APPARATUS

Dropper
Glass rod
Pipette filler
Filter funnel
Weighing dish
Beaker, 50 mL
Pipette, 25 mL
Analytical balance
Volumetric flask, 250 mL

MATERIALS

Calcium hydroxide , solid

Distilled water

PART A

1. Weigh approximately 0.09 g of calcium hydroxide using a weighing dish. Then, add calcium
hydroxide into a 50 mL beaker containing 25 mL of distilled water and stir with a glass rod to dissolve
the entire solid.

2. Pour the calcium hydroxide solution through a filter funnel into a 250 mL volumetric flask. Rinse
the beaker with distilled water and pour this water into the volumetric flask.

3. Add more distilled water to the volumetric flask up to the calibration mark. Put the stopper in
place and invert the flask several times until a homogenous solution is obtained.

PART B

1.Pipette 25.00 mL of the standard Calcium hydroxide solution that has been prepared in Part A into
a 250 L volumetric flask.

2.Fill the volumetric flask with distilled water up to the calibration mark. Put the stopper in place and
invert the flask several times until a homogenous solution is obtained.
DISCUSSION

A. TITRATION

CaOH

HCl

In our experiment, HCl is used as the analyte while Ca(OH)2 titrant. The titrant is added to the
analyte until the Phenolphthalein indicator in the HCL turn to a very light pink endpoint.

Phenolphthalein is a weak acid and is colorless in solution although its ion is pink. If hydrogen ions
(H+, as found in an acid) were added to the pink solution, the equilibrium would switch, and the
solution would be colorless. Adding hydroxide ions (OH-, as found in bases) will change the
phenolphthalein into its ion and turn the solution pink.

the compound is pinkish in basic solution and colourless in acidic solution.

The indicator changes to pink because the phenolphthalein is ionized in basic solution. The base
strips H+ ions from the acid, and near the end of the titration, it starts pulling H+ ions from the
phenolphthalein.

Point 1: No NaOH added yet, so the pH of the analyte is low (it predominantly contains H_{3}3start
subscript, 3, end subscriptO^\text{+}+start superscript, start text, plus, end text, end
superscript from dissociation of HCl).

Diagram of solution transformation prior to titration

As NaOH is added dropwise, H_{3}3start subscript, 3, end subscriptO^\text{+}+start superscript, start

text, plus, end text, end superscript slowly starts getting consumed by OH^\text{-}-start superscript,
start text, negative, end text, end superscript produced by dissociation of NaOH. Analyte is still acidic
due to predominance of H_{3}3start subscript, 3, end subscriptO^\text{+}+start superscript, start
text, plus, end text, end superscript ions.

Point 2: This is the pH recorded at a time point just before complete neutralization takes place.

Point 3: This is the equivalence point (halfway up the steep curve). At this point, moles of NaOH
added = moles of HCl in the analyte. At this point, H_{3}3start subscript, 3, end subscriptO^\text{+}
+start superscript, start text, plus, end text, end superscript ions are completely neutralized by
OH^\text{-}-start superscript, start text, negative, end text, end superscript ions. The solution only
has salt (NaCl) and water and therefore the pH is neutral i.e. pH = 7.
Diagram of solution transformation at equivalence point

Point 4: Addition of NaOH continues, pH starts becoming basic because HCl has been completely
neutralized and now excess of OH^\text{-}-start superscript, start text, negative, end text, end
superscript ions are present in the solution (from dissociation of NaOH).

Diagram of solution transformation after equivalence point

The concentration of hydroxide ions formed when Ca(OH) 2 dissolves can be measured using the
titration technique.  An acid-base titration is a process in which a measured volume of an acid or
base is added to a reaction mixture until the acid-base indicator changes color.  In the procedure
used in this lab, a dilute solution of HCl is titrated with a saturated solution of Ca(OH) 2 to the
endpoint of phenolphthalein.

B.SOLUBILITY

The solubility product expression describes, in mathematical terms, the equilibrium that is
established between the solid substance and its dissolved ions in an aqueous system. The
equilibrium expression for calcium hydroxide is shown below.

In today's experiment, you will determine the solubility product, Ksp, of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
by measuring the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in a saturated solution. Calcium hydroxide is a sparingly
soluble salt that dissolves according to the following reaction: The solubility product expression for
this reaction is: You will determine the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in a saturated solution by titrating
the saturated solution against a standardized hydrochloric acid solution. The neutralization reaction
of Ca(OH)2 with HCl is: From the concentration of Ca(OH)2 in the saturated solution, you will be able
to determine both the Ca2+ and OH¯ concentrations in the saturated solution. Plugging the ion
concentrations into the solubility product expression will give you a value for the Ksp for Ca(OH)2.
You will measure the Ksp at both room temperature and at the temperature of boiling water. This
will give you two values of Ksp at two temperatures which will allow you to calculate ∆G°, ∆H°, and
∆S°. Calcium hydroxide is an unusual salt in that it is more soluble in cold water than in hot water.
This property allows us to perform this particular experiment which could not be done with most
salts which increase in solubility as the solution is heated. Do not feel that you have done something
wrong when you find that the solubility, and thus the Ksp, is higher for the cold water than the hot
water for this salt.