Chapter 9

Time-Varying Fields
and Maxwell’s Equations
Dr. Asim Ali Khan
Background
• Electric field produced by a changing magnetic field

• Magnetic field produced by a changing electric field

• Maxwell and Faraday's Work

 FARADAY’S LAW
• Faraday performed an experiment using galvanometer and two
independent circuits
• Time varying magnetic field produces an emf
• Faraday’s law

• Notice negative sign

• Lenz’s law
• A nonzero value of 𝑑φ/𝑑𝑡 may result from any of the following
situations:

1. A time-changing flux linking a stationary closed path

2. Relative motion between a steady flux and a closed path
3. A combination of the two
• Emf expression can be written as
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = ර 𝐄 ∙ d𝐋

• Now substituting the flux by the surface integral of flux density

𝑑
𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − ර 𝐁 ∙ d𝐒 = ර 𝐄 ∙ d𝐋
𝑑𝑡
S
• Positive variation in B will cause an electric field which is opposite to
the positive direction about the closed path
• For stationary path
• Applying Stokes’ theorem

• General surfaces can be solved as differential

• Maxwell’s equation