STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR

SUBSTATION FLOOR OPENING

 TABLE OF CONTENT

1  INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3 
1.1  BRIEF DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 3 
1.2  PURPOSE OF VERIFICATION ...................................................................................... 3 
1.3  ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 3 
2  BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS .............................................................................................. 4 
3  DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS ........................................................................................................ 5 
4  DIMENSIONS & LOADINGS ................................................................................................. 6 
4.1  WEIGTH & DIMENSIONS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL ...................................................... 6 
4.2  BASIC LOAD CASE .................................................................................................... 6 
4.3  COMBINED LOAD CASE ........................................................................................... 6 
5  COMPUTATION OF DESIGN MOMENT ............................................................................. 7 
6  CHECK ON EXISTING FLOOR SLAB ................................................................................... 9 
7  FLOOR HOLE STRENGTHENING ........................................................................................ 15 
8  CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 18 
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION
 Two additional floor openings are required on a panel at the Substation to enable
access for Electrical Switch Gear HV and LV cables.
 For purpose of clarity, only 8 panels to the left of the expansion joint were
considered in this verification analysis.
 Future load due to switchgear has been covered within the applied blanket floor
live load of 20 kN/m2, hence no additional load is applied in this report.
 Calculated design bending moment when applying the continuous beam
approach, is greater than the bending moment in the existing Structural Design
Therefore, as a conservative design, one-direction was considered for the
verification analysis of the floor slab.
 Further strengthening will be done under the floor opening with L 100 x 100 x 10
section and M8 (12mm) HSL-3 heavy-duty expansion anchors as per Hilti Anchor
Fastening Technical Guide to withstand loads from the Electrical panel.

1.2 PURPOSE OF VERIFICATION

To check for the suitability of existing concrete slab with two additional floor
openings.
1.3 ABBREVIATIONS

BM - Bending Moment
DL - Dead Load
FAR - Field Auxiliary Room
HV - High Voltage
LC - Load Condition
LL - Live Load
LV - Low Voltage
SF - Shear Force
SLS - Serviceability Limit State
SS - Substation
UC - Unity Check
ULS - Ultimate Limit State
2 BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS

Basic design parameters were adopted from the existing reference documents.

Concrete compressive strength, fcu = 30 N/mm2

Yield strength of steel, fy = 460 N/mm2

Floor Slab thickness, h = 260 mm

Concrete cover, c = 40 mm

Diameter of main top reinforcement, Ø = 20 mm

 Existing Floor Opening New Floor Opening

Figure 2.1: Panel showing position of Floor Openings [Ref. 1]

3 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
 STAAD.Pro software was utilized in the concrete floor slab analysis for BM and SF
for continuous beam with 1m strip.
 Validation/check at the critical section was done for 2m after considering twice
the BM and SF from the 1m-strip analysis.
 BS 8110-1: 1985 was used for uniformity with existing floor slab verification
 calculation.
 Conservatively, the existing floor slab is assumed to be cracked.
 At the critical section, the effective width equals cut section plus twice the slab
thickness on each side. See [Fig. 6.1] and Section 3.1, [Ref. 3].
 Design assumptions are as per referenced documents.
4 DIMENSIONS & LOADINGS
4.1 WEIGTH & DIMENSIONS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
Weight of new Electrical panel = 1,000 kg = 10 kN

Figure 4.1: Dimensions of Electrical Panel [Ref. 7]

Plan area of panel = 1.495 m x 0.665 m = 0.994 m2

Pressure on slab due to additional panel = 10/0.994 = 10.06 kN/m2
Applied floor live load (20.00 kN/m2) > Pressure load due to panel (10.06 kN/m2)
Therefore, additional panel load is covered within applied floor live load.

