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Nano Robotics – A Review

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2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013)
Nano Robotics – A Review
Aruntapan Dash
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology,Sarang
Dhenkanal, Odisha,India
aruntapan1992@gmail.com
Abstract-Nanorobotics being a promising research and
development era has gained acute attention and response from
Govt. as well as industries. For long term future application;
the characterization and manufacturing techniques of Nano
robots is yet to be much more developed. Apart from
biomedical applications its potential use in defense,
automotive &aerospace, automation of production
industry,molecular chemistry, material science research and
electronics-communication engineering could be estimated to
visualize its tremendous accuracy, precession, smaller size,
lesser weight, accessibility and efficiency. The Smaller the
size the larger are the specific surface area and energy
efficiency. This is the prime concept behind all micro or
nanotechnology devices. Even though the nanobots have not
yet been deployed in any commercial application with
currently available science and technology; the ongoing
intensity of research & development work tends to a brighter
future where we expect number of miracles with such tiny
nanomachines. In this context a productive discussion has
been carried out concerned with the future application as well
as past-present research scenario of nanorobotics. A numerous
examples have been cited about the work conducted by
individual scientists, engineers and different organizations.
This review work expects a positive attention from its future
readers towards nanorobotics; one of the marvelous sub-areas
of nanotechnology.
I. Introduction
The term nanotechnology is self-explanatory. Research
pertaining to molecular scale has been attributed to
nanotechnology so far. With increased demand of
nanotechnology and related material science, the definition
for nanotechnology is being broadly modified day by day. To
classify the domain of such an outstanding research era for
future; nanotechnology has been defined as the research
concerned with manipulation of materials sized from 1 to 100
nm at least in one dimension. With the advent of smarter and
superior materials nanotechnology has left its footprint over
several engineering and basic science sectors. Starting from
nanocomposite to nanomedicine, nanobiology,
nanoelectronics, Nano-electro-mechanical-systems and
Nanorobotics; most of the high-tech researches are being
patronized by nanotechnology.
Robotics is the technology which deals with designing,
manufacturing and handling of automated or manually
operated machines (robots). Being one of the powerful tools;
now-a-days robotics is being adapted by various research as
well as industrial organizations to enhance and optimize their
work. The remote sensing capability of humanoid robots is
getting popular these days to reduce risk from humans
venturing into hazardous work or research environments.
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Preetam Chandan Mohapatra
School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
Washington State University, Pullman, WA,USA
preetam.mohapatra@email.wsu.edu
Other than remote operation, sensing, feedback, automation;
miniaturization comes out to be one of the precious
contributions which is never expected to be left out from
primary considerations.In this regard, robotics being a
potential sector for research and industrialization,
Nanorobotics has proven its worth. Nanorobotics can simply
be defined as the miniaturization of robots to the scale of 100-
10000nm having components in the range of 1-
100nm.Nevertheless; the definition for Nanorobotics is not
limited to nanomites, nanobots, nanoids and nanites. Any
robot or machine capable of manipulation or measurement in
nanoscale could be incorporated in the domain of
Nanorobotics.
Nanorobotics has casted its spell over a number of disciplines
i.e. Atomic force microscopy, nano-sensing, drug delivery,
nano-medicines, micro/nano-electro mechanical systems,
single molecule car. With help of AFM surface roughness can
be predicted in the nanometer scale i.e. extrusion of a particle
in molecular dimension. Scientists have been able to diagnose
cancer cells and lethal bacteria. Nanobots of various shape
and size are now capable of inserting medication to the
précised organs of human body traveling through veins. This
technology is most popular for cancer medications where
traditional treatments are not 100% through. The accuracy
and precession of nanomachines cater to the needs of
counting the no of molecules in a system; enabling engineers
to predict the toxic content in a fluid. Galloping advancement
is being possible in medical science with advent of Nubots
(nucleic acid robots) which can contribute in DNA test
analysis and blood cell detection. Single molecule car; a
nanoinfrastructure has been developed by chemical synthesis
of carbon nano materials with Buckyball wheels. Nanosensors
are the result of nano-electro mechanical systems. These
devices can control microchip enabled bugs (used by secret
service/defense organizations to spy over enemies from a
remote location) and receive signals or send commands
accordingly.
II. Research History
Scientists and engineers have been trying to miniaturize the
machines to perform critical operations which are beyond the
capacity of conventional machines or robots. This was the
prime motivation behind nanorobotics. Although medical
application has been the leading sensation to this research;
different engineering and science spheres have never been
obscure to nanorobotics. Since its inception in late 1990s
