyan oceanic mantle during spreading and subduc-
tion stages.
Lherzolites and cpx-harzburgites from the Bangong Lake ophiolite
are consistent with an origin as MOR-type residues; whole-rock and
mineral data (spinel, olivine and sulfides) provide new evidence for
refertilization of mantle peridotites by different types of percolating
melts during the spreading stage of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan
ocean. Similar fertile peridotites are recorded from the Neo-Tethyan
ophiolites in the Alpine-Apennine and Turkish orogenic belts
(Aldanmaz et al., 2012; Piccardo and Guarnieri, 2010). Re-Os isotope
data suggest that their protolith may be Mesoproterozoic and Pan-
African lithospheric mantle domains beneath the Gondwana continent.
Three samples in the Bangong Lake ophiolite have near-chondritic
Os-isotope compositions and may represent Mesozoic oceanic litho-
spheric mantle, while most SSZ-type peridotites preserve ancient
melt-depletion signatures. Whole-rock Re-Os data and mineral compo-
sitions demonstrate that these ancient mantle domains in the Dongqiao
ophiolite have experienced high degrees of partial melting, mantle
refertilization and later metasomatism by mantle-derived fluids. All
these ancient mantle domains from the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone
are interpreted as fragments of SCLM, which were incorporated into
the oceanic lithosphere during the opening of oceanic basin.
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.
doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.02.023.
Acknowledgments
We thank Ji-Feng Xu and Jie Li (Guangzhou Institute of Geochemis-
try, CAS) for assistance in whole rock Re-Os isotope analysis. This re-
search was jointly funded by Strategic Priority Research Program
(B) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant no. XDB03010203) and
the National Program on Key Basic Research Project of China (973
44 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
Program, Grant no. 2011CB403101) financed by Ministry of Science and
Technology; and the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant no. 41172059, 41372063). Analytical data (including in situ
Re-Os analyses) acquired in the Geochemical Analysis Unit in the Centre
of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) and GEMOC, Mac-
quarie University were obtained using instrumentation funded by ARC
LIEF, DEST Systematic Infrastructure Grants, Macquarie University and
industry partners. We are grateful to Norman Pearson for discussions
on data interpretation, and to all professional staff in the GAU for analyt-
ical assistance. Detailed and constructive reviews of Kuo-Lung Wang
and one unknown referee helped to improve the manuscript and are
highly appreciated. This is contribution 593 from the ARC Centre of Ex-
cellence for Core to Crust Fluids Systems (http://www.ccfs.mq.edu.au)
and 992 from the GEMOC Key Centre (http://www.gemoc.mq.edu.au).
References
Ackerman, L., Walker, R.J., Puchtel, I.S., Pitcher, L., Jelínek, E., Strnad, L., 2009. Effects of
melt percolation on highly siderophile elements and Os isotopes in subcontinental
lithospheric mantle: A study of the upper mantle profile beneath Central Europe.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73, 2400–2414.
Ackerman, L., Pitcher, L., Strnad, L., Puchtel, I.S., Jelinek, E., Walker, R.J., Rohovec, J., 2013.
Highly siderophile element geochemistry of peridotites and pyroxenites from Horni
Bory, Bohemian Massif: Implications for HSE behaviour in subduction-related upper
mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 100, 158–175.
Alard, O., Griffin, W.L., Lorand, J.P., Jackson, S.E., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2000. Non-chondritic distri-
bution of the highly siderophile elements in mantle sulphides. Nature 407, 891–894.
Alard, O., Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., Lorand, J.P., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2002. New insights into the
Re-Os systematics of sub-continental lithospheric mantle from in situ analysis of
sulphides. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203, 651–663.
Alard, O., Luguet, A., Pearson, N.J., Griffin, W.L., Lorand, J.P., Gannoun, A., Burton, K.W.,
O'Reilly, S.Y., 2005. In situ Os isotopes in abyssal peridotites bridge the isotopic gap
between MORBs and their source mantle. Nature 436, 1005–1008.
