Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287

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Energy Conversion and Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

Second law comparison of single effect and double effect vapour

absorption refrigeration systems
Rabah Gomri *
Engineering Faculty, Department of Genie Climatique, Constantine University, 25000 Constantine, Algeria

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper a comparative study between single effect and double effect absorption refrigeration sys-
Received 7 November 2007 tems with identical cold output is carried out. Simulation results were used to study the influence of
Received in revised form 22 June 2008 the various operating parameters on the performance coefficient, the thermal loads of the components,
Accepted 18 January 2009
exergetic efficiency (rational efficiency) and the total change in exergy of the two systems. It is concluded
Available online 15 February 2009
that the COP of double effect system is approximately twice the COP of single effect system but the exer-
getic efficiency of double effect system increase slightly compared to the exergetic efficiency of single
Keywords:
effect system. It is found that for each condenser and evaporator temperature, there is an optimum gen-
Refrigeration
H2O–LiBr
erator temperature where the total change in exergy of the single effect and double effect absorption
Single effect refrigeration systems is minimum. At this point the COP and exergetic efficiency of the systems become
Double effect maximum.
Energy exergy In this study and when the evaporation temperature is varied from 4 °C to 10 °C, condenser and absor-
Efficiency ber temperatures are varied from 33 °C to 39 °C and generator (HPG) temperature is varied from 60 °C to
Modelling 190 °C the maximum COP values of the single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of 0.73–0.79
and for double effect refrigeration systems are in the range of 1.22–1.42. The maximum exergetic effi-
ciency values of the single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of 12.5–23.2% and for double effect
refrigeration systems are in the range of 14.3–25.1%.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction The exergy method, known as the second law analysis, is an

Research and developments in cooling systems have shown a
growing interest in the application of liquid vapour absorption cy-
cles. The conventional refrigeration and air conditioning systems
are being questioned not only because they consume more high
quality energy through the compressor but they also contribute
to the ozone layer depletion and the greenhouse effect. Absorption
systems can be driven by low grade thermal energy providing a
means for converting waste heat into useful purposes as well as
help in reducing peak summer electric demands.
In view of energy conservation becoming increasingly impor-
tant, there is a need to optimise thermodynamic processes for min-
imum consumption of energy. Many constraints affect the
performance of absorption systems leading to the actual perfor-
mance being much lower than the ideal reversible case. The first
law method of thermodynamic analysis is most commonly used
to evaluate the cooling performance and optimise the operating
parameters. This is however, concerned with conservation of en-
ergy and cannot show where irreversibility in the system occurs
to cause COP degradation.
* Tel.: +213 64317045.
E-mail address: rabahgomri@yahoo.fr
important thermodynamic property that measures the useful work
that can be produced by a substance or the amount of work needed
to complete a process [1]. The concept of exergy is extensively dis-
cussed in literature by [2,3].
A number of researchers have used exergy analysis of absorp-
tion refrigeration system. A particular attention was given to sim-
ple effect absorption refrigeration system [1,4–7]. However the few
relatively works available on analysis of double effect refrigeration
system consider only the analysis by the first law of thermody-
namic [8–12].
Apart from the other studies, in this paper a thermodynamic
comparison based on the first and second law of thermodynamics
of Libr–H2O single and double effect generation absorption refrig-
eration systems has been carried out. Typical numerical calcula-
tions and results for Water–LiBr system are presented for a given
cold production. Temperature and common sink temperature for
the absorber and condenser while the generator temperature is
chosen to be reasonable to achieve system operation without the
crystallisation limit being exceeded (when lithium bromide is dis-
solved in water, a minimum solution temperature exits for each
solution concentration. In an absorption machine if the solution
concentration is too high or the solution temperature is too low,
crystallisation may occur. In this case the solution concentration

0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2009.01.019
1280 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287

Nomenclature

COP coefficient of performance Greek symbols

ex specific exergy (kJ/kg) e effectiveness
DE total change in exergy that occurs between the en- g efficiency
trances and exits of the control volume (kW) q mass density (kg/m3)
HEX heat exchanger
HPG high pressure generator Subscripts
LPG low pressure generator 0 reference value
m mass flow rate (kg/s) ab absorber
P pressure (Pa) cd condenser
Q heat transfer rate (kW) ev evaporator
T temperature (°C) g generator (high pressure generator)
W mechanical power (kW) i the ith chemical species
x mass fraction of lithium bromide (%) p pump