industries as well as defense organizations are looking
forward to its real-time applications in future. Billions of
dollars have been invested in various research projects
worldwide to nourish such an incredible robot technology
which could change our way of living and redefine all sorts of
2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013)
scientific research. North-American and European
universities, defense laboratories, energy departments and
aerospace industries have focused their interest for
development and characterization in this sector.
Neurosurgery being one of the most critical as well as
sensitive surgeries needs lot of care and concern while
operating. The steadiness and accuracy of doctor’s hands play
a key role for the success of surgery. In spite of years of
experience and dexterity; the surgeons are prone to some
unpredictable mistakes. To surpass this lacuna of human
errors Professor Leo Joskowicz & his group from Hebrew
University of Jerusalem have invented miniaturized robots to
perform neurosurgery with precision in both positioning as
well as targeting. Their robotic surgery technology is capable
of targeting the inner brain nerves automatically with the
feedback based image guided system. These nanobots are
claimed to be self-guided with the installed program for exact
movement during surgery. Pre-operation tests i.e. CT scan etc.
provide the accurate data of brain structure from deep inside.
This robot is fixed to the skull of patient with a head clamp
and then it orients itself to a locked & best preferable position.
This could assist the surgeons in way lot better than the
existing technology.
A group of Researchers from Robotics & Mechatronics
Research Lab at Monash University (Melbourne-Australia),
CAN center for Automation in Nano biotech (Sap Paulo-
Brazil), Department of Urology at Thomas Guy House (Guy’s
hospital-London) and Department of surgery at Monash
medical Centre (Melbourne-Australia) have innovated a
laparoscopic cancer surgery technology with the help of
nanorobots. Although robotic laparoscopy has been in fleet of
medical surgery, recent discovery of use of nanobots could
boost the accuracy and precision for any critical medical
challenges or sensitive patients. These scientists also have
established a manufacturing technology from CMOS VLSI
design in association with deep ultraviolet lithography. This
method is claimed to be commercially viable and cheaper
than other techniques. To validate this design and its
implementation VHDL (Verification Hardware Description
Language) comes out to be a handy tool being used in most of
the IC industries. Chemical sensors have been used onboard
to transmit vital biological environment inside the operating
body. RF based resonators and nanoelectronics circuitry are
claimed to be the power generators in the range of 1.7mA at
3.3V form the inductively coupled vibration waves transferred
from outside.
Fig 1a (nanobots inside vessel in a simulation)[1]
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Fig 1b(graph showing time required v/s target achievement
by nanobots respectively)[1]
Declan Murphy &KasparAlthoeferet.al. from department of
Urology at the most famous Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS
foundation trust and King’s College School of Medicine have
focused their research intensely on Urology Robotic Surgery.
Under NSF grant researchers at Laboratory for Molecular
Robotics from University of southern California were able to
set up a method for nanomanipulation before 2003. Their
design could manipulate correctly with the help of the tip of a
Scanning probe microscopy. The work conducted by them
concluded in a fact that a lot of automation is required to
make molecular level robots come to practice. The complex
architecture related to this kind of robotic design demands
assembling single electron transistors, nanowires and Nano
waveguides. In that year (2003), Ari Recquicha and other co
researchers focused on the automation issues starting from
error compensation SPMs to 3D nano constructions by layer
wise fabrication (nanolithography). One of the biggest
challenges concerned with nanobots are incorporation of
organic/inorganic & biotic/abiotic species with sensors &
actuators which requires tremendous precision control,
advanced wireless telecommunication, remote power supply
or generation procedure. The researchers have been able to
position nanoscale parts on to a surface with precision with
the help of sintering instead of previously used chemical
gluing or pushing (by AFM tip). Although their
demonstration involved latex nanoparticles, it is believed that
sintering could overcome the challenge of positioning/fixing
of nanoparticles while assembling nanorobots. In association
with Prof Harry Atwater’s group from Caltech they have
established a correlation between nanowaveguides and visible
light spectrum by exploiting near field effects. The energy
flow through wave form with the help of nanoparticles has a
potential use in future regarding nanooptics. The creation of
Plasmon from the excitation of nanoparticles by injection of
light wave creates a scope for scientists to actuate nanobots
through wave propagation. Drift compensation made possible
to control the easy handling of AFMs without much of
manual labor or intervention. By the use of Kalman Filtering
techniques this group was able to control the thermal drift
flawlessly. Last but not the least, for Nanorobotics self-
assembly and automation is highly commended. The intense
research activity conducted at LMR focused more on active
self-assembly. For manufacturing and assembling nanoscale
products needs much toil from a human hand. Handling a
nanoparticle or Nano device is much easier for nanobot than
2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013) 

