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    18 views33 pages

    iRead完形专项

    Uploaded by

    daniel meng

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 33
    Passage | To some people, the dictionary was a volume of truth and wisdom. To others, the dictionary is a thing you picked up in the bargain bin because you felt that an adult should __1__ a dictionary. They don’t realise thatthe dictionary is a human document, 2 being edited, proof-read, and updated by actual, living, awkward people. 1m Springfield, Massachusetts, there area couple dozen lexicographers who spend their workweek doing nothing but _3 dictionary definitions—for Merriam-Webster, to be exact. This is the song of my people. At Merriam-Webster, there are only two _4 requirements to be a lexicographer: You must have a degree in any field from a four-year college or university, and you must be a native speaker of English. People are surprised to hear that we don’t require lexicographers to be linguists (if 3 FH) or English _S__. The reality is that a group of people with __6 _ education backgrounds will produce better defi We require that our lexicographers be native speakers of English fora very __7__ reason: That's the language we focus on, ns. ‘and you need mastery over all its idioms and expressions. There are some additional _8 _ and unstated requirements to be a lexicographer. First and foremost, you must be possessed of something called sprachgeful, a German word that means “a feeling for language.” Not everyone has sprachgefiih, and you don't know if you are possessed of it until you are knee-deep in the English language. | use “possessed of” _9_: You will never have sprachgeftl, but rather sprachgefth! will have you, like a Teutonic imp (>It) that settles itself'at the base of ‘your skull (fi #8) and hammers at your head everytime you read something like “crispy-fried rice” on a(n) __10_. The imp will dig its nails into your brain, an tead of ordering take-out Chinese, you will be __L1___at the take-out counter, wondering if ed rice” refers to plain tice that has becn fied or to the dish known as “ftied rice” but perhaps prepared in a new and “crispy-f way. That hyphen, you think, could just be isuse, or .. And your Teutonic imp squeezes its claws a litle harder. You must also be suited to siting in near __12 _ for eight hours a day and working entirely alone, There will be other People in the office but you will have almost no contact with them. __13 _, you are warned ofthis over and over again When | interviewed for my first job, I met with Fred Mish, Mertiam-Websters then edtorsin-chief. He cast an eye over my résumé and asked with some doubt enjoyed interacting with people, because did, then | should understand this job promised 14__ of he sort. “Office chitchat ofthe sort you're likely used 10," he said, “does not _ 15 _ good lexicography (il 848%) and doesn’t happen.” L.A.own B. build C.find D. offer 2.A.adventurously _B. constantly competitively. dominantly 3. A. confirming B. quoting, C. writing, D. expanding 4. A. personal B. formal C. educational D. organizational 5.A. families B. speakers C. historians D. majors 6.A. cultural B. certain C. various D. similar 7.A. practical B. common C official D. possible 8.4. unreliable B. unfavourable unavoidable D. unmeasurable 9... in comfort B. by chance CC. on purpose D. under consideration 10, A. menu B, newspaper C. posteard D. album 11. A. offended B. frozen C.asked D. contacted 12, A. excitement B. confidence C. relief D. silence 13.A.Tosumup B.Bycomparison _C. Onaverage Din fact 14. A. nothing B. everything C. something D. anything 15.A.depend on _B. contribute to result from Dali in Passage 2 “The word graffiti simply means words or drawings seratched or scribbled (8.9) ona wall and ha been around ince humans have lived in societies, Most people now agree that art in the form of graffiti _1__ in New York in the 1960s—and it has been developing ever since, However, it isnot readily accepted as being art ike those works that we goto galleries or museums to see. It isnot 2 the status of genuine at because of a lack of form or other basic aesheric (3E EA) elements, Infact, most ofthe __3._ to graffiti artis due to its location and unexpected and unconventional (#8404) presentation; but the criticism ofillegality, incoherence and non-standard presentation does not necessarily _4_ it as ar. There are three main levels and types of graffiti. First, there is the ‘tag'—the stylised writing of a name—which, while it might _S__ astyle of writing, has litle or no aesthetic appeal. In fact, the tag or individual mark is not produced for aesthetic purposes, but is basically a means of indicating the writer's _6_—the age-old statement of “I was here”. Murals (S8) for community enhancement and beautification are also a form of graffiti, even though they are not thought of inthis way because ‘most murals are formally arranged for. These are more colourful and complex. They take a considerable amount of skill to complete, and murals can be done in a graffiti art style or as a traditional pictorial scene. The last form of graffiti is graffiti an, Which is the _7__ use of spraypaint to produce an artwork that is graffiti or done in a graffiti-like style. The reasons and values for why one might engage in graffiti art are as __8__ as the artists who produce it. A chief reason 1 of one’s artistic talent. Graffiti is also 2 form of self-expression. The art as “writing” is a is the prospect of fame and recog method of communicating with other writers and the general public. What it communicates isthe artist's _9 ideas. Judgments are based solely on one’s artistic ability. This type of communication is of value because it links people regardless of cultural, linguistic or racial __10 in a way that nothing else can. __11__, producing graffiti art with a crew builds team work in that the crew works together for the accomplishment of a common goal. Some graffitists view their art as a ‘12 _ against the established art market and gallery system, in that art is not only that which appears ina gallery as determined by the eurator (ARH). Some also view their creations on public and private spaces as statements against private _13_. OF course, the majority of graffitists __14_ what they do and find it to be fun, rewarding and exciting. Although these reasons are expression and they donot __15__ settle the matter as to why graffiti artis art or why itis a valid art form despite its illegal origins. 