should be increased above its saturation point so that salt crystals
return to the solution) [13].
2. Systems description
As shown in Fig. 1 the main components of a single effect
absorption refrigeration system are the generator (g), absorber
(ab), condenser (cd), evaporator (ev), pump (p), expansion valves
(V1 and V2) and a solution heat exchanger (HEX-I). Qg is the heat in-
put rate from the heat source to the generator, Qcd and Qab are the
heat rejection rates from condenser and absorber to the heat sinks,
respectively, and Qev is the heat input rate from the cooling load to
the evaporator. As shown in Fig. 1, the vapour refrigerant coming
from the evaporator (3) is absorbed by liquid solution (17). This li-
quid solution is then pumped through the solution heat exchanger
(HEX-I) (4–5–6). The refrigerant is boiled out of the solution by the
addition of heat. Subsequently, the refrigerant goes to the con-
denser (14–1) and to the evaporator through the expansion valve
(V1). Finally, the strong LiBr liquid solution returns back to the ab-
sorber through the solution heat exchanger (HEX-I) and the solu-
tion reducing valve (V2), respectively (15–16–17).
The double effect absorption refrigeration system as shown in
Fig. 2 consists of two generators, condenser, evaporator, absorber,
pump, two solution heat exchangers, two solution reducing
valves and two refrigerant expansion valves. In the system oper-
ation, the strong solution is pumped from the absorber to the
high pressure generator (or generator ‘‘g” like for single effect
system) where it is heated at relatively high temperature to boil
out the refrigerant vapour from the solution. The primary vapour,
from the HPG comes into the low pressure generator (LPG) heat-
ing the medium concentration solution from the Generator and
then being condensed. At the outlet of LPG secondary vapour is
produced, which together with the condensed water of primary
vapour flows into the condenser in which the heat rejection takes
place. The heat of condensation of the primary vapour from the
generator is used in the LPG to get the secondary vapour. Thus,
the total amount of liquid refrigerant leaving condenser is the
sum of refrigerant originating from generator and LPG. The refrig-
erant liquid from the condenser, on expansion, continues to the
evaporator where it is evaporated at low pressure, extracting
the heat of vaporization from the medium to be cooled. This cold
vapour is then dissolved in weak solution coming from the LPG
through the solution heat exchanger (HEX-I), thereby rejecting
its heat of absorption in the absorber. The resulting strong solu-
tion is then pumped to Generator through HEX-I and HEX-II,
respectively.

14

21 18

Condenser Generator

20 19 15 6

1 Heat
Exchanger
I

16 5

V1 V2

3 17 Pump
2
23
Absorber
Evaporator
4
22

25 24

Fig. 1. The schematic illustration of single effect absorption refrigeration system.

 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287 1281

11 18
HPG
19

8 7

14 Heat
Exchanger
21 II
LPG
Condenser 13 12 9
10
20 6

1 15
Heat
Exchanger
I

2 16

5
3
17
23
Evaporator Absorber Pump
22 4
25 24

Fig. 2. The schematic illustration of double effect absorption refrigeration system.

3. Thermodynamics analysis Q g ¼ m14  h14 þ m15  h15  m6  h6 ð5Þ

Condenser
For the thermodynamic analysis of the absorption systems the
principles of mass conservation, first and second law of thermody- Q cd ¼ m14  h14  m1  h1 ð6Þ
namics are applied to each component of the systems.
Absorber

3.1. Mass conservation Q ab ¼ m17  h17 þ m3  h3  m4  h4 ð7Þ

Evaporator
Mass conservation includes the mass balance of total mass and
each material of the solution. The governing equations of mass and Q ev ¼ m3 h3  m2  h2 ð8Þ
type of material conservation for a steady state and steady flow
system are: Solution pump

X X ðP5  P4 Þ
min  mout ¼ 0 ð1Þ W p ¼ m4  ð9Þ
g p  q4
X X
min  xin  mout  xout ¼ 0 ð2Þ The energy balance equations for some of the components of
the double effect system are expressed as follows:
where m is the mass flow rate and x is the mass fraction of Libr in Generator (HPG)
the solution. The mass fraction of the mixture at different points of
the system (Figs. 1 and 2) is calculated using the corresponding Q g ¼ m8  h8 þ m11  h11  m7  h7 ð10Þ
temperature and pressure data. Condenser
The mass flow rate of refrigerant is obtained by energy balance
at evaporator and is given as (for single and double effect system), Q cd ¼ m14  h14 þ m13  h13  m1  h1 ð11Þ

