1.5.2.

Limit States

The design of a structure must ensure that no relevant limit state is exceeded by the application of

combinations of external loads.

Limit states of resistance are related with safety and deal with the maximum load capacity ma. The
service limit states are related to behavior against normal service loads

CHAPTER 12

IN-SERVICE DESIGN CONDITIONS

This Chapter is intended to provide guides to design for in-service considerations. Service is a state in
which the function of the buildingcation, its appearance, maintenance, durability and their
occupants are preserved under conditions for normal use. The general design requirements in

service are given in Section 1.5.4. The limit values of structural behavior to ensure conditions of
service (maximum deflections, accelerations, etc.) they must be chosen according to the use of the
structure. How- where necessary, the conditions of service shall verified using actual loads for the
limit state of appropriate service.

12.1 COUNTER ARROW

Countershafts should be considered when deflecting them. tions at the proper load level present a
problem of service conditions. This requirement must place-be on the plans.

Detailed beams and trusses without specifications of counter-arrow must be manufactured so that
after the mounting, any arrow due to lamination or manufacturing is in an ascending direction. If the
counter- cha implies the assembly of any element with aload, this should be indicated on the plans.

12.2 EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Details should be considered that allow an adequate Any expansion and contraction for the
conditions of structure service.

12.3. DEFLEXIONS, VIBRATION AND DISPLACEMENT-

SIDE LIES

12.3.1. Deflections

Deflections in elements and structural systems Due to service charges, they should not affect the

service divisions of the structure.

12.3.2. Floor Vibration

Vibration should be considered in beam design supporting large areas without partitions or other
source of damping where excessive vibration due to pedestrian traffic or other sources within the
building are not acceptable.

12.3.3. Lateral Displacements

The lateral displacements of the structures in according to the specific earthquake or wind loads

fall in the corresponding Technical Standards for Buildings speakers must avoid contact with ad-

lying and must not exceed the limit values of Many displacements specified in the standards.

12.4. CRITICAL SLIP CONNECTIONS

For the design of critical slip connections, see Sections 10.3.8 and 10.3.9.

12.5 CORROSION

When appropriate, structural components they should be designed to tolerate corrosion, or should-

They must be protected against corrosion that may affect the resistance or the service conditions of
the structure

RTICLE 10 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR RE-

SERVICE AND SERVICE

10.1. GENERAL

10.1.1. Structures and structural elements must be designed to obtain, in all its sections resistances
at least equal to those required, calculated for amplified loads in combinations that are stipulated in
this Standard.

10.1.2. Structures and structural elements must comply with all other requirements of this

Standard, to ensure proper behavior inservice load levels.

10.2. RESISTANCE REQUIRED

10.2.1. The required resistance (U) for dead loads rates (CM), live loads (CV) and earthquake loads
(CS), will be As minimum:

U = 1.5 CM + 1.8 CV

U = 1.25 (CM + CV CS)

U = 0.9 CM 1.25 CS

In combinations where loads of or earthquake, the total and zero value of the

live load (CV) to determine the most severe of the dicions.

10.2.2. If loads should be considered in the designwind (CVi), this value will be replaced by the
effects of the earthquake (CS) in the previous formulas, not being it is necessary to consider them
simultaneously. In the above combinations, where car-wind or earthquake gas, the value must be
considered total and zero live load (CV) to determine the most severe conditions.

10.2.3. If it is necessary to include the effect in the design

of the lateral thrust of the terrain (CE), the resistance required

da (U) will be at least:

U = 1.5 CM + 1.8 CV + 1.8 CE

U = 1.5 CM + 1.8 CV

In the event that the dead load and / or live load reduce the effect of the lateral push, it will be used:

U = 0.9 CM + 1.8 CE

10.2.4. If the effect needs to be included in the designloads due to weight and pressure of liquids
with densities well-defined sizes and controlled heights, such loads may have a factor of 1.5 and be
added in all combinations including live load.

10.2.5. If the effect needs to be included in the design impact loads, these should be included in the
load live (CV).

10.2.6. If necessary, include the effect (CT) of the differential settlements, creep, contraction or
change bios of temperature, the required resistance shall be

As minimum:

U = 1.25 (CM + CT + CV)

U = 1.5 CM + 1.5 CT

Estimates of differential settlements, creep, creep, shrinkage or changes in temperature must be

based on a realistic determination ta of such effects during the service of the structure.

10.3. DESIGN STRENGTH

10.3.1. The design strength provided by a element, its connections with other elements and its sec-

transverse conditions, in terms of bending, axial load, shear and torque shall be taken as the nominal
resistancenal (resistance provided considering reinforcementactually placed), calculated according
to the requirements

sites and assumptions of this Standard, multiplied by a

resistance reduction factor +.

10.3.2. The resistance reduction factor F will be:

1) For bending without axial load: + = 0.90

2) For bending with axial tensile load: + = 0.90

3) For bending with axial compression load and for

compression without flexion:

a) Elements with spiral reinforcement: + = 0.75

b) Other elements: + = 0.70

except that for reduced axial load values, F can be linearly increased to f = 0.90, conforming to

me the value of f Pn decreases from 0.10 f’c Ag to zero.When the value of 0.70 Pb for elements with
stri-bos or 0,75Pb for elements with spiral reinforcement either less than 0.10 f’c Ag), this value will
be replaced by the 0.70 Pb or 0.75 Pb as indicated in the previous paragraph

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

1.1. SCOPE

This Design, Manufacture and Assembly Standard for

metal structures for buildings accepts the criteria of the Load and Resistance Factors (LRFD) method
and the Allowable Efforts (ASD) method. Its obligation is regulated in this same Nor-ma and its scope
covers the entire territorynational.

The requirements of this Standard are considered minimal.

1.2. LIMITS OF APPLICABILITY

1.2.1. Definition of Structural Steel

In this Standard, the term structural steel is it will refer to those steel elements of es-

portal structures and lattices that are essential partcial to support design loads. It is understood as

This type of elements a: beams, columns, props, bri-

1.4. LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

The nominal loads will be the minimum loads of

design established in Standard E.020 Loads.

1.4.1. Loads, Load Factors and Combination of

Loads

The following nominal loads should be considered

rada:

D: Dead load due to the own weight of the elements

ments and the permanent effects on the structure.

L: Live load due to furniture and occupants.

Lr: Live load on the roofs.

W: Wind load.

S: Snow load.

E: Earthquake load according to Standard E.030 Di-

Seismic resistant.

A: Load due to rain or hail.

The required strength of the structure and its elements

cough must be determined for the appropriate combination

criticized of factorized loads. The critical effect may

rrir when one or more loads are not acting. For the

application of the LRFD method, the following combinations

The following should be investigated:

1.4D (1.4 -1)

1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) (1.4 -2)

1.2D +1.6 (Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W) (1.4 -3)

1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) (1.4 -4)

1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S (1.4 -5)

0.9D (1.3W or 1.0E) (1.4 -6)

In combinations 1.4-3, 1.4-4 and 1.4-5 the factor of

loads for L should be considered as 1.0 in the case

parking lots, auditoriums and any place where the car-

live ga is greater than 4800 Pa.

For the application of the ASD method, the loads are

binar with factors equal to 1.0, the seismic solicitation

should be considered divided by 1.4 and will not be considered

that the wind and earthquake act simultaneously.

1.5.4. Design for Terms of Service

The structure as a whole and its individual elements

Connections and connectors must be verified by

conditions of service in accordance with the

tion of Chapter 12.

1.6. REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS

This Standard refers to the following documents:

mints:

American National Standards Institute

ANSI B18.1-72

American Society of Civil Engineers

ASCE 7-88