1. A. benefited B. approached C. originated D. functioned 2.A. considered B. denied D. charged 3.A. opposition B. barrier D. reference 4.A, remove B. regard D. disqualify 5. A. suggest B. destroy D. profer 6.A. reputation B. interest C. presence D. talent 7.A. creative B. funny C. traditional D. growing 8. A. famous B. varied C.exciting D. disappointing 9. A. signature B. identity C. masterpiece D. appearance 10.A. differences _B. prejudices violence D. injustice TA. Afterall B. Even so C.In addition D. On the whole 12.A.competition _B. judgement C. protection D. protest 13,A. conversations B. life visits D. property 14,A. claim B. enjoy .conceal D. recycle 15.Acefficiently —_B. defensively . disagreeably D. conclusively The end of the year is ofte ‘i hom: ; . i cei often a good time for cause-related marketing: when companies push items bes the prone that part oe will 0 0 a nonprofit, Also known as cause marketing, this ___ has grown into a $1.78 billion, year panies to support charities using your dollars. Cause marketing has been around since at last 1983, when American Express offered to donate a portion of a particular credit card's revenues (BCA) to the renovation ofthe Statue of Liberty. Today, countless other companies lnk up with 2 But as the numberof cause-related campaigns has risen, so too has consumers’ _3_. "The message of thnk before you pa has gotten out” says Sandra Miniuti, VP of Marketing and CFO of Charity Navigator, which assesses charities. 4__. companies don’t do cause marketing just to give, but also to get more of your business. Surveys show that almost 90 Percent of consumers say that given similar price and quality, they're likely to _$__ a brand associated with a good cause. That's why consumers get upset when campaigns are not quite as _6_ as they seem at first glance. One source of disappointment is the common practice of a company __7_ its total donation, no matter how many produets are sold. “They'll say, we'll donate $10 per item up to $5,000,” Miniutti says. “If you're the SOIst purchase, __8__ from your purchase is getting to the charity.” And you might object to your $10 ending up in the company's coffers ({RF& #4) instead. (By contrast, some ‘companies agree to a minimum donation, Charities are subject to laws that _10__ false or misleading adve its 20 standards for charities, one that addresses cause marketing, It __L1__ disclosure at the point of appeal that identifies the 9 how many products are sold.) ing. And the Better Business Bureau includes, among, ‘amount of the purchase price going to the charity; if applicable, the duration of the campaign; and any maximum or minimum ‘that will be donated. “The __12__ should know how much he or she is helping the charity by buying this product,” explains Bennett Weiner, chief operating officer of BBB Wise Giving Alliance, which reports on charities. “The __13__ is, ifthere is no disclosure, the consumer will believe there is much more going than is usually the case.” ‘According to the Wise Giving Alliance, some charities fail to meet the BBB’s standards just because they don't specify the 114 _ portion of the purchase price going tthe organization, Others disobey the BBB's guidelines by sending consumers to a ‘website where it s difficult to find the disclosure or use __15__ language such as “net proceeds” or “some of our profits." Asks Weiner: “How is the consumer supposed to know what ‘net proceeds’ means?” 1. A. phenomenon B. relation C. statement D, management 2. A. businesses B. charities C. marketers D. consumers a B. trouble C interest D. doubt a ese B. What's more C.In particular D. Afterall ae B. set up . figure out D. wish for a B. professional C. generous D. effective oe eealng B. capping C. faking D. completing ae B. everything . nothing D. something 9A. regardless of B. in spite of . based on D. by means of ete B. forbid C. promote D. classify 1A. identifies B. denies Cuexpects D. requires ae B. salesperson C. purchaser D. executive BA “a B. disadvantage C. agreement D. promise aes B. actual C. small D. probable . B. plain C. vague D. native 15.A. descriptive Passage 4 {fer staying at home one atemoon fora delivery of discounted sink that never came, Valentin Romanov, a Stockholm It ‘manager, installed a special lock on his Na’ entrance, When noone isin, deliverymen unlock the door and slip packages nid, Four months on, MrRomanovhas __|__ hisspending online and says he cannot imagine life without in-home deliveries, These are sweet words for delivery firms and online retailers (%tii), Amazon included, that are setting up _2_ With lock manufacturers to overcome a big obstacle for e-commerce, Traditional deliveries fail so _3__ that a parcel is driven to a home an average of 1.5 times inthe Nord region, says Kenneth Verlage, head of business development at PostNord, a logistics (i) giant operating in Denmark. Finland, Norway and Sweden. Itis an expensive __4 _ made worse, he says, by the fact that recipients have still often had to wait fora failed delivery. Some deliverers leave packages on doorsteps, but this __S___ theft. OF 1,000 Americans surveyed this year by Shorr, packaging