Q ev Absorber
m3 ¼ ð3Þ
ðh2  h3 Þ Q ab ¼ m17  h17 þ m3  h3  m4  h4 ð12Þ
Evaporator
3.2. Energy method (the first law analysis)
Q ev ¼ m3 h3  m2  h2 ð13Þ
The first law of thermodynamics yields the energy balance of Solution pump
each component (each component can be treated as a control vol-
ume with inlet and outlet streams, heat transfer and work interac- ðP5  P4 Þ
W p ¼ m4  ð14Þ
tions) of the absorption system as follows: g p  q4
X X  X X 
min  hin  mout  hout þ Q in  Q out þ W ¼ 0 ð4Þ The energy balance in the LPG must be verified as follows:

m11  h11 þ m10  h10  m14  m14  m12  h12  m15  h15 ¼ 0 ð15Þ
The energy balance equations for some of the components of
the single effect system are expressed as follows: Effectiveness of heat exchanger is defined as the ratio of actual
Generator heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer. Accordingly,
1282 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287

the effectiveness of heat exchangers I and II are, respectively, given  The Lithium bromide solution at the absorber outlet is a strong
as below [14]: solution and it is at the absorber temperature.
For single and double effect system:  The outlet temperatures from the absorber and from generators
correspond to equilibrium conditions of the mixing and separa-
ðh15  h16 Þ
gI ¼ ð16Þ tion, respectively.
ðh15  h16 Þ
 Pressure losses in the pipelines and all heat exchangers are
For only double effect system: negligible.
 Heat exchange between the system and surroundings, other
ðh8  h9 Þ
gII ¼ ð17Þ than in that prescribed by heat transfer at the HPG, evaporator,
ðh8  h9 Þ condenser and absorber, does not occur.
 
where h9 and h16 represent the enthalpy of minimum heat capacity  The reference environmental state for the system is water at an
streams (here, it is hot stream, i.e., strong solution) at the exit of the environment temperature T0 of 25 °C and 1 atmospheric pres-
respective heat exchangers when they are cooled to the tempera- sure (P0).
ture of respective entry cold streams (weak solution).  The system produce chilled water, and generator is driven by
The coefficient of performance of the absorption refrigeration is pressurized hot water.
obtained by  The system rejects heat to cooling water at the condenser and
absorber.
Q ev
COP ¼ ð18Þ
ðQ g þ W p Þ Simulations are carried out for a constant refrigeration capacity
Qev = 300 KW, Pump efficiency gP = 95%, Heat exchangers effective-
3.3. Exergy method (the second law analysis) ness eI = eII = 70%, condensation temperature is equal to the absor-
ber temperature Tcd = Tab. Condensation temperature is varied in
Exergy analysis is the combination of the first and second law of the following range: Tcd = 33–39 °C. The outlet temperature of
thermodynamics and is defined as the maximum amount of work, cooling water has been assumed at Tcd  3 and the inlet tempera-
which can be produced by a stream or system as it is brought into ture of cooling water has been assumed at Tcd  8. The water tem-
equilibrium with a reference environment [2]. The total actual perature at the condenser and absorber inlet is equal to 25 °C and
exergy change that occurs between the entrances and exits of the water temperature at the outlet of the condenser and absorber
the control volume, namely the sum of the reversible and the irre- is equal to 30 °C. Evaporation temperature is varied in the follow-
versible contributions to the total actual exergy change can be cal- ing range: Tev = 4–10 °C. The outlet temperature of chilled water
culated by has been assumed at Tev + 3 and the inlet temperature of chilled
! ! water has been assumed at Tev + 8. Generation temperature ‘‘Tg”
X X
DE ¼ mi :exi  mi :exi ð19Þ is varied from 60 °C to 190 °C. The outlet temperature of hot water
i in i out
has been assumed at Tg + 8 and the inlet temperature of hot water
has been assumed at Tg + 18.
The first term on the right hand side of Eq. (19) is the actual to- In this analysis, the thermal–physical properties of the working
tal exergy of all streams flowing into the control volume and the fluids have to be known as analytic functions. A new set of compu-
second term is the actual total exergy of all streams flowing out tationally efficient formulations of thermodynamic properties of
of the control volume. lithium bromide/water solution and liquid water developed by Pa-
In Eq. (19), the exergies of heat and work transfer are already tek and Klomfar [16] are used in this work. The equations for the
contained in the subtraction of the second term from the first term thermal properties of steam are obtained from correlation pro-
on the right hand side. vided by Irvine and Liley [17].
When neglecting changes in kinetic energy and potential energy
and because there is no departure of chemical substances from the
cycle to the environment, the chemical exergy is zero [15] the spe- 4. Results and discussion
cific exergy ‘ex’ is calculated by
A computer program (FORTRAN) was written for thermody-
ex ¼ ðh  h0 Þ  T 0 ðs  s0 Þ ð20Þ namic analysis. The program was based on the energy balances,
The exergetic efficiency (rational efficiency) can be calculated as thermodynamic properties for each reference point. The initial
the ratio between the net exergy produced by the evaporator conditions are given into the program including the ambient con-
(exergy desired output) and the input exergy to the generator plus ditions, the component temperatures, pump efficiency, effective-
the mechanical work of the solution pump: ness of heat exchangers and cooling load. With the given
  parameters, the thermodynamic properties of the mixture at all
Q ev  1  TT 0 reference points in the cycle were calculated.
b
gexergy ¼h   i ð21Þ Using thermodynamic properties the COP, thermal loads of the
Q g  1  TT 0 þ W p
h components, change in exergy that occurs between the entrances
and exits of each component of the systems are calculated sepa-
Tb and Th are the mean temperature of the cold source (in the
rately and exergy efficiency of the single and double effect refriger-
evaporator) and the hot source (in the generator), respectively.
ation systems are calculated for different working conditions and
The systems are simulated assuming the following conditions:
the change of thermodynamic properties with the other variables
of the systems.
 T, P values assumed in parametric analysis are thermodynami-
cally-consistent and can be validated experimentally.
 The analysis is made under steady conditions. 4.1. First law analysis
 The refrigerant (water) at the outlet of the condenser is satu-
rated liquid. The effects of the generator, evaporator and condenser
 The refrigerant (water) at the outlet of the evaporator is satu- temperature on the coefficient of performance are shown in Figs.
rated vapour. 3 and 4.
 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287 1283