Aldanmaz, E., Schmidt, M.W., Gourgaud, A., Meisel, T., 2009. Mid-ocean ridge and supra-
subduction geochemical signatures in spinel-peridotites from the Neotethyan
ophiolites in SW Turkey: Implications for upper mantle melting processes. Lithos
113, 691–708.
Aldanmaz, E., Meisel, T., Celik, O.F., Henjes-Kunst, F., 2012. Osmium isotope systematics
and highly siderophile element fractionation in spinel-peridotites from the Tethyan
ophiolites in SW Turkey: Implications for multi-stage evolution of oceanic upper
mantle. Chemical Geology 294, 152–164.
Arai, S., 1994. Characterization of spinel peridotites by olivine-spinel compositional
relationships: Review and interpretation. Chemical Geology 113, 191–204.
Armytage, R.M.G., Brandon, A.D., Peslier, A.H., Lapen, T.J., 2014. Osmium isotope evidence
for Early to Middle Proterozoic mantle lithosphere stabilization and concomitant
production of juvenile crust in Dish Hill, CA peridotite xenoliths. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 137, 113–133.
Barth, M.G., Mason, P.R.D., Davies, G.R., Dijkstra, A.H., Drury, M.R., 2003. Geochemistry of
the Othris Ophiolite, Greece: Evidence for refertilization? Journal of Petrology 44,
1759–1785.
Batanova, V.G., Sobolev, A.V., 2000. Compositional heterogeneity in subduction-related
mantle peridotites, Troodos massif, Cyprus. Geology 28, 55–58.
Batanova, V.G., Brügmann, G.E., Bazylev, B.A., Sobolev, A.V., Kamenetsky, V.S., Hofmann,
A.W., 2008. Platinum-group element abundances and Os isotope composition of man-
tle peridotites from the Mamonia complex, Cyprus. Chemical Geology 248, 195–212.
Becker, H., Shirey, S.B., Carlson, R.W., 2001. Effects of melt percolation on the Re-Os sys-
tematics of peridotites from a Paleozoic convergent plate margin. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 188, 107–121.
Becker, H., Horan, M.F., Walker, R.J., Gao, S., Lorand, J.P., Rudnick, R.L., 2006. Highly
siderophile element composition of the Earth’s primitive upper mantle: Constraints
from new data on peridotite massif and xenoliths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 17, 4528–4550.
Beyer, E.E., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2006. Transformation of archaean lithospheric man-
tle by refertilization: Evidence from exposed peridotites in the Western Gneiss
Region, Norway. Journal of Petrology 47, 1611–1636.
Bianchini, G., Beccaluva, L., Bonadiman, C., Nowell, G., Pearson, G., Siena, F., Wilson, M.,
2007. Evidence of diverse depletion and metasomatic events in harzburgite-
lherzolite mantle xenoliths from the Iberian plate (Olot, NE Spain): Implications for
lithosphere accretionary processes. Lithos 94, 25–45.
Birck, J.L., Barman, M.R., Capmas, F., 1997. Re-Os Isotopic Measurements at the Femtomole
Level in Natural Samples. Geostandards Newsletter 21, 19–27.
Bodinier, J.L., 1988. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Lanzo peridotite body, western
Alps. Tectonophysics 149, 67–88.
Brandon, A.D., Creaser, R.A., Shirey, S.B., Carlson, R.W., 1996. Osmium recycling in subduc-
tion zones. Science 272, 861–864.
Brunelli, D., Seyler, M., 2010. Asthenospheric percolation of alkaline melts beneath the St.
Paul region (Central Atlantic Ocean). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 289,
393–405.
Büchl, A., Brugmann, G., Batanova, V.G., Munker, C., Hofmann, A.W., 2002. Melt percola-
tion monitored by Os isotopes and HSE abundances: a case study from the mantle
section of the Troodos Ophiolite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 204, 385–402.
Büchl, A., Brügmann, G., Batanova, V.G., 2004a. Formation of podiform chromitite de-
posits: implications from PGE abundances and Os isotopic compositions of chromites
from the Troodos complex, Cyprus. Chemical Geology 208, 217–232.