firm, nearly a third had been vietims of “porch piracy”, as this is known. Two-fifths _ 6 _ certain online purchases for fear of it. ‘A number of firms now sell wirelessly connected locks which a delivery person can open, iB @ passcode or smartphone app after the __7__ has issued a temporary authorisation, before leaving home or remotely. Deliveries are filmed with an indoor security camera paired with the lock. The short videos are sent to parcel addressees and typically __8_. comically in Mr Romanov's view, witha jiggle (43H) of the door handle from outside to show thatthe departing delivery person has locked up. ‘Amazon began offering in-home deliveries in 37 American cities in November. Shoppers who have had. special _9_ and ‘camera installed can select -home delivery at checkout. Like most firms offering the service, Amazon is tight-lipped about user 10__. The boss of August Home, a San Francisco maker of in-home delivery locks, says that already hundreds of thousands of delivery drivers, dog-walkers, cleaners and Airbnb guests use its app __11__ to-enter others’ homes. and Britain, and PostNord will aunch in-home delivery sz. Walmart and Sears have tried it; Sears even tested unattended appliance repairs. Five logistics firms and Offerings are __12__. In 2018 August Home will go to Austral in four Nordic count two Swedish supermarket chains are trying or using locks from Glue, a firm based in Stockholm, for in-home deliveries. 13. suspect these efforts will nt amount to much. Plenty of __14_ will be fearful about theft. Rhino Security Labs, 1 Seattle computer-seeurity firm, claims it hacked into and shut off the video in one Amazon lock-and-camera system. In-home deliveries are incompatible (7°49) with theft alarms. And what if an improperly fenced-off dog or cat slips outside? Or a valuable item on display gets knocked over? These are __15__ questions. But e-commerce firms have unlocked harder ones. 1.A. doubled B. deleted C. checked D. decreased 2..A. partners! B. branches funds D. conferences 3.A. occasionally _B. unexpectedly C. miserably D. frequently 4. A. development —_B. purchase tradition D. inefficiency 5.4. records B. invites C. reduces D. commits 6.A.avoid B. make C.control D. assess 7.4. driver B. manager C. deliverer D. resident 8.A. start B. end . disappear D. emerge 9... door B. computer C. lock D. application 10.A-experiences _B. preferences C. numbers D. backgrounds 11.A. illegally, B. keylessly ‘C. unknowingly D. fearfully 12.A threatening —_B. multiplying C. competing D. shrinking 13.A. Designers B. Advocates C. Opponents D. Adopters 14.A. consumers B. firms C. hackers D. producers 15,A. unimportant —_B. general C. improper D. tricky aoe : Passage 5 : Bi al of what is taught in a unversiy environments theory and not fc. Although _1__ factual evdenes the majorit fe : wlority of thinking is conclusions that writ is of relevant data, Writers and that writers and rese: analysi Tesearchers 2 sarchers have drawn from tt é ‘ideas about what is going on in the world and then research evidence to support or challenge these ideas. S—- academic debate is founded on an exchange o other people will often put forward 1s or theories. If one person puts forward an idea or theory, then te When you as a student wrter/researcher enter debate, you become part of this ongoing discussion conn 'Boing discussion contributing tothe body of knowledge surrounding te issue under discussion. For example, Piaget and Donaldson's views _ 5 _ on how chien develop. Piaget proposed that children’s thinking does not develop entirely smoothly. _ 6 there are cera points at which it ‘takes off and moves into completely new areas and capabilities. Piaget saw these transitions as taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to ‘mean that 7 _ these ages children are not capable of understanding concepts and/or ideas in certain ways. Piaget’s proposal has been used asthe basis fr scheduling the school curriculum. On te other hand, Donaldson’ theory focuses on the concept of embedded (# AZ) and disembedded thinking. Thinking that i placed in a familiar context makes ‘human’ sense and is ‘more easily understood by children who are able to __8__ with it. When children are asked to do something outside thei limits of human sense—that is, when something is __9 —their thinking is disembedded and it fails to make sense. Donaldson challenged Piaget's theory of children having 2 __10__ on their thinking. She encouraged practitioners, like teachers, to __L1. ‘what children are able to do rather than focusing on the things they cannot do. She believed that in order to educate young children effectively, practitioners must decentre and try to present things from __12__ point of view. What this means for you is that, while there is often a(n) __13__ viewpoint ona particular issue, there will be other viewpoints that you can explore and analyse through literature. To be able to think critically, you must be willing to question your own views and be __14__ the ideas and views of others. ‘You also need to be confident enough to recognise that just because something is in print does not mean itis _15 L.A. prepared for —_-B. devoted to C. measured by D. based on 2. A. suggest B. confirm C. abandon D. appreciate 3. A. As usual B. Above all C.Indetat D. In fact 4. A. proofs B. alternatives C. plans D. solutions 5. A. depend B. differ C. insist D. agree 6. A. Instead B. Nevertheless C. Consequently D. Meanwhile 7. A. between B. after C. before D.at 8. A. leave B. grow C.reason Di stick eal B. uninteresting C. insensible D. independent ic A focus B. ceiling C. suggestion D. conclusion ILA take over B. make up C. put aside Doce ‘a ‘A-a parent's B. ateacher's C.achild’s D.anexpert’s ee B. original C. dominant D. defensi ‘A. opposing . defensive ee articular about C. ‘A. good for Bp D. open to. AS B. true C. typical ‘i D. 15, A. unique clear Passage 6 ‘The designer, Charles Frederick Worth (1825-95), was the first to sew labels into the clothes that he created. Because of his and his international fame, Worth is generally considered to be the father of ____, which started in the late 19" century. Before then, making clothes was mainly done by _2__ dressmakers whose clothes were influenced by what people were wearing at the French royal court. Worth, originally from England, moved to France in 1846, where he enjoyed considerable suecess with the nobility. Since then, there have been even greater successes for other designers, such as Chanel and Armani and those the younger, trendier market, for example, Tommy Hilfiger. Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass-market sales than ‘on _4 _ designs. Some well-known designers have even teamed up with international high street shops who want to add a luxury product to their range. _S__. the London branch of H&M, a clothing company from Stockholm. has started selling cut- price clothes by high-fashion designers. Recently, hundreds of people __6 _ outside for up to 12 hours to buy clothes designed by Lanvin! Some camped there overnight, even though at the time England was experiencing an extremely cold winter. Is this __ to labelled goods really worth all the trouble? An article in The Economist suggests labelled clothes really do , in the Netherland, which explains that such clothes bring status and even job recommendations, but only when the the wearers. It quotes research from Tilburg Universi label is __9__! The university's first research experiment involved photos of a man wearing a polo shirt. The digitally _ 10 _ so that one shirt had no logo, another had a luxury-designer logo and the third had a non-luxury logo. On a no logo rated 2.91 and the non-luxury logo came last, rated 2.84. It photos were five-point scale for status, the luxury designer logo rated 3.5. seems it may be better to have no logo at all than to have the __LL his shirt had a luxury logo on it, in the other it didn’t. The man with the logo n for a 9% higher salary! ‘of superior status: ‘the peacock with logo! In another experiment, people watched one of two videos of a job interview of the same man. In one, was rated more __12__ the job and even received a recommend! ‘The research concluded that like @ peacock’ til, designer labels are seen as _13. the best tail gets all the girls’. But while a peacock can't make his tail look more attractive, it seems humans can __|4_ their status by using design labels. And by doing so, the way we __15._ each other's status may be seriously wrong! 1A. luxury industry B. modern art. fashion design. market economy 2.A. influential B. famous creative D. unknown 3.Acappealing to __B. persisting in C. complaining of _D. experimenting on AA. B. latest C. complicated D. delicate 5.4. B.For example C. On the whole D. Afterall 6.A. applied B. queued C. looked D. walked 7.A. solution B. opposition _C. devotion D. restriction 8.A. benefit B. impact C.confuse D. please 9.A. understandable B. fashionable C. reliable D. visible 10. A. stored B.improved __C. developed D. altered L.A. special B.luxurious —_C. wrong. D. untold 12. A. suitable for B. keen on . satisfied with D. independent of 13. A. classes B. signs C. advantages Dp 14,A. change B. fake C.regain D. show 15.A. elevate B. neglect, C. assess D. imitate Passage 7 Anificial intelligence is one ofthe hottest, least understood and most debated technological breakthroughs in modem times. 1 In many ways, the magic of Al is that it’s not something you can see or touch. You may not even realize you are today, When your thermostat (£43) ik 8) knows how to set the right temperature at home or when your phone automatically corrects your grammat—that’s AL 2. Computer scientists have been working on Al technologies for decades, and we'te now seeing that work 3. Recent have given tise to our technology breakthroughs, based on computers’ ability to understand speech and language. and have vision, “alter eg0"—a personal guide that knows your habits and communication preferences. and helps you schedule your time, —4 your team todo their best work. orbe, say, better parent Those sme achievements have divided leading voices inside the world of technology about the potential problems that may accompany this _S rot only inspired by technical advances, but also ideas in books, such as Steven Central to the work I do on conversational Al is how we model _6_—f by insight from our best and brightest Pinker's The Stuf of Though, that give us closer looks atthe complexity of human language, which combines logical rules with the _8_ of human passion. con the way people use words. To do so, we rev Humanity’s most important moments are often those risky ‘where emotion comes into play—like a date or a business negotiation—and people use vague language to take social risks. AI that __10__ language needs to combine the logical and unpredictable ways people interact, This likely means Al needs to recognize when people are more __1{__ on their own—when to get out of the way, when not to help, when not to record, when not to interrupt or distract. ‘The advances that AI is bringing to our world have been a half-century in the __12_ the vast amounts of data in our world, AI can truly help solve some of the world’s most puzzling problems, from improving day- ate, health care, transportation and more. The real _14__ of Al, in the end, won"t be ‘magic at al, It will be technology that adapts to people. This will be _15 for humans and for humanity. ButAl’s __13 _ is now because of 1A. using B. launching C. studying D. facing 2.A.in particular B. C. at large D. at work 3.A. catch on B. C. keep up D. bear fruit 4.A. require B. C. expect D. tempt 5. A. struggle B. action C. progress D. proposal 6.A. technology B. language . inspiration D. publication 7.8. speakers B. thinkers C. schemes D. ventures B.A. unpredictability B. impossibility C. indeseri D. unavailability 9... behaviors B. strategies C. interactions D. decisions 10.A. distinguishes _B.