The high COP values are obtained at high evaporator and low 8. In all cases the evaporator thermal load (Qev) does not change
generator and condenser temperatures. The COP increases as the and remains as a constant value of 300 KW.
condenser temperatures increase and generator temperature de- As it can be seen from these figures, when the generator tem-
creases while the evaporator temperature is increased. For a gi- perature increases, the generator and absorber thermal loads (Qg
ven evaporator, absorber and condenser temperature, there is a and Qab) decrease. There is a minimum generator temperature
minimum generator temperature which corresponds to a maxi- which corresponds to a minimum Qg and Qab. If the generator tem-
mum COP. In this study and when the evaporation temperature perature gets higher, Qg and Qab become almost constant. The var-
is varied from 4 °C to 10 °C and condenser and absorber temper- iation of the condenser thermal load (Qcd) is very small with
atures are varied from 33 °C to 39 °C the maximum COP values generator temperature.
of the single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of When the condenser temperature increases, the generator and
0.73–0.79 and for double effect refrigeration systems are in the absorber thermal loads (Qg and Qab) increase. The variation of the
range of 1.22–1.42. It should be noted that the COP initially condenser thermal load (Qcd) is very small with condenser
exhibits significant increase with an increasing generator tem- temperature.
perature, and then the slope of the COP curves becomes almost When the evaporator temperature increases, the generator and
flat. In other words, increasing the generator temperature higher absorber thermal loads (Qg and Qab) decrease. The condenser ther-
than a certain value does not provide much improvement for the mal load (Qcd) increases slightly with condenser temperature.
COP. The comparison between single effect and double effect absorp-
The effects of the generator, evaporator and condenser temper- tion refrigeration system shows that: the condenser thermal load
ature on the thermal loads of the components are shown in Figs. 5– of single effect is greater than that for double effect. The generator

1.6

1.4
Coefficient of performance (COP)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4
Single effect
Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

0.2 Double effect

Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

0.0
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 3. Variation of coefficient of performance of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 33 °C).

1.4

1.2
Coefficient of performance (COP)

1.0

0.8

0.6

Single effect
0.4 Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

Double effect
0.2 Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

0.0
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 4. Variation of coefficient of performance of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 39 °C).
1284 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287

700
Single effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
600
Double effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
500

Heat exchanged [KW] 400

300

200

100

0
65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 5. Variation of heat exchanged in the each component of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 33 °C, Tev = 4 °C).

700
Single effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
600
Double effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
500
Heat exchanged [KW]

400

300

200

100

0
75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 6. Variation of heat exchanged in the each component of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 39 °C, Tev = 4 °C).

700
Single effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab

600
Double effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
Heat exchanged [KW]

500

400

300

200

100

0
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Generator tem perature [°C]

Fig. 7. Variation of heat exchanged in the each component of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 33 °C, Tev = 10 °C).
 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287 1285

700
Single effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
600
Double effect
Qgen Qcd Qev Qab
500

Heat exchanged [KW]

400

300

200

100

0
65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 8. Variation of heat exchanged in the each component of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 39 °C, Tev = 10 °C).

27

24

21
Exergy efficiency [%]

18

15

12

6 Single effect
Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

3 Double effect
Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

0
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 9. Variation of exergy efficiency of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 33 °C).