Büchl, A., Brügmann, G.E., Batanova, V.G., Hofmann, A.W., 2004b. Os mobilization during
melt percolation: The evolution of Os isotope heterogeneities in the mantle sequence
of the troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 3397–3408.
Burton, K.W., Schiano, P., Birck, J.L., Allegre, C.J., 1999. Osmium isotope disequilibrium be-
tween mantle minerals in a spinel-lherzolite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
172, 311–322.
Coleman, R.G., 1997. Ophiolites 11. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, NY, pp. 1–25.
Coltorti, M., Bonadiman, C., O'Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., Pearson, N.J., 2010. Buoyant ancient
continental mantle embedded in oceanic lithosphere (Sal Island, Cape Verde
Archipelago). Lithos 120, 223–233.
Creaser, R.A., Papanastassiou, D.A., Wasserburg, G.J., 1991. Negative thermal ion mass
spectrometry of osmium, rhenium and iridium. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
55, 397–401.
Dick, H.J.B., Bullen, T., 1984. Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and
alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology 86, 54–76.
Dilek, Y., Furnes, H., 2011. Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics: Geochemical and
tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere. Geological Society of America
Bulletin 123, 387–411.
Frei, R., Gervilla, F., Meibom, A., Proenza, J.A., Garrido, C.J., 2006. Os isotope heterogeneity
of the upper mantle: Evidence from the Mayarí–Baracoa ophiolite belt in eastern
Cuba. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 241, 466–476.
Gervilla, F., Proenza, J.A., Frei, R., Gonzalez-Jimenez, J.M., Garrido, C.J., Melgarejo, J.C.,
Meibom, A., Diaz-Martinez, R., Lavaut, W., 2005. Distribution of platinum-group ele-
ments and Os isotopes in chromite ores from Mayari-Baracoa Ophiolitic Belt (eastern
Cuba). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 150, 589–607.
Girardeau, J., Marcoux, J., Allegre, C.J., Bassoullet, J.P., Tang, Y.K., Xiao, X.C., Zao, Y.G., Wang,
X.B., 1984. Tectonic environment and geodynamic significance of the Neo-Cimmerian
Dongqiao ophiolite, Bangong-Nujiang suture zone, Tibet. Nature 307, 27–31.
Godard, M., Alard, O., Greau, Y., Lorand, J.P., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2009. Refertilization
of oceanic mantle by old depleted melts: An in situ trace element and Os isotope
study of ODP Site 1274 peridotites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 73.
Goldstein, S.L., Soffer, G., Langmuir, C.H., Lehnert, K.A., Graham, D.W., Michael, P.J., 2008.
Origin of a 'Southern Hemisphere' geochemical signature in the Arctic upper mantle.
Nature 453, 89–93.
González-Jiménez, J.M., Proenza, J.A., Gervilla, F., Melgarejo, J.C., Blanco-Moreno, J.A., Ruiz-
Sánchez, R., Griffin, W.L., 2011. High-Cr and high-Al chromitites from the Sagua de
Tánamo district, Mayarí-Cristal ophiolitic massif (eastern Cuba): Constraints on
their origin from mineralogy and geochemistry of chromian spinel and platinum-
group elements. Lithos 125, 101–121.
Griffin, W.L., Spetsium, Z.V., Pearson, N.J., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2002. In situ Re-Os analysis of sulfide
inclusions in kimberlitic olivine: New constraints on depletion events in the Siberian
lithospheric mantle. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3, 1069–1093.
Griffin, W.L., Graham, S., O'Reilly, S.Y., Pearson, N.J., 2004. Lithosphere evolution beneath
the Kaapvaal Craton: Re-Os systematics of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites.
Chemical Geology 208, 89–118.
Griffin, W.L., Nikolic, N., O'Reilly, S.Y., Pearson, N.J., 2012. Coupling, decoupling and meta-
somatism: Evolution of crust-mantle relationships beneath NW Spitsbergen. Lithos
149, 115–135.
Hanghoj, K., Kelemen, P.B., Hassler, D., Godard, M., 2010. Composition and Genesis of
Depleted Mantle Peridotites from the Wadi Tayin Massif, Oman Ophiolite; Major and
Trace Element Geochemistry, and Os Isotope and PGE Systematics. Journal of Petrology
51, 201–227.