- generalizes C. discovers D. understands 11.A. reluctant B. defensive C. sympathetic D. effective 12, A. making, teeta a D. market 13.A. time B, advance C. image D. case 14.A. aspect B. magic C.story D.type Is.A.responsive B-unexplainble——C, transformational. inseparable Passage 8 Unwrapping your shopping to find you have bought mouldy (82 % ft) bread, rotten fruit and sour milk could soon become a thing of the past, thanks to the range of emerging ‘active packaging” technologies. While traditional packaging simply a barrier that protects food, active packaging can do a lot more. Some materials interact with the product to _ 2 insome way, ‘t provide better information on the state itis in, __3_. they may absorb oxygen inside a wrapper to help prevent food spoilage or show whether potentially dangerous foods like red meat and chicken have been stored at unsafe temperatures, (One of the new breed of packaging technologies that has just gone on the market in France isa ‘time temperature indicator’, Stores where the product has already been introduced report that far fewer consumers are returning _4 food. The indicator S__ the temperature a package has been kept at and for how long. The label has a dark ring around a lighter circle, The central ring contains a chemical which polymerises (3&4). changing colour as it oes so fromclearto _6 Ifthe package stays cool, the reaction is slow, but increasing the temperature speeds up the polymerization. When the inner circle darkens, it means the product is no longer __7__ fresh. Smart packaging canalsocontrol the __8 _ inside a container. For instance, the make-up of oxygen (Os) and carbon dioxide (COs) within packaged vegetables will influence their freshness. This can be 9 _ to control in a sealed package, since ‘vegetables consume more oxygen and give off more carbon dioxide as the package gets warmer. A firm in California is trying to solve the problem with a wrapper it calls “Intelimer’, which changes its permeability (i) as the temperature changes in a way that keeps different products at their best O3/CO: _10_ Decay can also be by controlling the environment inside a package with an ‘oxygen scavenger (iABR#I)". 12, this is achieved by placing a small bag filled with iton powder in the package—any oxygen in the package is consumed by the iron as itoxidises. However, consumers don’t __13___ finding small bags marked ‘Don’t eat in their food’, so a company in New Jersey is making a wrap that itself consumes oxygen. The __14 _ includes an inner layer of an oxidisable polymer (3&4) that traps oxygen in the same way as iron. Itis predicted that between 20 and 40 per cent of all food packaging will soon be __15. 1A. acts as B. belongs to C. deals with D. relies on 2.A.change B. improve isolate D. promote 3.A. Even so B. For instance C.lmconsequence _D. What's more 4.4. broken B. inadequate C spoilt D. unnecessary 5.A. forecasts B. lowers C. maintains Da tracks 6.A. neutral B. deep dark D. simple 7.A. guaranteed B. observed C. purchased D. required 8.A.atmosphere _—_B. effectiveness C. temperature D. tightness 9.A. convenient B. hard C. pleasing D. quick 10.A.components _B. concentrations C. regulations D. restrictions H1.A. taken on B, speeded up tuned away D. slowed down 12.A. Theoretically B. Luckily C. Surprisingly D. Currently 13.A. avoid B.mind D. practise 14, A. metal B. product D. material 1S.A. friendly B. appealing D. flexible Passage 9 Over the past decade, the number of American children and teenagers admitted to children’s hospitals for depression has ‘more than doubled. There may be plenty of reasons for it. “A number of things are pretty __1__ to young people today. They were born around when the Columbine shooting happened, they were kids for 9/11, they were kids during one of the worst financial crises in modem history." says Nicole Green, the executive director of Counselling and Psychological Services at the University of California, A big new study suggests a different _2 for teenage depression—the many hours young people spend staring at their Phone screens. That might be having serious __3._, according tothe study's author, Jean Twenge. a psychology professor at San Diego State University and author of “iGen: Why Today's Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy”. By researching national surveys, with data collected from over 300,000 American teenagers, Ms Twenge found that The future often seems __5_. adolescents wino spent more time on new media were more likely to _4___ remarks such as: (or“L feel that I can’t do anything right.” Those who used sereens less, spending time playing sport, doing homework, or socialising with friends __6_, were less likely to report mental troubles. As Ms Twenge herself admits, the study does not prove __7_. It is possible that another force is behind the increased diagnosis of depression among adolescents, and that sad teenagers are more likely than their happy peers to seek refuge in their 8__. Buta growing body of scientific evidence supports the idea that social media can lead to problems. One study published in 2016 asked a randomly selected group of adults to 9 _ social media websites for a week; a control group continued browsing the sites as usual, The former reported feeling less __10__ at the end of the week than the latter. Another experiment published in 2013 found that the more participants used social media websites, the more saddened they felt about their lives. Additionally, it showed that feeling blue did not lead people to __11__ their social