UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLÓGICA DE PANAMÁ

FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL

LIC. EN LOGISTICA Y TRANSPORTE MULTIMODAL

INVESTIGATION

MEMBERS:

BAROCHIS, SOFÍA
8-953-525

LÓPEZ, MIGUEL
8-944-1695

GROUP: 12L115

SUBJECT:

ENGLISH

TEACHER:

DORALYS MURILLO

PANAMA, 28 DE AGOSTO DE 2018

 INTRODUCTION

Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical solutions
to technical problems. Their work is the link between scientific discoveries and the
commercial applications that meet societal and consumer needs.

Many engineers develop new products. During the process, they consider several factors.
For example, in developing an industrial robot, engineers specify the functional
requirements precisely; design and test the robot's components; integrate the components to
produce the final design; and evaluate the design's overall effectiveness, cost, reliability,
and safety. This process applies to the development of many different products, such as
chemicals, computers, powerplants, helicopters, and toys.

In addition to their involvement in design and development, many engineers work in

testing, production, or maintenance. These engineers supervise production in factories,
determine the causes of a component’s failure, and test manufactured products to maintain
quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory
engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects.

Engineers use computers extensively to produce and analyze designs; to simulate and test
how a machine, structure, or system operates; to generate specifications for parts; to
monitor the quality of products; and to control the efficiency of processes. Nanotechnology,
which involves the creation of high-performance materials and components by integrating
atoms and molecules, also is introducing entirely new principles to the design process.
 QUESTION

1. What do Engineers Do?

R/. Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to develop economical
solutions to technical problems. Their work is the link between scientific discoveries
and the commercial applications that meet societal and consumer needs.

 Aerospace engineers design aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles. In addition,

they test prototypes to make sure that they function according to design.
 Agricultural engineers—also known as biological and agricultural engineers—work on
a variety of activities. These activities range from aquaculture (raising food, such as
fish, that thrive in water) to land farming to forestry; from developing biofuels to
improving conservation; from planning animal environments to finding better ways to
process food.
 Biomedical engineers analyze and design solutions to problems in biology and
medicine, with the goal of improving the quality and effectiveness of patient care.
 Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, and physics to solve
problems. These problems involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food,
and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale safe and
sustainable manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing products and
treating by products, and supervise production.
 Civil engineers design and supervise large construction projects, including roads,
buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage
treatment.
 Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, and test computer equipment
such as chips, circuit boards, or routers. By solving complex problems in computer
hardware, these engineers create rapid advances in computer technology.
 Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical
equipment such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications
systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop
electronic equipment, such as broadcast and communications systems—from portable
music players to global positioning systems (GPS).
 Environmental engineers use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology, and
chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. They are involved in efforts
to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health, and control of water and air
pollution.

 Health and safety engineers develop procedures and design systems to keep people
from getting sick or injured and to keep property from being damaged. They combine
knowledge of health or safety and of systems engineering to make sure that chemicals,
 machinery, software, furniture, and other products are not going to cause harm to
people or buildings.
 industrial engineers find ways to eliminate wastefulness in production processes. They
devise efficient ways to use workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to
make a product or provide a service.
 Marine engineers and naval architects design, build, and maintain ships from aircraft
carriers to submarines, from sailboats to tankers. Marine engineers work on the
mechanical systems, such as propulsion and steering. Naval architects work on the
basic design, including the form and stability of hulls.
 Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a range of
products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and snow skis. They also
help select materials and develop new ways to use materials.
 Mining and geological engineers design mines for the safe and efficient removal of
minerals, such as coal and metals, for manufacturing and utilities.
 Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to
get benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. Many of these engineers find industrial
and medical uses for radioactive materials—for example, in equipment used in medical
diagnosis and treatment.
 Petroleum engineers design and develop methods for extracting oil and gas from
deposits below the earth’s surface. Petroleum engineers also find new ways to extract
oil and gas from older wells.

2. Mention some types of engineers

o Aerospace Engineers
o Agricultural engineers
o Biomedical engineers
o Chemical engineers
o Civil engineers
o Computer hardware
o Electrical and electronic engineers
o Environmental engineers
o Health and safety engineers
o Industrial engineers
o Marine engineers and naval architects
o Materials engineers
o Mining and geological engineers
o Nuclear engineers
o Petroleum engineers
o Aerospace engineers and operation technicians
o Civil engineering technicians
o Electrical and electronic engineering technicians
o Electro-mechanical technicians
o Environmental engineering technicians
o Industrial engineering technicians
 o Mechanical engineering technicians

3. Geological Engineers

Geological engineering involves geology, civil engineering, and fields such as mining, forestry
and geography. These engineers apply earth sciences to human problems. Specialty areas
include geotechnical site studies of rock and soil slope stability for projects; environmental
studies and planning for construction sites; groundwater studies; hazard investigations; and
finding fossil fuel and mineral deposits.

