UNIVERSITY OF BENGHAZI

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGNIRING DEPARTMENT
AL-WAHAT BRANCH

Student. No
(1451)

Student name :

‫عبدهللا محمد محمد االشلم‬

Abdullah Muhammad Muhammad Alashlam

Introduction

Radiation whose wave frequencies range from 3 to 30 GHZ and with a wavelength

measured in centimeters in the range from 0.3 to 30 centimeters. Microwaves are

used in the field of point-to-point wireless communications because of the small

wavelength that allows antennas to direct their rays in a narrow beam that can

point directly at the receiving antenna and this allows placing transmitters and

receivers close to each other without interference in frequencies. Another

advantage of microwaves is that they have Very high frequencies allow the

transmission of large amounts of information at high speeds, but they can only

travel in straight lines. Therefore, microwaves are limited to line of sight

communications, so we cannot pass them around hills or mountains like radio

waves.
Microwave technology working system

In the same way that a radio station transmits information to your car, microwaves

can transmit information, and wave frequencies between “1 GHz” and “100 GHz”

are microwaves, and microwaves can send information instantly from point to

point.

Microwave signals are reflected by flat surfaces, aircraft reflectors can be used to

bounce the microwave signal around a hill or building that would otherwise block

its path, flat reflectors are often placed on top of tall microwave relay towers, and

parabolic antennas are at ground level facing the sky and directed toward the

reflectors that Its signals bounce back to the horizon.

microwave connections

It is a communication system that connects wireless signals to transmit data

between two or more fixed sites. Multiple microwave links form a microwave

network. They are used for point-to-point communications. The small length of

their waves allows antennas to be routed in narrow beams. The packets can be

directed directly to the microwave receiving antenna.

Microwave links allow nearby microwaves to use similar frequencies without

interfering with each other as radio waves of low frequency do. Another benefit of

microwave links is that the high frequency of microwaves provides the microwave

range with high power to transmit information.

Define microwave interface design terms:

In order to start how to design a microwave connection, we must know some

terms that we will use

1. Free Space Loss (FSL):

When signals are scattered away from the power source, the energy is distributed

over large areas and the signal strength is attenuated. Free space loss (FSL) is the

amount by which the signal is attenuated at a specified distance and is measured in

dB.

2. Earth’s curvature:

The Earth is spherical, so when the distance between the transmitter and receiver is

far, the signal is hindered by the curvature of the Earth.

3. Fresenel zone:

The signal of wireless devices propagates as a straight line if the distance between

the transmitter and receiver is short, but it spreads over long distances in an oval

shape that is flattened from the middle. Referring to Fresnel Zones.

4. Received Signal Level:

It is the level of the signal received by the receiver antenna from a remote source

and is measured in negative dBm.

5. Receiver Sensitivity:

It is the lowest value of the signal received by the receiver, which allows decoding

and retrieval of the signal without error, and it is measured in negative dBm.

6. Antenna gain:

It is the ratio of the electromagnetic rays directed by the antenna in a specific

direction in relation to the total number of transmitted rays.

7. Transmit power:

It is the amount of electromagnetic energy emitted by the transmitter and is

measured in dBm. This value does not include the amount of power loss in the

cable or antenna gain.

8. Effective Isotropic Radiated Power:

It is the actual value of the power emitted by the antenna. It is equal to the sum of

the transmitted power and the antenna gain. It also includes the amount of power

loss in the cable connecting the transmitter to the antenna.

9. Operating Margin:

It is the value of the difference between the level of the received signal

and the level of the signal required to receive and decode the signal

without errors, in other words it is the difference between the level of the

received signal and the sensitivity of the receiver.

10. Interference:

Reflections of the signal occur as a result of its collision with obstacles,

and thus the signal arrives from more than one path, arriving first from

the direct path, then followed by the reflected paths one after the other

according to the different distances traveled by each signal.

11. to-Noise Ratio:

It is the ratio between the received signal strength and the noise added

due to the transmission.

12. of sight LOS or distance between two antennas:

It is the area between the two towers or the antennas or the distance

between them and it must be free of obstacles so as not to cause the

signal to reach the receiver when it passes through the void, and it is

measured in km.

Microwave interface design steps:

1. Determine the shape of the path:

It is a diagram of the path of waves between the ends of a link. The shape of the

path determines the position and height of the antenna for the transmitter and

receiver, and makes sure that there are no obstacles in the path of electromagnetic

waves (LOS).
2. Calculating the distance with LOS equation:

Optical LOS: d=3.57 square root(h) – Effective (or radio) LOS: d=3.57 square

root(hk) – Maximum between two antennas of LOS: dmax=3.57 square root(h1k)

+square root(h2k) Where: the d: the distance between the antenna and the horizon,

measured in km. dmax: the distance between two antennas. The h: the height of

our antenna is measured in m, and h1 is the height of the first intrusion and h2 is

the height of the second intea. The k: adjustment factor for refraction, rule of

thumb 4/3.

3. Free Space Loss (FSL) Calculation:

FSL=32.44+20 logF+20 logD where F: frequency in MHZ. and D: the distance

between the two ends of the link, measured in Km.

4. Calculate link budget:

What is meant here by the link budget is to calculate all the signal values starting

from the transmitter to the receiver, in the wires and in all the wireless stages using

the terms previously explained.

5. Link Budget Margin Calculation:

Link margin is a measure of how long a link can run. The higher the link margin,

the more time the link can run. The wireless link budget margin can be summed up

as follows: Margin = (transmit power [dBm] – transmitter wire loss [dBm] +

antenna gain [dBi] – open space path loss [dB] + antenna gain on the receiving side

[ dBi] – receiver wire loss [dBm] – receiver sensitivity [dBm]).

Conclusion:-

In this report, we have learned about the microwave technology

communication system, and we have learned about the capabilities of

microwave waves, how they are transmitted, and what problems we face

during communication.

And then we got acquainted with the basics of this system, how the

system is installed, and how the calculations needed to connect one point

to another.
Reference:-

http://www.ceet.edu.ly/

https://e3arabi.com/