media use. Not all studies are so worrying. Past research suggests that social-networking sites can promote __12__ if used to engage tion is a reminder directly with other users, rather than just to browse photos of someone else's holiday or wedding. This di that social media is what users bring to it—their __13 _ shape their experiences, both on and offline. “I try to remind myself that people only post what they __14__ you to see, soit can seem like their life is better than yours.” reflects Sarah, a junior at high school in Los Angeles. Nicole, another junior, agrees. But when asked if she has ever considered _15 _ her social media accounts, she looks confused. “No. | would feel lost.” 1.A. helpful B. unique related D. convenient 2.A, scheme B. treatment explanation D. structure 3.A. difficulties B. considerations. effects D. symptoms 4. A. depend on B. agree with C.complain about rule out 5.A. hopeless B. promising . important D. uncertain 6.A. without delay —_B. by chance C.onend D. in person 7.A. causality B. feasibility C. productivity D. effectiveness 8. A. peers B. phones c D. games 9.A. quit B. surf c. Da test 10... ignored B. depressed c. D. annoyed 11. A. support B. restrict c D. increase 12.,A. happiness B. efficiency C. awareness D. cooperation 13, A. responses B. resolutions attitudes D. adjustments 14.A. promise B. order C.want D. forbid 15. A. sharing, B. opening, C. checking D. deleting Passage 10 ‘Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English is today. The reason why millions are learning it is simple: itis the language of international business and, __1__. the key to prosperity. David Graddol, the author of English Next, says it to view the story of English simply as a success for its native speakers in North America, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia—but that would be a mistake. Global English has entered a more ‘complex stage, changing in ways thatthe English-speaking countries cannot control and might not _3._ whose English will it be in the future? Non-native speakers now _4 native 2 ‘An important question one might asl English speakers by three to one. The majority of __S in English today take place between non-native speakers. According to David Graddol, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when no native English speakers are present. This is because native speakers are often poor at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avoid longer Latin-based words, but in fact problems are more often caused by their use of idioms, metaphors, phrasal verbs, te Professor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and Applied Linguistic at the University of Vienna, records and transcribes spoken Englis! non-native speakers are _7__ standard English grammar in several ways. Even the most experienced speakers sometimes omit the“ them in where standard English does not use them. Nouns that are not plural in native-speaker English are used as plurals by non- native speakers (e.g., “informations,” “knowledges,” “advices"). Other variations include “make a discussion,” “discuss about something.” or “phone to somebody.” Many native English speakers will insist that these are just _9_. “Knowledges” and “phone to somebody” are simply ‘wrong. Many non-native speakers who teach English around the world would __10_. But language changes, and so do concepts of grammatical 1. ‘Those who insist on standard English grammar remain in a(n) _12__ position. Academies who want their work published in international journals have to obey the grammatical rules followed by native English-speaking elites (#438). But spoken English is another matter. Why should non-native speakers bother with what native speakers regard as correct? Their main aim, teractions between speakers of the language around the world. She says her team has noticed that inthe third person singular. Many omit definite and indefinite articles where they are __8_ in standard English, or put after all, isto be __13 _ by one another, and in most cases there is no native speaker present. Professor Seidthofer says, “I think that what we are looking at isthe __14 _of.a new international attitude, the recognition ‘and awareness that in many international contexts non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, to compare themselves to them, and thus always feel *_15_."" 1. A. however B. therefore C otherwise D. besides 2... relieving B, shocking. C. tempting D. disappointing 3.A. like B. oppose C.mind D. doubt 4.A. outnumber B. overlook C. upgrade D. underestimate 5.A. studies B. adjustments C. changes D. encounters 6.A. diagnosis B. comprehension _C. disturbance D. concentration 7.A. creating B. improving C. varying D. obeying 8.A. edited B. neglected C.avoided D. required 9.A. mistakes B. coincidences C. exceptions D. excuses. 10, A. fear B. object Cuagree D. fight 1A. ignorance B. evolution C. correctness D. guidance 12. A. honoured B. mysterious . falling D. powerful 13. A.recognised _B. understood C. identified D. introduced 14.A. disappearance B. emergence C.criticism D. evaluation 15. A. less good B. less lonely C. more alive D. more adapted Passage 11 “We didn't really find a good role model of any country doing things sustainably,” says Daniel O°Neill atthe University of Leeds, UK. “We need to do things ina completely different way if we are to have any hope of achieving a good life forall people on the planet.” O'Neill and his colleagues _1_ each country’s sustainability by adding up how it used, produced or affected seven things. These were water, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon dioxide emissions, land use change, ecological footprint and material consumption, The team also used 11 measures to assess whether citizens had good lives. Some were __2__ needs or expectations like