fyi 1. eck, ahs ea ond snechont real _properlies of. tons - Phystcal _propertres ore “dhe propor ives by whrch_the —_——y _conid? ron and_ wolthy of Ie Ye_oddluoted _uittho: canes of pe externol forceps loys s _ iw Spe fec grail = Mechontcal_pinpevttes ore the properker by whch condtite and quolPy of the reate ta te _evoluoted Zutth the opp\r- tron! of 2. oxtemnol force i Shength: Cipactiy ef of the mrortertol 7% withetond [nod fe called 27 _(emprecerve shenpth ts the copicthy “he witthelond sally \ dttected t | PY tenoile shreqgth to_the copartiy te utthelend ~ “abl bering t= chelched. ~ i Tenge chro th #3 the capac oly to willmin vibe nd oheori ung a [ey floskely en at Tt tg Ine, pio of motevtol by which z fegarns jhe ovfathol shope ond atye afloy » th remove of: fabri olce * 3. < 7 Scanned with CamScanneri ‘mobertal fy wheh th’ yome a pg | si "athe dhe tt fame of mung ———| ag aon — = | a wy Auctrlp a a | dite sne_ pope erty oF poke ty which _*t undergoed. © “aaedeinbie’ fofomat on uilo being rupture Jeisigorual te_ move theo _- eee og + steels coppor: oa T v)_Hardnese. ~Novdness_t the restet*ue_properly of _moterral_toworde} sctuachtag ond penetvotton- wy Gritfefers « 4 ro the property of _moterro] by whrch of Lupture withoot ip noel he subtecked _oztevoal fore g uly Molle obilty: st Fo _the oft of molerfo] by whrch * gets ralled Zz -and_pressed _?tfo ‘thro sheela” win aoe 1 Capaity of moterio obsnth “enero sbeipve. lace fa ee dd uP sx>_ Shffrese ee pte voit deformation ts_colled- et fined!. Scanned with CamScanner{| 27_Cree rime Cbbandel WE. ochte. ‘c Lond te known’ me eveep fe Exploto foae Shorn "oli of mild_oend ductile _¢ Joel - cys -socltonal long: she te the defonng force_‘pow unt “vreg denoted b att gieol -— qe Strogo 2 ihe chong in demenaton pec oot “de sfon + 9 ro — — oe nf PR stress 4 — fig: Gfres s~ stvoro cuwe fey mid ateel= Scanned with CamScannerJf the deforma force te eonll _tatto, of chess 1 fo strom will be constonk —% sbeeo fo diredHy & drmt = paper _! BIG 4 TU, iP ethe, specter te ewterded Sad wee ee | -h-defernafion —tokei plow: Jéthe vonge @ te C the @ fo © stroro facreoser with almost Zanstonk hres Hs the lood ts fered incrensed., +35 fhe wood'fe9 showa o¢ E ‘Tolfmote feoei @ watt ov ont te developed ~ fhe stress o spectmen b re | pporfPona) to ohrotn opto elostvc dBm fA pat ond greph it) be choight- Fain! A rE the 2 Te prepustronatthy Tim? Porc! B te the clostic limrk aa ots — which “The mild steel will chow eloske Scanned with CamScanner £ eAfenston tnerease,| > fr va | ¢ | i fo Shorn 4 Bg: Gtias- thom core fo brite materrotThe 9760 berhycen oi ro ond 4 be the elostre ye, id a ee a ed The_nnoenal il eh He Ort, 2 _ovtgenal “ahi ond a Ze T frpoct test 5 feplaip_ ey choyphy ond Ivod impor at foi ang: The to rmpod feck dae thown of the wotght peodulum oe tay a test helps mbcure the amount | Chupy V-a0tch test, % a high tec the] ravolvey | “el ° sendaxd ies od Spartan with 0 coho froxn o cet hemht- i of energy absorbed by epecimen SE feocure. eles epee Scanned with CamScannerth romeo Te eupporled. 