Harvey, J., Gannoun, A., Burton, K.W., Rogers, N.W., Alard, O., Parkinson, I.J., 2006. Ancient melt
extraction from the oceanic upper mantle revealed by Re-Os isotopes in abyssal perido-
tites from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 244, 606–621.
Harvey, J., Gannoun, A., Burton, K.W., Schiano, P., Rogers, N.W., Alard, O., 2010.
Unravelling the effects of melt depletion and secondary infiltration on mantle Re-
Os isotopes beneath the French Massif Central. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
74, 293–320.
Huang, Q.S., Shi, R.D., Ding, B.H., Liu, D.L., Zhang, X.R., Fan, S.Q., Zhi, X.C., 2012. Re-Os iso-
topic evidence of MOR-type ophiolite from the Bangong Co for the opening of
Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 21, 465–478.
Huang, Q.S., Shi, R.D., Liu, D.L., Zhang, X.R., Fan, S.Q., Ding, L., 2013. Os isotopic evidence for
a carbonaceous chondritic mantle source for the Nagqu ophiolite from Tibet and its
implications. Chinese Science Bulletin 58, 92–98.
Johnson, K.T.M., Dick, H.J.B., Shimizu, N., 1990. Melting in the Oceanic Upper Mantle: An
Ion Microprobe Study of Diopsides in Abyssal Peridotites. Journal of Geophysical
Research 95, 2661–2678.
Kapp, P., Murphy, M.A., Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., Ding, L., Guo, J.H., 2003. Mesozoic and
Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Shiquanhe area of western Tibet. Tectonics 22.
Kelemen, P.B., Joyce, D.B., Webster, J.D., Holloway, J.R., 1990. Reaction Between Ultramafic
Rock and Fractionating Basaltic Magma II. Experimental Investigation of Reaction Be-
tween Olivine Tholeiite and Harzburgite at 1150–1050 °C and 5 kb. Journal of Petrol-
ogy 31, 99–134.
Kelemen, P.B., Dick, H.J.B., Quick, J.E., 1992. Formation of harzburgite by pervasive melt/
rock reaction in the upper mantle. Nature 358, 635–641.
Kelemen, P.B., Shimizu, N., Salters, V.J.M., 1995. Extraction of mid-ocean-ridge basalt from the
upwelling mantle by focused flow of melt in dunite channels. Nature 375, 747–753.
Lassiter, J.C., Byerly, B.L., Snow, J.E., Hellebrand, E., 2014. Constraints from Os-isotope
variations on the origin of Lena Trough abyssal peridotites and implications for the
composition and evolution of the depleted upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 403, 178–187.
 Q.-S. Huang et al. / Lithos 224–225 (2015) 32–45
Le Roux, V., Bodinier, J.L., Tommasi, A., Alard, O., Dautria, J.M., Vauchez, A., Riches, A.J.V.,
2007. The Lherz spinel lherzolite: Refertilized rather than pristine mantle. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters 259, 599–612.
Li, J., Xu, J.F., Suzuki, K., He, B., Xu, Y.G., Ren, Z.Y., 2010. Os, Nd and Sr isotope and trace
element geochemistry of the Muli picrites: Insights into the mantle source of the
Emeishan Large Igneous Province. Lithos 119, 108–122.
Liu, C.Z., Snow, J.E., Hellebrand, E., Brugmann, G., von der Handt, A., Buchl, A., Hofmann,
A.W., 2008. Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic
Ocean. Nature 452, 311–316.
Liu, C.Z., Wu, F.Y., Chu, Z.Y., Ji, W.Q., Yu, L.J., Li, J.L., 2012. Preservation of ancient Os isotope
signatures in the Yungbwa ophiolite (southwestern Tibet) after subduction modifica-
tion. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 53, 38–50.
Liu, D.L., Huang, Q.S., Fan, S.Q., Zhang, L.Y., Shi, R.D., Ding, L., 2014. Subduction of the
Bangong–Nujiang Ocean: constraints from granites in the Bangong Co area, Tibet.