any other system. The programmed command given to the

robotic agents equipped with nanoscale handling instruments
to build another replica as of itself could be more efficient and
economical. Handling of nanoscale system being a pretty
difficult job, this incentive to make nanorobots make
othernanobots bears a promising future.
The work of Dr. Robert A Freitas to implicate nanobots in
advanced surgery of human cells would definitely hone the
capability of surgeons. According to him the first idea of
Nano medical surgery i.e. a nanoscale device can perform
repair on the arteries of heart was proposed by Dr. Richard P.
Feynman (Nobel Physicist) around 1959. The physic scholar
has suggested the feasibility of self-manufacturing which
could result in production smaller robots by robots of little
larger size. With this concept nano scale (molecular) robots
could be built up. Albert R. Hibbs a friend of Feynman seems
to have supported the concept of nano surgery and expressed
his confidence on this. In those early years, nanobots traveling
through arteries to reach heart and operate the affected parts Fig 3 (exploded-axial-side view of overlap repulsionbearing
with tiny knives with help of remote sensing-feedback with 206 atoms respectively[18]
controlled guidance from a doctor monitoring the situation
from outside, was pretty fanciful. But very soon Drexler, a
graduate student from MIT, conducted a thorough research on
this issue and published a technical paper which changed the
face of robotics with a new term introduced as molecular
manufacturing. With his reference a number of researchers
started working on constructing nano biological cells which
could interact with surroundings. To make the dream of
nanobots feasible mechanical components in nanoscale are
necessary. Hence, the concept of Nano gears and Nano
bearings came up. Practically making a nano scale gear or
bearing was not possible until 2005. Scientists focused on
molecular mechanics to develop biological cells capable of
serving same as that of gears or bearings in a nanoscale. The
figure below represents Drexler’s overlap repulsion bearing
design with ball-stick-space filling. In his design 206 atoms
were present with contribution from carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and silicon. A shaft rotates within a sleeve ring of 2.2
nm in diameter.
Fig 4 (end-side-exploded view of a planetary gear with 3557
atoms) [18]

Fig 2 (exploded-axial-side view of strained shell sleeve

bearing with 2808 atoms)[18]
Fig 5 (side views of a neon gas pump/motor with 6165 atoms)
[18]

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2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013) 

Figure 5 shows a power source for the nanobots. This set up

uses rotational impulse dynamics to produce power when
acting as a motor.
In 2000 a combined effort from UCLA and HP could result a
nano computing device which is compatible with nano scale
memory chips. Mechanically interlinked ring molecules
“Catenanes” are being developed. Several other electronics
corporations are working on to develop biological computer
that is suitable for a molecular robot made of organic
materials. Such memory sticks are made of ultra-conductive
CNTs to help in faster data storage and transfer while
processing commands and feedbacks. DNA directed
assembly, self-directed mechanical assembly, protein directed
assembly microbe & virus directed assembly are some of the
best known nanoassembly techniques deployed for nanobots
manufacturing. Due to small size the assembly has been
always a challenge for engineers. Molecular biologist with
help from mechanical designers has tried to design the
positional assembly & molecular manufacturing. Adjusting
the right part in right place simultaneously handling other
nano devices to be installed is really tough. Diamond
mechanosynthesis is one of the best run molecular self-
manufacturing techniques. Massive parallel manufacturing is
the proposed commercial method to produce nanobots from
Fig 6b (Internal cutaway view of Respirocyte—equatorial
industries. Arrays of AFM, SPM, and STM with robotic arms
view)[18]
are installed in a station for parallel production of nanobots.
IBM’s Zurich research lab has a great contribution in
establishing self-molecular manufacturing procedure.
“Respirocytes” are the artificial mechanical red blood cells. III. Current and Future Application
These cells act as a robot to provide extra energy to cells 3 As discussed above, biomedical sector expects maximum
more times than that of normal red blood cells by active benefit from nanobots. Protecting our body cells from
glucose combustion. The figure below describes neatly the pathogens seems to be one of the precious implementations.
structure of Respirocytes. Nanobots made of diamond coating and fullerene
nanocomposites parts shows inertness inside human body
from the immune systems. Successful simulation model of
such nanobots are still waiting for practical application in near
future. Energy sources for such nanobots are expected to be
bodily acoustic vibration, metabolization of glucose cells.
Nano computing devices installed onboard, function as the
navigators and signal transmitters. They help to distinguish
between cells, orient their way to desired organs, transmit
feedbacks to doctors regarding the conditions of the cell and
receive commands from the operator to perform exact
medication to that cell. Chemotactic nano sensors chipped
onto these nanobots analyze the surface antigen of the bio-
cells and distinguish between other nanobots and particular
human cell (which needs medication). The nanobots could be
introduced inside body by mouth or nose pretty easily. When
their job is over, nanobots are designed to be extracted by
active scavenger system or defused through our excretory
channels.
For skincare much awaited nano-cosmetics seems to be
feasible with incorporation of nanobots in creams.
Fig 6a(Internal Cutaway View of Respirocyte polar view)[18] Inaccessible tasks like removing dead skin, managing
lubrication in oil deficit and excessively oily skin areas, deep
Microbivores are mechanical white blood cells that are meant pore cleaning of inner skin layers and providing exact
to destroy microbiological pathogens that harm our immunity. nourishment to affected skin areas would be possible. A
These microsized spheroidal artificial bio cells are able to smarter Mouthwash might come into existence where
eliminate septicemic infections in minutes to hours of time. nanobots will reach remote locations inside mouth to clean
them up which is beyond the capability of any toothbrush.
More advanced nanorobotics can build up a floating swarm of
nanobots which are able to exfoliate the damaged surface of a