0} swords onan ed etruct ae the oppostle fore to the )ch the pendulum oe i nes 4 for pay - ot Pages Aste ‘wih oD “| elongaltosr._eod the amount of’_onerg, 2 mere | ab rbecdl_f move thon thot of bre choel. bis ‘canned with CamScanner ] I he] — ry Se rod Tmpod tosh | _ trod “tmpoct fest 9 cleo sailor to chavphy | | tests Bet the epedmen fo _teph drfferenh coty- | -vratton thon thot of a chasphy fest» ape : [ Nol ched 7 { tert SS specimen J é | fy: Tohemov'eot tod Fmport Test ” todos Po Common) ed to evaluate the felaftue toughness an. fmpo motertale between cost won wrovghl ton, flat steel: fx plein heot Neeatiell pttcee aBcl fertous melo» a ee Fe ods ee ade a I Cost siog —_ sh condoms 2-47. caibon = — wy He had and bytes 4 o Re) St conn} abso 1b chock ‘ ivy fle melttn g, porat ts 100°C ° a Tensile sfength Ps leost - “i _* Com pre cary chen fs_good. Mi ? Hs Spoctfte frout fe fs 27 Wybu o3 Tyon- 1 YJ a form of ‘tron tontomna: Be 0. -0:03% corbon : move_olostic then castyon. ni7 = thstond sudden ‘end excessive ehocks | fuy Ite onelting oto. ts J5uo0' ? vy ‘Tenwle shbnadth re bettev Thies cast won fo lest Than. cock tvnn “fe 2S Br mid Heel at_Contoine: n-09— 0°357> vonbsin ‘ " h oi more elostia thea wrought: fon ob a mi Og} Te J4oo*e . wy ‘Tensile he Ae ta_betley thon cost. tvon, ~ and wyavght, ivan: Scanned with CamScannerwy He apect fe grotly is 3:9. 47 Hod aleol es — - ?7_Contorns 0° SS ~SS7* ee ; ri7__fough end -me.e _ejostic thon mild soc. > a1 Gen absorb shocks: —____ | tvy The melteag pool. “ts JBC. > ‘he, re better we ihe Lid sic Scanned with CamScanner de | uy Aenssle__¢ r 1 Oe wrough moo dnd mild steel. tran | | ur? St 3 ci fite grovtly “fs AG. j ete CG | 54, rele short noher on closer fy tn of rocks | Y closs*Patron of Xe a % er | Rocks ove the -« eagoher of mtaevole whtch [ | fm earth - crud E Fapwa os “veck't : | ty fen login o) clocsifeco}iin *7_TSnen vs Rocks [wy Sede mentor S uw. Meta mow rocks » 7 Sedten bar y roche ore rocks formed by of weer an the. pte ~extstag Toc eg grovel ndotone , Jtmestone 1 Gypaum aha 7 7 T pa s A Vv—Metamey ree at fey “the ehngeehe harlot | pie sexpe vocke er_the artren of i greet hind egies ae eh gond efone. Lr ! Un stro vocks eg ronthe boa lecoee k ro pete. vy folfoted Rocks Drecheal t ‘Scanned with CamScanner 3y Cheinte gl, dlasci Becton ‘7 “SillPeowus roche « ° ete) sand aiyne eqc ny Avoflloccous vocks - eee Leloy ot alumina’) & alotes , Lote fe € wy “Caleereobs iocke. C Cotes) 4 ot lime hone, marble ete t \ \ \ \ \ | \ Rockwalle Hordness Jost - Hovdnesc ro defined os the vestelone to tdentotron and ts _deloymracd by meneuitn ng permonent dept of | tdontolen: duced Soy force T Joad_on_on_andentey: Rockwell hoidnees valve te devtued fromthe arfho~ | Yente tq the boselfne und ftnal depth meneuremedt, The dfctonte fe anverted to @ hardness oumbey-oa A= depth reached 3 rodentav oftey. tah prelood:: B= Positron of? indentov dang “Tetol toad, Tinos + plus, 7 v doode C= Fino] postifon reached b by aaa of fav alot Yecovey oO: matedtal- ti D: tekdnce megeuremenb Faken by Fepregeattn | qin befueen peload and 4 v lood posts i This distonte ts use hovdners numbey: bd BCR he Rockwell | } { Scanned with CamScannerO.. Be and Ductile. Frodre, 1) ane: came AS — eo Frodue |, Ductile prac ve | Frorvios “wt very [a Woclorer uflh: mae Then Hl = ‘gm | | Scanned with CamScanner a Tess “ener as} elon, 4 2 aster Hye e t toworde ~auddes ery dowows | ack p> euseee fapatt ae | 3| Invelua frockure wilh [31 —Inveluer Prochore wPth Teuge. | 4 at ony oppye cloble : | plostie [ plostie deforermotionud / é Explora the feachon.6nd_mret0- ehudure of covbon- | steel SEER pans “enerally ,. carbon ts —Ahe_mect tmportand cerben | | tommercta) Steel alloys tocceagmg corboa ton 4. | ___|__toccenge: hordness ¢._olreng th and Ymprove ——} harcengbrlity Get corboo olf racenser ‘biel | and__fedur obit len as ott tendeny tb form may. on ofa Ht inccen sa Arledte pera deformed without actually ‘ Wrlp 0% corbon. | ae Be Only plain Fyepeas con be sbeoryed of a7 Tien x 14 steels Stoe] rencrda _on| trele melecs- | hate They are Generally dof mit fee im aobe y [ ES, a \ Ml ify wrth o-2% corbon. . _s wth dhe fnevegee fh Saige _content - structure Ps formed | ealled cemen Molecules of tement te ond fentle oie calle Me - Tee mote ductile compared to 2% carbno _eleek Thre | eloel fo cleo cof t: i th ‘C4 _corbon. saat / Scanned with CamScanner ];canned with CamScanner uy With 024% carbon. hove Steel ortorning 0-4 7 corbon yo motel tf ‘Sb iv a9 covetéd wth peavit inte cemen}fe 1. 