Geological Journal 49, 188–206.
Lorand, J.P., Alard, O., 2001. Platinum-group element abundances in the upper mantle:
new constraints from in situ and whole-rock analyses of Massif Central xenoliths
(France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 2789–2806.
Lorand, J.P., Reisberg, L., Bedini, R.M., 2003. Platinum-group elements and melt percola-
tion processes in Sidamo spinel peridotite xenoliths, Ethiopia, East African Rift. Chem-
ical Geology 196, 57–75.
Lorand, J.P., Alard, O., Luguet, A., 2010. Platinum-group element micronuggets and
refertilization process in Lherz orogenic peridotite (northeastern Pyrenees, France).
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 289, 298–310.
Luguet, A., Lorand, J.P., Seyler, M., 2003. Sulfide petrology and highly siderophile element
geochemistry of abyssal peridotites: A coupled study of samples from the Kane Frac-
ture Zone (45 degrees W 23 degrees 20 N, MARK Area, Atlantic Ocean). Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 67, 1553–1570.
Luguet, A., Shirey, S.B., Lorand, J.P., Horan, M.F., Carlson, R.W., 2007. Residual platinum-
group minerals from highly depleted harzburgites of the Lherz massif (France) and
their role in HSE fractionation of the mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71,
3082–3097.
McDonough, W.F., Sun, S.S., 1995. The composition of the earth. Chemical Geology 120,
223–253.
Metcalf, R.V., Shervais, J.W., 2008. Suprasubduction-zone ophiolites: Is there really an
ophiolite conundrum? In: Wright, J.E., Shervais, J.W. (Eds.), Ophiolites, Arcs, and
Batholiths: A Tribute to Cliff Hopson, pp. 191–222
Miyashiro, A., 1973. The Troodos ophiolitic complex was probably formed in an island arc.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 19, 218–224.
Muntener, O., Pettke, T., Desmurs, L., Meier, M., Schaltegger, U., 2004. Refertilization of
mantle peridotite in embryonic ocean basins: trace element and Nd isotopic evidence
and implications for crust-mantle relationships. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
221, 293–308.
Niu, Y.L., 1997. Mantle melting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges:
evidence from abyssal peridotites. Journal of Petrology 38, 1047–1074.
Niu, Y.L., Langmuir, C.H., Kinzler, R.J., 1997. The origin of abyssal peridotites: a new
perspective. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 152, 251–265.
O’Reilly, S.Y., Griffin, W.L., 2013. Mantle Metasomatism, Metasomatism and the Chemical
Transformation of Rock. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 471–533.
O'Driscoll, B., Day, J.M.D., Walker, R.J., Daly, J.S., McDonough, W.F., Piccoli, P.M., 2012.
Chemical heterogeneity in the upper mantle recorded by peridotites and chromitites
from the Shetland Ophiolite Complex, Scotland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
333, 226–237.
O'Reilly, S.Y., Zhang, M., Griffin, W.L., Begg, G., Hronsky, J., 2009. Ultradeep continental
roots and their oceanic remnants: A solution to the geochemical “mantle reservoir”
problem? Lithos 112 (Supplement 2), 1043–1054.
Parkinson, I.J., Pearce, J.L.A., 1998. Peridotites from the Izu–Bonin–Mariana Forearc (ODP
Leg 125): Evidence for Mantle Melting and Melt–Mantle Interaction in a Supra-
Subduction Zone Setting. Journal of Petrology 39, 1577–1618.
Parkinson, I.J., Hawkesworth, C.J., Cohen, A.S., 1998. Ancient mantle in a modern arc:
Osmium isotopes in Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc peridotites. Science 281, 2011–2013.
Pearce, J.A., Lippard, S.J., Roberts, S., 1984. Characteristics and tectonic significance of
supra-subduction zone ophiolites. Geological Society, London, Special Publications
16, 77–94.
Pearce, J.A., Barker, P.F., Edwards, S.J., Parkinson, I.J., Leat, P.T., 2000. Geochemistry and
tectonic significance of peridotites from the South Sandwich arc-basin system,
South Atlantic. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 139, 36–53.