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2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013) 

tooth instead of uprooting it. Bacteria or other infecting food

particles stuck onto the gum could be washed away without
destroying harmless flora of mouth. For deadly virus
detection this technology proves to be an unmatched solution.
Nanobots designed to distinguish intruder virus cells can
prevent diseases by puncturing it. If the excretions from the
invader are determined to be lethal then the whole alien cell
has to be isolated from blood and disabled in an inert
environment by the nanobots where no risk is impending to
our immune system. Arteries in our body are most sensitive to Fig 7(swarm of SIMULATED nanobots floating across cells
cholesterol deposit causing deadly heart attack and numerous in blood stream)[1]
cardiac problems. Nanorobotics with the help of nano-cutters
can trim out the interior of narrowed blood vessels to widen
them for smoother blood flow. Damaged portions of arteries
could be cured and normal functionalization of blood cycle be
restored. The maximum permissible toxic content in human
body is expected controlled by accurately measuring different
chemical contents i.e. carbon dioxide etc. in blood.
Much illustrated cancer treatment from nanotechnology is
waiting to be structured in full fledge due to the advent of
Nanorobotics.Cancer cells are different from normal body
cells in the aspect that they grow at faster rate than the latter.
Cancer results in human body when specific portions of DNA
in any cell are duplicated a number of times than usual rate Fig 8 (nanobots floating near the channel wall to detect E
and some other parts get deleted. The combined unusual cathedral; the pink obtrusion is a cancer cell)[1]
growth and depletion inside a body cell makes it weaker and
finally such an infected cell dies causing severe reduction in
body cells. For such kind of critical applications the nanobots
are structured with DNA origami (DNA chains) by folding
them to construct a shape like a barrel which works as the
container for cancer-antibiotics. Swarm of nanobots could be
injected in human blood stream and they can navigate towards
the correct cancer cell by imitating as the receptor system for
each cell. The on-chip data about the characteristics of
particular cancer cell helps to find out the target from the
crowd. After getting close enough towards the cancer cell,
nanobot interacts with it while unlocking the ‘payload’ which
is the medication for that cell. Scientists hope such procedure
to be pretty decent and effective to fight out caner without any
major bio-surgery or laser treatment. Chemotherapy which
clouds the possibility of affecting other healthy body cells Fi
along with cancer cells could successfully be replaced with g 9 (locking and unlocking mechanism of nanobots while
nano-treatment. providing medication to cancer cells)[19]

Table -1 [19 ]

System Domain Control Propulsion Payload Size& Endurance

Weight

BATMAV Air, 50-500ft autonomous Fixed wing, GPS/INS navigation, 12*16in,1ib 40mph, 45
(Wasp III) operating propeller, battery autopilot, 2 high- minutes
altitude, 10k ft powered resolution video
max altitude cameras (front/ side
look), IR, L- band(1-2
ghz) data link

