118 INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY—PUBLICATION NO.

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(c) The particle se, employed in passive con¬ structions, is sometimes omitted, thereby altering the
meaning of a sentence; for example, L um brejo que nao ve o fim (It is a marsh which sees no end) for La e
um brejo de que nao se ve o fim (It is a marsh of which one cannot see the end).
(d) Adjectives modifying nouns of feminine gender are often given the masculine ending; for example,
a gente t& resfriado
ela fled ali tudo encolhido, muito envergonhado a crina td tudo emaranhado
(e) Prepositions are sometimes omitted and sometimes added; for example, Num posso dize certeza proque
num sei (Nao posso dizer com cer- teza porque nao sei) ; and i de a cavalo instead of ir a cavalo.
The influence of the school upon the dialect is quite limited, as also is the more erudite speech of the padre
and of a few other persons from the out¬ side world. Apparently, the principal effect of the school in this
respect is to produce in the child a new vocabulary, one which shows up only in writing. A young man in
the village said:
I talk caipira just like everyone else here. I say bamo and ndis. Ever since I was a baby, I’ve heard people speaking that way and I’ve
got used to doing it too. But I know how to write those words; they should be vamos and nds. All of us who’ve gone to school know
that. But the teacher shows you how to write, never how to talk. She doesn’t say anything when you speak as you shouldn’t; but if you
write a word wrong, she corrects you.
A considerable number of words of Indian ori¬ gin are commonly employed in the speech of the
community. Most of these are either place names or refer to animals, birds, fish, or plants common to the
region. An occasional term refers to ar¬ ticles in daily use. Words of presumably un¬ doubted Guarani
origin, since they are listed by Ruiz de Montoya (1639) in his seventeenth century manuscript on the
Guarani language, include:
and, species of bird (42).317
araqd, a wild fruit (65).
araticum, a wild fruit (66).
boicard, coral snake; from mboi (215) and the Portu¬ guese word, coral.
card, a tuber (89).
217 Numbers given in parentheses refer to the page in Montoya 1639, unless otherwise indicated. The meaning given is the present meaning in the
community. For further identification of several terms, see Wildlife, p. 17.
catetG, wild pig; from taitetu (353). cipd, wild vine (94) ;2“ employed more especially to refer to certain vines used to tie objects
together, cupim, termites (108) ; also the “ant hill” formed by termites.
guassu, suffix meaning large (128).
igd, female saiova ant used for food (172).
nhambd, species of bird; from Ynambu (175).
ita, rock (178) ; used as prefix in place names.
jacd, large basket, made of taquara; from iaqua (165).
jacard, crocodile (185).
jacd, species of bird (185).
mandf, species of fish (205).
mirim, suffix, meaning small (222).519
parnambf, butterfly; from pandmbi (261).
pialote, from pia (288), affectionate term for a son or
daughter, and the Portuguese diminutive, ote.
piquira, species of fish (378).220
pira, a prefix; from pird, fish (297).
sabid, species of bird; from hadbia (136).
tamandud, ant eater (353).
taqudra, native species of bamboo ; from taqud (355).
tatu, armadillo (358).
tucano, species of bird ; from tucd (400).
tucuma, species of palm, Astrocaryum vulgare (400) ;
also tucum, fiber from this palm, uru, species of bird (406).
Additional terms used in the community which other authors221 have considered to be derived either from
Guarani or the related Tupi, include:
arapuca, a trap made of taquara, used for catching game birds and small animals.222 cambard, a variety of wood.
coivara, partially burnt brush and small saplings left after a piece of land has been burnt over, coati, species of animal, cotia, species of
animal, curiango, species of bird.
encoe, double; used to refer to two bananas (or other fruit) enclosed in a single skin; from mocdy, two, twice.223 giboia, python,
jararaca, species of snake.
maracujd, a variety of wild fruit (passion flower), passoca, a food made by mixing crushed peanuts with maize meal.
picuman, soot, mixed with grease, sapd, a coarse grass used for thatching, sururuca, large sieve, made of taquara. tapdra, abandoned
dwelling which is falling into decay, tigudra, a field after a crop has been harvested, full of weeds and other natural vegetation.
218 Ruiz de Montoya, 1878-80.
2,0 Ruiz de Montoya, 1876.
220 Ruiz de Montoya, 1878-80.
221 Anchieta, 1595 ; Beaurepaire-Rohan, 1889 ; Ayrosa, 1938 ; Flgueiredo, 1939 ; Luccock, 1880, 1881.
222 See The Arapuca (p. 85) and plate 20, a, 6.
223 Anchieta, 1595, pp. 9-10.