Pearson, N.J., Alard, O., Griffin, W.L., Jackson, S.E., O'Reilly, S.Y., 2002. In situ measurement
of Re-Os isotopes in mantle sulfides by laser ablation multicollector-inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry: Analytical methods and preliminary results.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 1037–1050.
Piccardo, G.B., Guarnieri, L., 2010. Alpine peridotites from the Ligurian Tethys: an updated
critical review. International Geology Review 52, 1138–1159.
Piccardo, G.B., Zanetti, A., Muntener, O., 2007. Melt/peridotite interaction in the Southern
Lanzo peridotite: Field, textural and geochemical evidence. Lithos 94, 181–209.
Rampone, E., Hofmann, A.W., 2012. A global overview of isotopic heterogeneities in the
oceanic mantle. Lithos 148, 247–261.
Rampone, E., Hofmann, A.W., Piccardo, G.B., Vannucci, R., Bottazzi, P., Ottolini, L., 1995.
Petrology, Mineral and Isotope Geochemistry of the External Liguride Peridotites
(Northern Apennines, Italy). Journal of Petrology 36, 81–105.
Reisberg, L., Lorand, J.P., 1995. Longevity of sub-continental mantle lithosphere from
osmium isotope systematics in orogenic peridotite massifs. Nature 376, 159–162.
View publication stats
45
Reisberg, L., Zhi, X.C., Lorand, J.P., Wagner, C., Peng, Z.C., Zimmermann, C., 2005. Re-Os and
S systematics of spinel peridotite xenoliths from east central China: Evidence for con-
trasting effects of melt percolation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 239, 286–308.
Rollinson, H., Adetunji, J., 2013. Mantle podiform chromitites do not form beneath mid-
ocean ridges: A case study from the Moho transition zone of the Oman ophiolite. Lith-
os 177, 314–327.
Rudnick, R.L., Walker, R.J., 2009. Interpreting ages from Re-Os isotopes in peridotites. Lith-
os 112, 1083–1095.
Saal, A.E., Takazawa, E., Frey, F.A., Shimizu, N., Hart, S.R., 2001. Re-Os isotopes in the
Horoman peridotite: Evidence for refertilization? Journal of Petrology 42, 25–37.
Schulte, R.F., Schilling, M., Anma, R., Farquhar, J., Horan, M.F., Komiya, T., Piccoli, P.M.,
Pitcher, L., Walker, R.J., 2009. Chemical and chronologic complexity in the convecting
upper mantle: Evidence from the Taitao ophiolite, southern Chile. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 73, 5793–5819.
Seyler, M., Bonatti, E., 1997. Regional-scale melt-rock interaction in lherzolitic mantle in
the Romanche Fracture Zone (Atlantic Ocean). Earth and Planetary Science Letters
146, 273–287.
Seyler, M., Lorand, J.P., Dick, H.J.B., Drouin, M., 2007. Pervasive melt percolation reactions
in ultra-depleted refractory harzburgites at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 15 degrees 20 ' N:
ODP Hole 1274A. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 153, 303–319.
Shi, R.D., Yang, J.S., Xu, Z.Q., Qi, X.X., 2008. The Bangong Lake ophiolite (NW Tibet) and its
bearing on the tectonic evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang suture zone. Journal of
Asian Earth Sciences 32, 438–457.
Shi, R.D., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Zhao, G.C., Huang, Q.S., Li, J., Xu, J.F., 2010. Evolution of
the Lüliangshan garnet peridotites in the North Qaidam UHP belt, Northern Tibetan
Plateau: Constraints from Re–Os isotopes. Lithos 117, 307–321.
Shi, R.D., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., Huang, Q.S., Zhang, X.R., Liu, D.L., Zhi, X.C., Xia, Q.X.,
Ding, L., 2012. Melt/mantle mixing produces podiform chromite deposits in
ophiolites: Implications of Re-Os systematics in the Dongqiao Neo-tethyan ophiolite,
northern Tibet. Gondwana Research 21, 194–206.