4.2 BASIC LOAD CASE

LC1: Self weight = Weight of concrete material
LC2: Dead Load, DL = 7.34 kN/m2
LC3: Live Load, LL = 20.00 kN/m2
4.3 COMBINED LOAD CASE
LC4: Service (SLS) = 1.0 DL + 1.0 LL
= 1.0 (7.34) + 1.0 (20)
= 27.34 kN/m2
LC5: Strength (ULS) = 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL
= 1.4 (7.34) + 1.6 (20)
= 42.24 kN/m2
5 COMPUTATION OF DESIGN MOMENT

Figure 5.1: Continuous Beam with equal spans

Figure 5.2: Continuous Beam with Dead Load

 Figure 5.3: Continuous Beam with Live Load

Figure 5.4: Bending Moment & Shear Force at Grid ‘E’

6 CHECK ON EXISTING FLOOR SLAB

Figure 6.1: Cut Sections [Ref. 1]

 COMPUTATION OUTPUT
FLOOR SLAB (1m STRIP) VERIFICATION AT GRID 'E' AS-BUILT
Check for reinforcement capacity

Concrete compressive strength fcu = = 30 N/mm2

Concrete cover c = = 40 mm
Floor Slab thickness h = = 260 mm
Yield strength of steel fy = = 460 N/mm2
Using unit length approach b = = 1,000 mm
Diameter of main reinforcement Ø = = 20 mm
Effective depth d = h - c - Ø/2 = 210 mm
Design moment at Grid 'E' (strength check) MEd = = 88.2 kNm/m
K = MEd/bd2fcu = 0.067
z = d[0.5 + (0.25 - K/0.9)1/2] = 100.3 mm
0.95d = 199.5 mm
Bar spacing provided s = = 200 mm
Minimum area of reinforcement required As,min = 0.13% x bh = 338 mm2/m
Area of reinforcement required without considering cut section As,rw = Mmax /0.87fy z = 1,105 mm2/m
Area of top/hogging reinforcement adequate for existing floor slab As,prov = T20 @ 200mm = 1,570 mm2/m
Before opening of floor slab, capacity utilisation = 1,105 < 1,570 UC = 0.70
 COMPUTATION OUTPUT
Check for shear resistance

Concrete compressive strength fcu = = 30 N/mm2

Adopting unit length b = = 1,000 mm
Floor Slab thickness h = = 260 mm
Effective depth d = h - c - Ø/2 = 210 mm
Design shear force at Grid 'E' (strength check) VEd = = 109 kN/m
Shear resistance in concrete section VEd,R = 0.8 x √fcu x b x d = 920 kN/m
Before opening of floor slab, shear capacity utilisation = 109 < 920 UC = 0.12
 COMPUTATION OUTPUT
FLOOR SLAB (2m STRIP) VERIFICATION AT GRID 'E' AFTER CUT
Check for reinforcement capacity

Concrete compressive strength fcu = = 30 N/mm2

Concrete cover c = = 40 mm
Floor Slab thickness h = = 260 mm
Yield strength of steel fy = = 460 N/mm2
Diameter of main reinforcement Ø = = 20 mm
Effective depth d = h - c - Ø/2 = 210 mm
Stress would be redirected on each side of floor opening to (2 x h) after
2h = = 520 mm
cutting reinforcement at floor opening
Approximate width of cut sections cs = = 500 mm
Effective width of slab affected by cut be = 1943 mm = 2,000 mm
Reduced width of slab considered br = be - c s = 1,500 mm
Effective depth d = h - c - Ø/2 = 210 mm
Design moment (due to effective width) Me = MEd x be = 176.4 kNm
K = Me/bd2fcu = 0.089
Minimum area of reinforcement required As,min = 0.13% x bh = 507 mm2
Area of reinforcement required considering cut section As,rc = Me/0.87fy z = 2,209 mm2
Area of top reinforcement provided on floor slab due to reduced width As,r = br x As,prov = 2,355 mm2
After opening of floor slab, capacity utilisation increased to = 2,209 < 2,355 UC = 0.94
 COMPUTATION OUTPUT
Check for shear resistance

Concrete compressive strength fcu = = 30 N/mm2

Floor Slab thickness h = = 260 mm
Effective depth d = h - c - Ø/2 = 210 mm
Effective width of slab affected by cut be = = 2,000 mm
Reduced width of slab considered br = be - c s = 1,500 mm
Design shear force at Grid 'E' (strength check) VEd = VEd x be = 218 kN
Shear resistance in concrete section VEd,R = 0.8 x √fcu x br x d = 1,380 kN
After opening of floor slab, shear capacity utilisation = 218 < 1,380 UC = 0.16
 COMPUTATION OUTPUT
Check for punching shear
Shear perimter will be reduced by portion of floor opening as
shown below:

