Smog

Smog is a type of air pollutant. The word "smog" was coined in the early 20th
century as a portmanteau of the words smoke and fog to refer to smoky fog, its
opacity, and odour.[1] The word was then intended to refer to what was sometimes
known as pea soup fog, a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th
century to the mid-20th century. This kind of visible air pollution is composed of
nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, ozone, smoke or dirt particles and also less visible
particles such as CFC's. Human-made smog is derived from coal emissions,
vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, forest and agricultural fires and
Smog in New York City as viewed
photochemical reactions of these emissions.
from the World Trade Center in
1988
Modern photochemical smog, as found for example in Los Angeles, is a type
of air pollution derived from NOx and Volatile Organic Compounds from
vehicular emission from internal combustion engines and industrial
 fumes that react in the atmosphere with sunlight to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary
emissions to form photochemical smog. In certain other cities, such as Delhi, smog severity is often aggravated by stubble
burning in neighboring agricultural areas. The atmospheric pollution levels of Los Angeles, Beijing, Delhi, Lahore, Mexico City,
Tehran and other cities are increased by inversion that traps pollution close to the ground. It is usually very highly toxic to humans
and can cause severe sickness, shortened life or death.

Photochemical smog
Photochemical smog is the chemical reaction of sunlight, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the
atmosphere, which leaves airborne particles and ground-level ozone.[16] This noxious mixture of air pollutants may include the
following:

Aldehydes
Nitrogen oxides, particularly NO and NO2
Peroxyacyl nitrates
Tropospheric ozone
Volatile Organic compounds

A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source. A secondary

pollutant is not directly emitted as such, but forms when other pollutants (primary
pollutants) react in the atmosphere. Examples of a secondary pollutant include
ozone, which is formed when volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) combine in the presence of sunlight. All of these chemicals are
usually highly reactive and oxidizing. Photochemical smog is therefore
considered to be a problem of modern industrialization. It is present in all
modern cities, but it is more common in cities with sunny, warm, dry climates
and a large number of motor vehicles. [18] Because it travels with the wind, it
can affect sparsely populated areas as well.

Formation of Photochemical Smog

The composition and chemical reactions involved in photochemical smog were not understood until the 1950s. In 1948, flavor
chemist Arie Haagen-Smit adapted some of his equipment to collect chemicals from polluted air, and identified ozone as a
component of Los Angeles smog. Haagen-Smit went on to discover that nitrous oxides from automotive exhausts and gaseous
hydrocarbons from cars and oil refineries, exposed to sunlight, were key ingredients in the formation of ozone and photochemical
smog.[19]:219–224 [20][21]
Haagen-Smit worked with Arnold Beckman, who developed various equipment for detecting smog,
ranging from an "Apparatus for recording gas concentrations in the atmosphere" patented on October 7, 1952, to "air quality
monitoring vans" for use by government and industr.y[19]:224–226

Characteristic coloration for smog inCalifornia in the beige cloud bank behind theGolden Gate Bridge.
The brown coloration is due to the NOx in the photochemical smog.
Health effects
Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health. [23][24] Ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide and carbonmonoxide are especially harmful for senior citizens, children, and people with heart and lung conditions such
as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma.[25] It can inflame breathing passages, decrease the lungs' working capacity, cause
shortness of breath, pain when inhaling deeply, wheezing, and coughing. It can cause eye and nose irritation and it dries
out the protective membranes of the nose and throat and interferes with the body's ability to fight infection, increasing
susceptibility to illness. Hospital admissions and respiratory deaths often increase during periods when ozone levels are
high.[26][27] There is a lack of knowledge on
the long-term effects of air pollution exposure and the origin of asthma. An experiment was carried out using intense air pollution
similar to that of the 1952 Great Smog of London. The results from this experiment concluded that there is a link between early-life
pollution exposure that leads to the development of asthma,
Proposing the ongoing effect of the Great Smog.[28] Modern studies continue to find
links between mortality and the presence of smog. One study, published in Nature magazine, found that smog episodes in the city of
Jinan, a large city in eastern China, during 2011–15, were associated with a 5.87% (95% CI 0.16–11.58%) increase in the rate of
overall mortality. This study highlights the effect of exposure
to air pollution on the rate of mortality in China[2. 9]

Smog can form in almost any climate where industries or cities release large
amounts of air pollution, such as smoke or gases. However, it is worse during
periods of warmer, sunnier weather when the upper air is warm enough to inhibit
vertical circulation. It is especially prevalent in geologic basins encircled by hills
or mountains. It often stays for an extended period of time over densely populated
cities or urban areas, and can build up to dangerous levels. Beijing air on a day afterrain (left)
and a smoggy day (right)

Situated in a valley, and relying

heavily on automobiles, Mexico City
often suffers from poor air quality.

Photochemical smog over Mexico

City, December 2010

Because of their locations in low basins surrounded by mountains, Los Angeles and View of smog south from Los
the San Joaquin Valley are notorious for their smog. The over-reliance on vehicles Angeles City Hall, September 2011
for transportation in these regions combined with the additional effects of the San
Francisco Bay and Los Angeles/Long Beach port complexes frequently contribute to
further air pollution. Counties in the United States where
one or more National Ambient Air
Quality Standards are not met, as of
October 2015

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Further reading
Brimblecombe, Peter. "History of air pollution." in Composition, Chemistry and Climate of the Atmosphere(Van
Nostrand Reinhold (1995): 1–18
Brimblecombe, Peter, and László Makra. "Selections from the history of environmental pollution, with special
attention to air pollution. Part 2*: From medieval times to the 19th centu.r"yInternational journal of environment
and pollution 23.4 (2005): 351–367.
Corton, Christine L.London Fog: The Biography(2015)

External links
Smog A Citizendium article
Eoearth.org, London Smog Disaster, Encyclopedia of Earth
China's Political System, Mercator Institute for China Studies
NPI.gov.au, National Pollutant Inventory – Particulate matter fact sheet
Contrails.nl, Pictures of Contrails and Aviation Cirrus (- Smog), since 1995 until
now. Ausetute.com.au, Photochemical Smog
Iras.uu.nl, Airnet Workgroup Toxicology Report
Smog Free Project, Studio Roosegaarde

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