nutrition, access to energy and long life expectancy, The others __3__ social stability, like income, education, equality, social support and employment prospects. A(n) _4 _ country would score zero for resource overshoot and I! for citizen well-being: everyone's needs would be met and no natural resources destroyed, Rich countries overshoot their limits to feed their lifestyles. “The USA sransgresses (#2) all seven planetary boundary indicators, but ... scores relatively __5__ on the social targets. achieving nine out of 11,” says team member Julia Steinberger ‘at the University of Leeds. The UK did _6 _ breaking five boundaries, but reaching eight social targets. “They could be described as ‘well-off over-consumers™, she says. However, South Aftica transgresses the same natural boundaries as the UK, but _7__ only one social target: nutrition. It is a “dysfunctional over-consumer”, says Steinberger, “because its consumption doesn't seem to _& a better life”. Some poor countries, like Malawi and Senegal, keep within planetary boundaries, but reach none of the social targets. A few countries are better at balancing well-being and _9_. They include Sri Lanka—which goes beyond no natural Timits—Vietnam and Moldova. _10_. none meets all the well-being targets. “The __11__ provides a critical reminder of the tremendous challenge facing humanity,” says Johan Rockstrém of Stockholm University in Sweden. “We can no longer __12__ that simply letting the market decide what is best for us will lead to anything but disaster,” says Steinberger. ‘O'Neill’s team says poorer countries should __13 _ basic needs, which can be met without overshooting limits. Citizens of rich countries should rethink what they need. “Life satisfaction” scores improved only marginally for every ecological limit broken, so __14__ luxuries could have big environmental benefits “Some of the strongest determinants of life satisfaction are good health; strong family and community relationships; economic security in the form of employment or higher incomes; and relative rather than absolute __15 with respect to the rest of one’s society,” says Steinberger. “There's a lot we can learn about how to move to lower material forms of life satisfaction.” LA. kept B. criticised C. praised D. rated 2.A. specific B. temporary C basic D. optional 3.A. endangered BB. promoted C reflected D. changed 4.A. ideal B. ich C. poor D. foreign 5. A. highly B. lowly C.disappointingly D. unexpectedly 6.A. well B. similarly C. creatively D. otherwise 7... misses B. cancels C.sets D. achieves 8. A. result in B. depend on C. care about D. point out 9A. reliability B. independence, sustainability D. product 10. A. Initially B. Moreover C. Therefore D. However 11.A. description _B. analysis C. balance D. limitation 12, A. deny B. predict C. pretend D. worry 13.A. discover B. prioritise C. neglect D. monitor 14,4. scaling back on B. keeping up with C, running out of looking forward to B 15, A. harmony security C. health D. wealth Passage 12 “Fair Trade" is a movement to ensure that producers: in developing countries receive a minimum Price for their, covers that cost of production and an extra amount fo invest into the local community. This means that when aco Fair Trade product, it must give between a quarter and a third of the selling price back to the created in the Netherlands in the late 1980s as a way of trying to fight __2 ‘2004s which mpany sells a 1. Fair Trade labeling was in developing countries. Now there are 19 organisations involved inthe running and controling of Fair Trade, and there are more than ive hundred producers from over4p countries operating in the Fair Trade system. Sales of Fair Trade products have really 3 in Bri in where consumers spend ‘more money on them than in any other country. More importantly. it sa philosophy that is proving extremely popular withthe young, which means the _4__ is looking good for the Fair Trade movement. Artecent study, which looked into in the UK are particularly _5 sh people's attitudes toward “Fair Trade”, found that school and university students about the subject. __6 _, nine out of ten students said they wanted to see their schools and universities offer Fair Trade products, such as chocolate, coffee, tea and bananas, in theit shops and canteens. Moreover, seven out of ten young people said they would be _7_ to buy a Fair Trade produet even ifthe price was slightly higher. Although the is there, however, educational establishments are proving slow to accommodate their students’ wishes. In fact, the survey suggests that only 8 per cent ofschools and universities _9__ Fair Trade products. It seems that it is the desire to make a difference to the lives of the poor that is driving young people's consumer 10. About 80 per cent said the main _1 1 __ that they buy Fair Trade goods is to help out the poor. They think itis _12_ thatthe people who produce the food they eat are paid a fait wage. And itis not just the issue of Fair Trade that __13 the young: more than 90 per cent of them said that they wanted to find out what else they could do to change their life style and benefit the poor. Fair Trade products often __14 more than non-Fair Trade items, buta lot of people are prepared to put up with slightly 15__ the lives of workers in developing countries, many of whom find it difficult to get by. igher prices if 1.A. customer B. salesperson C. producer D. transporter 2.A. poverty B. diseases C. disasters D. conflict 3. A. got away B. taken off C. broken up D. come out 4.A. demand B. review C. origin D. future 5.A.enthusiastic __B. concerned C. particular D. neutral 6.A. However B. Indeed C. Besides D. Otherwise 7.A. required B. surprised C. willing D. careful 8. A. passion B. hesitation C. feedback D. qualification 9. A. purchase B. deny C. consider D. offer 10. A. choices