Concrete compressive strength fcu = = 30 N/mm2

Weight of Electrical panel Wp = 1,000 kg = 10.0 kN
Applied shear load on one side of panel Fv ,Ed = W p/2 = 5.0 kN
Length of Electrical panel railing A = = 681 mm
Width of Electrical panel railing B = = 52 mm
Effective depth d = = 210 mm
Shear perimeter p = 1.5 x d = 315 mm
Critical perimeter b = [2(A + B) + 8(1.5d)] + 2(313) = 4,612 mm

Design shear stress at perimeter of railing v = Fv ,Ed/bd = 0.005 N/mm2

Maximum shear stress vc = 0.8 x √fcu = 4.38 N/mm2

Punching shear adequate 0.005 < 4.38 UC = 0.001
7 FLOOR HOLE STRENGTHENING
Further strengthening shall be done under the floor opening by the installation of
L 100 x 100 x 10 section and M8 (12mm) HSL-3 heavy-duty expansion anchors as per
Hilti Anchor Fastening Technical Guide to withstand loads from the Electrical panel.

Figure 7.1: Floor Hole Strengthening

 COMPUTATION (as per Hilti Anchor Fastening Technical Guide) OUTPUT
Check for anchor spacing
Anchor outer diameter do = HSL-3, M8 = 12 mm
Effective minimum anchor embedment depth hef ,min = = 60 mm
hef = Provide = 100 mm
Minimum distance from center of anchor to edge of concrete c min = = 85 mm
c a1 = Available = 100 mm
Minimum anchor spacing s min = = 60 mm
s1 Provide = 100 mm
Check for pullout strength
Weight of Electrical panel Wp = 1,000 kg = 10.0 kN
Applied shear load on one side of panel Fv ,Ed = W p/2 = 5.0 kN
Strength reduction factor for shear, concrete failure mode ϕ = = 0.7
Yield strength of anchor steel fy = = 640 N/mm2
Ultimate tensile strength of anchor fu = = 800 N/mm2
Tensile stress area Ase = = 36.8 mm2
Effectiveness factor for cracked concrete k cr = = 17
Pullout strength for cracked concrete Np,cr = = 12.5 kN
UC = 0.40 Pullout strength OK
 COMPUTATION (as per Hilti Anchor Fastening Technical Guide) OUTPUT
Check for concrete breakout strength
Distance from center of anchor to edge of concrete in direction of shear
c a1 = = 615 mm
load
Projected failure area of a single anchor Av co = 4.5 x c a12 = 1,702,013 mm2
Distance from center of anchor to edge of concrete in direction
c a2 = Approximate = 1,785 mm
perpendicular to c a1
Projected failure area of a group of anchors Av c = (1.5c a1 + s 1 + c a2) x h = 729,950 mm2
Load eccentricity e'v = = 0.0
Modification factor for anchor groups loaded by an eccentric shear force Ψec,v = 1/[1+(2e'v /3c a1)] = 1.0
Modification factor for edge distance less than 1.5c a1 Ψed,v = c a2 > 1.5c a1 = 1.0
Modification factor for presence or absence of crack in concrete Ψc,v = for cracked concrete = 1.2
Modification factor for normal weight concrete λ = = 1.0
Concrete compressive strength fcu = = 30 N/mm2
Basic concrete breakout strength of a single anchor in shear in
Vb = 7(hef /do)0.2 x √(do) x λ x √fcu x c a11.5 = 3,095 kN
cracked concrete
Concrete breakout strength of anchor groups in shear Vcbg = Av c /Av co x Ψec,v x Ψed,v x Ψc,v x Vb = 1,593 kN
UC = 0.003 Breakout strength OK
8 CONCLUSION
Verification shows the stresses introduced by the additional floor openings and
panel loading are within allowable limit, and the existing reinforcement is above
required, hence, there is no need for additional reinforcement.