WCN- Wireless

Communications and Networks

Huma Israr
Department Of Computer Science (CS), KICSIT
huma.israr@ist.edu.pk
SPRING 2021, BSCS-VIII
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Week- 3
Lecture : 1, 2 & 3

Semester Calendar
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Transmission
Media
Classes of transmission media :


Guided media:
 Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one
device to another, include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and
fiber-optic cable.
Unguided media :
 Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred
to as wireless communication.
Wireless Transmission Frequencies:
 2GHz to 40GHz (Microwave Frequency)
 Highly directional
 Point to point devices
 Microwave communications
 30MHz to 1GHz (Radio Frequency)
 Omnidirectional
 Broadcast radio
 3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014 (Local Frequency)
 For Local applications
Antennas:
 By definition
 Is a electrical device

 Transmission
 Radio frequency energy from transmitter
 Converted to electromagnetic energy
 By antenna
 Radiated into surrounding environment

 Reception
 Electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
 Converted to radio frequency electrical energy
 Fed to receiver

 Same antenna often used for both

Satellite Point to Point Link:
Ground based microwave transmitter , Ground based microwave receiver
Satellite Broadcast Link:
 Is it really broadcast??
Propagation methods :
 Propagation methods
Band:
Decomposition of a composite periodic signal in the time and
frequency domains
The spectrum of a signal is the range of frequencies that it contains
Radio waves :
 Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio
and television, and paging systems. They can penetrate through
walls.
 Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas.
Microwaves:
 Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as
cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
 Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
 Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.
Infrared:
 Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication
in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
 Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetrate
walls.
 This advantageous characteristic prevents interference
between one system and another; a short-range
communication system in one room
 cannot be affected by another system in the next room.
 Addition, we cannot use infrared waves outside a building
because the sun's rays contain infrared waves that can
interfere with the communication.
Transmission Impairments in Wireless Comm…
 Free Space Loss
 Signal dispersion is a function of distance
 Ratio between power-radiated to power-received
 Greater for lower wavelength
 Antenna gain can be used to compensate the losses
 Also known as near far problem

 Refraction
 Each wireless medium has its own density
 Propagation speed is a function of density of the medium
 When medium changes, the result is refraction
 Refraction means change of direction
Multipath Interference:
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