21

18

15
Exergy efficiency [%]

12

Single effect
6
Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

3 Double effect
Tev=4°C Tev=6°C Tev=8°C Tev=10°C

0
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 10. Variation of exergy efficiency of single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 39 °C).
1286 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287

thermal load of single effect is greater than that for double effect
which affects directly the COP of the system.
4.2. Second law analysis
The variation of exergetic efficiency with generator temperature
for single and double effect refrigeration systems at different con-
denser and evaporator temperatures is shown in Figs. 9 and 10.
Exergetic efficiency increase with an increase in the generator tem-
perature for both cases (single effect and double effect refrigera-
tion system) up to a certain generator temperature (for a given
evaporator, absorber and condenser temperature, there is a mini-
mum generator temperature which corresponds to a maximum
exergy efficiency) and then decrease.
In this study and when the evaporation temperature is varied
from 4 °C to 10 °C and condenser and absorber temperatures are
varied from 33 °C to 39 °C the maximum exergetic efficiency val-
ues of the single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of
12.5–23.2% and for double effect refrigeration systems are in the
range of 14.3–25.1%.
As the efficiencies of the first and second laws are examined
here, it is seen that exergetic efficiency increases up to a certain
generator temperature (variable with evaporation and condensa-
tion temperature). Furthermore, COP value also increases up to
this temperature. At the higher generator temperatures, while
COP remains approximately constant, exergetic efficiency de-
creases gradually. The reason for this is that the increase in the
generator temperature negatively influences the exergetic effi-
ciency value as seen from Eq. (21). It can be seen that the system
experiences better exergetic efficiency at low condenser temper-
ature and low evaporator temperatures within some generator
temperature ranges. For every system within its own generator
temperature range, the exergetic efficiency initially increases
and declines continuously as the generator temperature
increases.
The variation of exergy change versus generator temperature
for cooling at different condenser and evaporator temperatures is
shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The exergy change of the two types of
absorption refrigeration systems drops sharply to a minimum va-
lue with an increase of generator temperature and then increases
further. For each condenser and evaporator temperature there is

90 Single effect
Tev=4°C
85
Tev=6°C
80
Tev=8°C
Total exergy change [KW]

75
Tev=10°C
70
Double effect
Tev=4°C
65
Tev=6°C
60

55 Tev=8°C

50 Tev=10°C

45

40

35
55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 11. Variation of total exergy change in single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 33 °C).

120
Single effect
Tev=4°C

110
Tev=6°C

100
Total exergy change [KW]

Tev=8°C

90 Tev=10°C

Double effect
Tev=4°C
80
Tev=6°C
70
Tev=8°C

60
Tev=10°C

50

40
65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195
Generator temperature [°C]

Fig. 12. Variation of total exergy change in single and double effect absorption refrigeration systems (Tcd = 39 °C).
 R. Gomri / Energy Conversion and Management 50 (2009) 1279–1287
a generator temperature at which the exergy change of the absorp-
tion refrigeration systems is minimum.
5. Conclusion
In this study, the first and the second law of thermodynamics
is applied to single effect and double effect absorption refrigera-
tion systems. COP, thermal loads of all components, exergetic effi-
ciency and the change in exergy that occurs between the
entrances of each component, total change in exergy of all compo-
nents of the two systems are calculated from the thermodynamic
properties of the working fluids at various operating conditions by
using the developed mathematical model. The results show that
COP of the cycle increases with increasing generator and evapora-
tor temperatures, but decreases with increasing condenser
temperatures.
 For each condenser and evaporator temperature, there is an
optimum generator temperature where change in exergy of
the single effect and double effect absorption refrigeration sys-
tems is minimum. At this point the COP and exergetic efficiency
of the systems become maximum
 In this study and when the evaporation temperature is varied
from 4 °C to 10 °C and condenser and absorber temperatures
are varied from 33 °C to 39 °C the maximum COP values of the
single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of 0.73–
0.79 and for double effect refrigeration systems are in the range
of 1.22–1.42. The maximum exergetic efficiency values of the
single effect refrigeration systems are in the range of 12.5–
23.2% and for double effect refrigeration systems are in the
range of 14.3–25.1%.
 While the efficiency of the first law increases or remain con-
stant, the efficiency of the second law may decrease.
 This study shows that the COP of double effect system is approx-
imately twice the COP of single effect system but the exergetic
efficiency of double effect system increase slightly compared
to the exergetic efficiency of single effect system.
1287
Acknowledgements
The author wish to express his very sincere thanks to the
reviewers for their valuable time spent reading this paper and for
their valuable comments and suggestions.
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