Shirey, S.B., Walker, R.J., 1998. The Re-Os isotope system in cosmochemistry and high-
temperature geochemistry. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 26,
423–500.
Standish, J.J., Hart, S.R., Blusztajn, J., Dick, H.J.B., Lee, K.L., 2002. Abyssal peridotite osmium
isotopic compositions from cr-spinel. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 3,
1004–1027.
Stracke, A., Snow, J.E., Hellebrand, E., von der Handt, A., Bourdon, B., Birbaum, K., Gunther,
D., 2011. Abyssal peridotite Hf isotopes identify extreme mantle depletion. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 308, 359–368.
Uysal, I., Ersoy, E.Y., Karsli, O., Dilek, Y., Sadiklar, M.B., Ottley, C.J., Tiepolo, M., Meisel, T.,
2012. Coexistence of abyssal and ultra-depleted SSZ type mantle peridotites in a
Neo-Tethyan Ophiolite in SW Turkey: Constraints from mineral composition,
whole-rock geochemistry (major-trace-REE-PGE), and Re-Os isotope systematics.
Lithos 132, 50–69.
van Acken, D., Becker, H., Walker, R.J., 2008. Refertilization of Jurassic oceanic peridotites
from the Tethys Ocean - Implications for the Re-Os systematics of the upper mantle.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 268, 171–181.
Völkening, J., Walczyk, T.G., Heumann, K., 1991. Osmium isotope ratio determinations by
negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. International Journal of Mass Spec-
trometry and Ion Processes 105, 147–159.
Walker, R.J., Carlson, R.W., Shirey, S.B., Boyd, F.R., 1989. Os, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope system-
atics of southern African peridotite xenoliths: Implications for the chemical evolution
of subcontinental mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1583–1595.
Wang, X.B., Bao, P.S., Deng, W.M., Wang, F.G., 1985. Tectonic evolution of Himalayan
lithosphere-Tibet ophiolite (3). Geochemistry of Petrology and Mineralogy 6,
138–214.
Wang, C.G., Liang, Y., Xu, W.L., Dygert, N., 2013. Effect of melt composition on basalt and
peridotite interaction: laboratory dissolution experiments with applications to min-
eral compositional variations in mantle xenoliths from the North China Craton. Con-
tributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 166, 1469–1488.
Widom, E., Kepezhinskas, P., Defant, M., 2003. The nature of metasomatism in the sub-arc
mantle wedge: evidence from Re–Os isotopes in Kamchatka peridotite xenoliths.
Chemical Geology 196, 283–306.
Wittig, N., Pearson, D.G., Baker, J.A., Duggen, S., Hoernle, K., 2010. A major element, PGE
and Re–Os isotope study of Middle Atlas (Morocco) peridotite xenoliths: Evidence
for coupled introduction of metasomatic sulphides and clinopyroxene. Lithos 115,
15–26.
Xiao, Y., Zhang, H.F., 2011. Effects of melt percolation on platinum group elements and Re-
Os systematics of peridotites from the Tan-Lu fault zone, eastern North China Craton.
Journal of the Geological Society 168, 1201–1214.
Yang, J.S., Chai, Y.C., Feng, B.G., 1991. Plume-type mid-ocean ridge basalt in the Bangong
Lake ophiolite: Geochemistry evidence. Geology of the Himalayas. Geological
Publishing House, Beijing, pp. 447–491.
Yin, A., Harrison, T.M., 2000. Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen. Annual
Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 28, 211–280.
Zhou, H.Y., Dick, H.J.B., 2013. Thin crust as evidence for depleted mantle supporting the
Marion Rise. Nature 494, 195–200.
Zhou, M.F., Robinson, P.T., Malpas, J., 1996. Podiform Chromitites in the Luobusa Ophiolite
(Southern Tibet): Implications for Melt-Rock Interaction and Chromite Segregation in
the Upper Mantle. Journal of Petrology 37, 3–21.
Zhou, M.F., Malpas, J., Robinson, P.T., Reynolds, P.H., 1997. The dynamothermal aureole of
the Donqiao ophiolite (northern Tibet). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34, 59–65.