14 hog = 0% end 0-2/s eghes b. 4, thon (07>: God 0-242 coho ste Udy olodt- ‘ible bitte to notuve :- 90 tL ts good v Lempreastue strength. rs) Weth 08% corboo: Almoct all porlton te Palle with _corbon » Jt hos feclo “The dhe highest -styengd compoved to above vol ate. brfffle_tn aotus edt to very. difficult ‘fo woold \ a then ~ Le A 2 \ +14| Spee clhe heed treatment _procese of” _metol > _ ple rAroed metho ae abtond —{—There me vayfous reosene fi cour | treolment: Some procedures mabe 2 —|—soft whtle othey en crease —hordnesn. —ferwue x __faenes Heol troolment rocese. t=_the_proceas af _| | beating and _coalrn —tetolg_ustag ge tee— re=_| OPT }_plopestres. | wt _heo Jn_stmple terme , .heat - “trea fs th THCe 00 ~O; the beating the” 4 _holdvag #4 of dhol tempor —_-prace ag” the. metal will vet inned with CamScanner Ta fs ume chontcal piopertre b&ouse: bey ature olle,e the entero stuclure of the Tn fe clepmetol ts heobed fo a eS upon foal ) ts hected below or cal tempera uppev stofe Through heating - 2. Tt te peceible te change 272 Holdin —i@uraff the. holtdoy., ov. seating , the mebol.. fo 's'Fepf .ot .achteved. Jempayoturascthe: doyotted. need more_‘Ttme when mM Ea tne _t4_ ay, tte longa for the 001g of. thok depend on the ae . borger pails Qro ab Cm of’ loige port reach “the geutied mperarhre » at \ aa —_Bifferent medea such oe _bitoe , wotor, | Afiée the held: lage p : _{mvsl_be_tooted piieostbed manner: AL bre | dle ie“ melol i of £8. com. _| tage, too Stucluvol chon get Occey | etl ot “forced oP: tonbre| the vole of’ oltng » Ih i | aloo poscthle- fn veo the Runonce to thé roo ray Process The controlled: -enutvonmert. ollnus fos —{ high prectetmn_w lou) tooleog Pe nore 2a04y Alf Perec methode + omen of metal o. + the proces of coflenmng | at 1 vequrs | changes» ficgeites euch ue tlety mechanic Jee hPeal prapey tes or _dimenetsnal etobrl*hy “The zoned): | ocoss consfste of cheatrag the. cbeA he’ cv’brcol chempevorure (dem perature aa | which ergs tolltne phase. chonge occuie) to.mcte det \ suttoble” fe fobricatron A Cmabertal can ibe~ anneoled| by chtttng thers a specifi Aempeyature and then | | She. wictertal est wy aol to “yoo rms ternp eva" = jvye Goan “pvion- i ineaugn ya \ 27 Normaltzeag ++T I a differa fiom snnealta te that “The metal Ya heated +p 4 higher to perature: and _tomoyod Rom + ‘The purpooe of ae — Scanned with CamScannerre. to remove the ilemol ehease daduced | by pw malizen Sy hook? Beuiog 2 telat ~eoattog fet grag s— & marbrotgg: {-Buench 101 \ Hordenag we fe for: har ok o-f6ne to _rocreee the € -ahengit ond weoy- Scanned with CamScanner _| ee pa petal vavalfy : sloel a tnd irog _ apes One of of. pre~ - ent: cavbom tf alloy content To jpoites ° el bed heated )__ the” _ouso ryctal phose _cnd: then tole poled « ependit . _|_anel ethoy _taoerdvatons cooltn be done with Te gas. (euch Ge ntfropen) , 6%l, —|-polynrer dtedolved ty woe sot breve. g z {Tempe ring: Jt is {07 ‘normal? Pst [erthool 2 ond inerr Saakan SE ~the deapied pag pani empering usted _ ‘to: ‘rool vie the. brilleneas % ve! en reaT «The. temp eve tue chveaen fav ae empath rl ps prsctss | divoct] imporha the herdneag of: the e aes ter € fhe the nda