Human Behavior &

Crisis Management
 Coverage of the Review

• Concept of Human
Behavior
• Psychology of Crimes
• Criminal Behavior
• Crisis Management
 Behavior defined.

• refers to the actions or reactions of an object or

organism, usually in relation to the environment.
Behavior can be:

– conscious or unconscious,
– overt or covert, and
– voluntary or involuntary.
 Different Terminologies
• Attitude- state of mind, behavior, or conduct
regarding some matter.
• Instinct- biological drive; an inborn pattern of
behavior characteristic of a species and
shaped by biological necessities such as
survival and reproduction
• Sensation- power to perceive: the capacity to
receive impressions through the sense organs
 Human Behavior defined.

• A product of learning.
• The way people behave cannot be attributed solely to
inherited physical and mental characteristics although
reflexes are present at birth.
 Other terms:
• Tabula Rasa- empty
state
• Babinsky Reflex-
reflexes which are
necessary for his
survival. Some of this
reflexes are: sucking,
swallowing, yawning,
smelling, crying,
grasping.
 Levels of Behavior

• The Vegetative - responsible for nurturing and

reproduction, mostly found in plants; in human beings,
for food and reproduction.
• The Animal - movement and sensation, mostly the
use of the senses and sex drives.
• The Rational/Psyche/Human - values and morals,
reasons and the will (purpose and freedom).
 Psychology vs. Psychiatry
Psychology Psychiatry
study of human mind: field of medicine:
the scientific study of the a medical specialty concerned
human mind and mental with the diagnosis and
states, and of human and treatment of disorders that have
animal behavior primarily mental or behavioral
symptoms and with the care of
people having such disorders
 Determinants of Behavior

• Heredity/Biological Factors
(nature) - are those that explained
by heredity, the characteristics of a
person acquired from birth
transferred from one generation to
another. It explains that certain
emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials
and our physical appearance are
inherited.
• Atavism, Eugenics,
Physiogamy, Phrenology
Determinants of Behavior
Environmental Factors (nurture) –
refers to anything around the person that
influences his actions. Some
environmental factors are:
▫ The family background is a basic
consideration because it is in the family
whereby an individual first experiences
how to relate and interact with another.
▫ The influences of childhood trauma,
the development processes are being
blocked sometimes by parental
deprivation as a consequence of parents
or luck of adequate maturing at home
because of parental rejection,
overprotection, restrictiveness, over
permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
 Manifestation of Behavior
• Sensation – feeling of impressive stimulus
▫ visual - sight
▫ olfactory - smell
▫ Tactile/ cutaneous – touch
▫ auditory – hearing
▫ gustatory – taste
• Perception – knowledge of stimulus
• Awareness – psychological activity according to
interpretation and experience of stimulus
 Psychology of Human
Adjustment
• Adjustment is the satisfaction of a need.
• Three Elements in the Adjustment
Process
– A need which arouses.
– Purposive behavior, leading toward.
– A goal which satisfies the needs.
 FRUSTRATION

• Frustration refers to the

unpleasant feelings that results
from the blocking of motive
satisfaction. It is a form of stress,
which results in tension. It is the
feeling that is experienced when
something interferes with our
hopes, wishes, plans and
expectations.
Reaction to Frustration

• Coping Mechanism.
– by fighting the problem in a
constructive and direct way by
breaking the obstacles barring
him from his goal, or by getting
angry and become aggressive;
and/or
– by running away (flight) from
the problem, by sulking,
retreating, becoming indifferent,
Frustration- Tolerance

• Individuals also differ in their capacity

to tolerate unadjusted states, or
frustration tolerance. Some people are
able to withstand prolonged periods of
tension without showing signs of
abnormality. Others become neurotic
or psychotic, or convert their
frustrations into physical illness, while
some act out their frustrations by
committing anti-social acts or becoming
alcoholics or drug addicts.
 Defense Mechanism

• Defense mechanisms are the unconscious techniques

used to prevent a person’s self image from being
damage. When stress becomes quite strong, an
individual strives to protect his self-esteem, avoiding
defeat. We all use ego defense mechanism to protect
us from anxiety and maintain our feeling of personal
worth. We consider them normal adjustive reactions
when they are use to excess and threaten self-
integrity.
•
Conflict
Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two
desirable activities that can not be pursued simultaneously.
• Double Avoidance Conflict - a person faces two undesirable situations
in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an
intense emotion.
• Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces a situation having both
a desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”,
because some negative and some positive features must be accepted
regardless of which course of action is chosen.
• Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice
must be made between two or more alternatives each of which has both
positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because
the features of each portion are often difficult to compare.
 Personality

• Personality, deeply
ingrained and relatively
enduring patterns of
thought, feeling, and
behavior. Personality
usually refers to that which
is unique about a person,
the characteristics that
distinguish him or her from
other people.
Jacob Goldsmith Theory (A &B)
• Type A
▫ ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status conscious, can be
sensitive, care for other people, are truthful, impatient,
always try to help others, take on more than they can
handle, want other people to get to the point, proactive and
obsessed with time management. People with Type A
personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics" who
multi-task, push themselves with deadlines, and hate both
delays and ambivalence.
• Type B
▫ generally live at a lower stress level and typically work
steadily, enjoying achievements but not becoming stressed
when they are not achieved. Furthermore, Type B
personalities may have a poor sense of time schedule and
can be predominately right brained thinkers.
 Id, Ego and Superego (Human Psyche)
• ID - the unconscious part of the
personality which serves as the
reservoir of the primitive and
biological drives and urges.
Libido - pleasure principle
• Ego - the mediator between the
ID and the superego.
• Superego - the socialized
component of the personality. It
is the authoritative or parental
direction which becomes
incorporated into the
personality as the censoring
force or “conscience
 Psychoanalysis
• The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include the following:
▫ Human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely
determined by irrational drives;
▫ Those drives are largely unconscious;
▫ Attempts to bring those drives into awareness
meet psychological resistance in the form of defense
mechanisms;
▫ Beside the inherited constitution of personality, one's
development is determined by events in early childhood;
▫ Conflicts between conscious view of reality and
unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental
disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety,
depression etc.;
 Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage Age Characteristics
Oral Stage Birth to 1 yearThe mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives
pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying
activities such as tasting and sucking. If this need is
not met, the child may develop an oral fixation later
in life, examples of which include thumb-sucking,
smoking, fingernail biting and overeating.

Anal Stage 1 to 3 years Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido
was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.
Toilet training is a primary issue with children and
parents. Too much pressure can result in an
excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life,
while too little pressure from parents can lead to
messy or destructive behavior later in life.
Phallic 3 to 6Freud suggested that the primary focus of the id's
Stage years energy is on the genitals. According to Freud, boy's
experience an Oedipal Complex and girl's experience
and Electra Complex, or an attraction to the opposite
sex parent. To cope with this conflict, children adopt
the values and characteristics of the same-sex parent,
thus forming the superego.

Latent 6 to 11During this stage, the superego continues to develop while

Stage years the id's energies are suppressed. Children develop social
skills, values and relationships with peers and adults
outside of the family.
Genital 11 to 18The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active
Stage years once again. During this stage, people develop a strong
interest in the opposite. If development has been
successful to this point, the individual will continue to
develop into a well-balanced person.