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2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013)
TACMAV Same as above Same as Same as
w/ 11k ft max previous previous
altitude
Toughbot Ground remote Wheeled, battery
powered
Throwbot Ground remote Same as
previous
Other than medical applications Nanorobotics holds a
potential key to the brighter future in military incentives.
Scientists at Air command and Staff College from AIR
University have predicted to include nanobots practically in
field operations of USA military around 2035. The table
presented above gives an overview of current miniaturized
robotics serving the fleet of USA military.
When it comes to full-fledged defense based nanorobots
there could be two possibilities of operation; one is
nanoscale manipulation which is currently existing and
other being the true micro robots with nanodevices
onboard. The true nanorobots are still a theoretical concept
for defense scientists till date with a strong believe that the
ongoing research would result a biological compound
having DNA or proteins to be capable of interacting with
environment in an intellectual way. Still the concept behind
nanobots in war field is bit different according to Let. Col.
Jack A. Jackson. The most ambitious future concept of
operation from the desk of 1995 chief of staff of air force is
air attack, aerial espionage and space dominance. In
adverse weather conditions swarm of nanobots could
venture into the enemy fortress and attack their system in
various ways i.e. electromagnetic radiation interruption,
feeding back live video footage of their warheads and
direct attack by interjecting bio-hazards etc. These
microbots are easy to deploy in any environment through
dispersal aerosol or transporting by a larger platform or
flying/crawling anatomy. Apart from active warfare
nanorobots are considered to be an asset for intelligence
data gathering, surveillance, indoor/outdoor
reconnaissance, sensing of lethal bio weapon, target
confirmation, prevention of cyber-attack. USAF Unmanned
Aircraft Systems Flight Plan and Unmanned Systems
Integration Roadmap are two major military programs
launched by Department of Defense require micro/nano
robots for better maneuvering.
IV. Market niche and Global Scenario
Nanotechnology being an emerging sector for smarter
future; a number of industries have shown their inclination
towards design, manufacturing and assembly of
nanorobots. Such a revolution to make nanorobots hit the
market is yet in its inception phase. But the growth rate of
investment in Nanorobotics by several business and
research corporations seems to be beneficial for mankind.
Quantum International Corporation, a Canadian company
has gone too far and successfully discovered a way of
maneuvering tiny micro-scale robots inside blood vessels
of living creatures. They claim that with the help of
magnetic coils inside a MRI machine these microbots
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Same as previous 20*21in,1lb 50
except no IR mph,25minutes
2 video cameras, audio 6*8 in,2.1 2 hours
sensor lbs
1 video camera 6*2.5 in,12 2 hours
oz
would be guided deep inside human body with onboard
wireless-chip technology. The commercial use of such
robots is yet to take place because of delay in human
testing. If succeed this can be a real time solution for cancer
treatment according to Quantum CEO Robert Federowicz.
The company expects the commercial market to respond
their product with tremendous interest.
Other than Quantum Corporation, Intuitive surgical, iRobot
Corporation, Dover Corporation etc. are some of the
surgical-pharmaceutical companies patronizing
Nanorobotics. These organizations have been active in the
research & development of advanced robotics surgery and
wireless based remote control medical operation.
V. Conclusion
Nanorobotics has so far proved its incredible future
potential in various area i.e. medical, surgery, defense,
aerospace research, automotive, molecular manufacturing,
nanoelectronicsand micro/nano electro mechanical systems.
Technologies like molecular manufacturing, self-assembly,
bottom up building are some of the cutting edge topics
which hold the rein to success for nanorobotics. Apart from
just building biological molecules, real nano scale robots
made of smart materials with all possible dynamics and
function must attract industries from various sectors. The
real time nanobots to hit the market would take couple of
years or decades. Ultimate goal could be achieved when a
platform will be established on which a living or nonliving
molecular structure can interact with surroundings i.e.
communicate through RF signal, get energized by ambient
heat or generate own power from decomposable products
(i.e. glucose) and have nano gears/bearings to manipulate
each & every kind of job in that scale. Other than just
existence, nanobots must be durable enough to be trusted
before sending for any critical mission. Stability, accuracy,
life cycle, performance, economy, cost of manufacturing,
design constraints, supporting high end technology are big
concerns which tons of scientists are working hard all
around world. Feeding program is an easy way to maneuver
any autonomous device. In case of nanobots, the smaller
size constrains no of onboard chips. While being in
operation nanobots need to be in constant feedback &
guided command from the operator. Transmissions of data
as well as energy to and from the nanobots arepestering
facts.Work culture of nanorobotics entails all form of high
end technologies on the same stage. Extreme precision
algorithm, durable smart material, efficient Nano-electro-
mechanical systems and ecofriendly molecular self-
building bio organisms seems to be key aspects for any
kind of nanorobotics. The soaring interest for such a
 2013 AICTE SPONSORED National Conference on Modern Trends in Engineering Solutions (NCMTES‐2013)
promising topic must be energized all through and larger
invests from pharmaceuticals as well as other industries
should be acclaimed.
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