Geological engineers investigate things that are part of or are made to be part of the earth,
including roads, mines and quarries, dams, petroleum production, railways, building projects,
pipelines, and forestry operations.

They engineer clean-up and environmental assessments where pollution occurs. They survey
for minerals and drinking water; they search for building material resources, and they map
potential landslides and earthquakes. The variety in this field is enormous.

What do They do?

Many of these specialists consult for engineering or environmental firms. Many are employed
by highway departments, environmental protection agencies, forest services, and hydro
operations.

Construction industries depend on geological engineers to assure the stability of rock and soil
foundations for tunnels, bridges, and highrises. Foundations must withstand earthquakes,
landslides, and all other phenomena which effect the ground, including permafrost, swamps and
bogs.

Geological engineers find better ways to build and manage landfills. They find safer ways to
dispose of toxic chemicals and garbage, and to manage sewage. They plan excavations and
design tunnels.

Transportation infrastructures depend on geological engineers to determine strong terrain and

safe pathways for airports, railways, highways, and even pipelines.

These engineers are heavily employed in energy fields, exploring for more natural resources
(oil, gas, uranium, tar sands, geothermal and coal). They develop ways to mine hard-to-access
resources, and in the least polluting manner. They are responsible for the safety of pits,
reservoirs and mining facilities, guarding against earthquake damage and environmental risks—
even for nuclear reactors.

Groundwater is another geological engineering specialty. Industries and farms need reliable
water sources, sometimes requiring dams or well drilling. Water supply to hydroelectric dams
is regulated by these engineers; they design dikes and they work at preventing shoreline
erosion.

Ore and other metallic mineral deposits (lead, zinc, iron, nickel, copper) are essential to
transportation and construction industries. Geological engineers discover new sources of
minerals, as present supplies diminish.

Becoming a Geological Engineer

A B.S. in geological engineering gives students in-depth studies in the humanities, economics,
and social science. Graduates have the communications skills to be effective and responsible in
meeting the social needs of their field. A B.S. typically is a 4-year course of study and involves
laboratory work.

Courses include geology, structural geology, marine paleontology, paleoecology, igneous and
metamorphic petrology, mineralogy and optical mineralogy.

Advanced degrees are needed to pursue careers as environmental, petroleum and mining
geologists.

The senior-year capstone experience allows students to explore the technical facets of their
specialties as well as the business of engineering—teamwork, project management,
communications, ethics, and intellectual property. Teams experience opportunities with real,
client-based projects that tackle problems they are likely to encounter on the job.

Geological Engineer Employment & Outlook

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Mining and geological engineering
positions are expected to increase by 10 percent between 2010 and 2020 for those with
bachelor's degrees. This occupation does not require the numbers of professionals that many
other professions employ, but a growth of 10 percent is about average for all occupations.

Typical Geological Engineer Salary

Geological and mining engineering and sciences have a median salary of $84,300, and the top
10 percent earn $136,800 (BSL).

Career Advancement Opportunities

Government agencies, both federal and state, employ geological engineers to develop and
enforce environmental standards, and to conduct research. Post-graduate degrees open
opportunities for higher salaries, research and teaching.

Is This the Right Career for You?

If you were a child who often picked up "special" rocks, or watched fascinated as creeks
followed their course underground and out again, or as springs bubbled from the ground… If
you tunneled in snow banks, built forts, footbridges or sandcastles… you were literally toying
with geological engineering.

Still, before pursuing geological engineering specifically, it is a good idea to find your niche
discipline—structural, environmental, or geotechnical engineering, for example.

Career-related experience is available long before graduation and will help you better
understand any field of study. Through co-op programs, students gain experience interning in
their field of study, and some are paid.

Internships are another great way to put a toe in the water. Interns perform a broad range of
laboratory procedures; they use computers to figure size distributions and generate plots and
statistics; they do field work at sea and make geophysical surveys. If these kinds of activities
appeal to the explorer or builder in you, that's a good sign.

Geological Engineer Associations

4. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
5. American Geological Institute
6. American Geophysical Union
7. Geological Society of America