B. approaches C. varieties D. excuses 11. A result B. reason C. fact D. idea 12.A.informative —_B. impossible important D. inevitable 13.A. disappoints —_B. excludes C.astonishes D. interests 14.A.sell B. cost C.appeal D.help 15. A. improves B. reveals C.saves, D. understands Passage 13, A child's place in the family birth order may play a role in the type of occupations that will interest him or her as an adult, ‘new research suggests. In two related studies, researchers found that only children—and to a certain extent first-born children— ‘Were more interested in intellectual careers than later-bor children. __1_, later-born children were more interested in both artistic and outdoor-related ‘careers. These results _2 _ theories that say our place in family birth order will influence our personality. said Frederick T. L. Leong, co-author ofthe study and professor of psychology at Ohio University. “Parents _3__ place different demands and have different expectations of children depending on ther birth order.” “For example, parents may be extremely __4 _ only children and worry about their physical safety. That may be why only children are more likely to show interest in academic pursuits rather than physical or _$__ activities. An only ehild will tend ‘to get more time and attention from their parents than children with sisters or brothers. This will often make them feel special but the _6_ is that they may suffer from jealousy and loneliness when friends discuss their brothers and sisters and family life.” ‘The first-born is an only child until the second child comes along—transforming them from being the centre of attention, to then _7__ the care of parents. Parents will also expect them to be responsible and “set an example”. The change from being the focus of a family may be quite a(n) _8 and so shape the first-bom’s outlook on life. _9_. first-borns may try to get back their parents” attention and approval by achieving success in their careers, It is true that frst-borns are significantly more ‘often _10__ as political leaders than any other birth-order position. Being the youngest in the family can sometimes be a(n) _IL_ experience, especially if the child wants to be taken (ions to take up dangerous sports. seriously and treated like an adult. The last-born is more likely than the other birth-order po: This may be a sign of the last-born’s __12_—a result of being fed up with always being bossed about by everyone else in the ildren, however, have different __13_. “Middle-child syndrome” can mean feeling __14__ between two other ‘more important” people—an older brother or sister who gets all the rights and is treated like an adult and a younger one who ileges and is treated like a spoilt child. Middle-borns have to learn to get on with older and younger children, and gets all the pri this may contribute to them becoming good negotiators—of all the birth-order positions they are most skillful at __15__ both authority figures and those holding inferior positions. 1A. In addi B.Incontrast_ _C. Tobe frank D.Tosumup 2.A. fit into B.tumover C, lead to D. serve as 3.A. sensibly B. initially C. typically D. patiently 4.A-anxious about B. demanding of C. ashamed of D. particular about 5, A. outdoor B.unknown ——_C. social D. relaxing 6.A. difference B. purpose C. disadvantage D. benefit 7. A. sharing B. keeping C. gaining D. wasting 8. A. feedback B.outcome ——C. relief D. shock 9. A. However B. Therefore _C. Besides D. Otherwise 10. A. cultivated B. assigned C. found D. regarded ILA. exciting B. frustrating C. common D. invaluable iaA.perseverance — B. significance. respon D. rebelliousness 15.A. qualifications B.memories_C. hobbies Da issues acA.sandwiched — Beeonnected ——C. distinguished D. stimulated B. depending on C. dealing’ with D. objecting to 15. A. working out Passage 14 ‘A hundred years ago, the largest city in the world was London, with a population of 6.5 million, Today itis beaten by Tokyo, With barely a quarter the population of London a century ago, the Tokyo metropolitan area has since __1__ to 34 mil a, promoting it to first place in the global city league table. Tokyo's phenomenal growth is largely due to a single factor: migration from the countryside to the city This _2__ migration can now be seen in scores of cities around the globe. And it has brought us to a crucial moment in hhuman history. In 1900, most people lived in the countryside, with a little over 10 percent of the world’s population fiving in 3. From next year, the UN Population Division predicts that forthe first time in history, more people will live in cities than in the country, and the biggest growth will be in “megacities,” with populations over 10 million, The _4 _ of megacities—there are now 20 in total—has brought with it huge environmental and social problems. Cities ‘occupy just two percent of the land surface of the Earth but consume three-quarters of the resources that are used up each year. ‘Their residents are making ruinous __§ on soils and water supplies for food and on forests for wood and paper. —6___ the world’s population to the countryside isn’t an option. Dividing up the planet into plots of land on which we could all survive self-sufficiently would create its own natural disasters, not to mention being highly unlikely to ever _7_. If we are to protect what is let of nature, and meet the demand to improve the quality of living for the world’s developing nations, a new form of city living is the only option. __8_. governments, planners, architects. and engineers are beginning to wake up to this idea, and are dreaming up new ways to green the megacities. Their approaches __9 _ two main principles: recycle whatever possible and remove as many cars as possible. So as well as developing energy-efficient buildings, emphasis is increasing the use of __10 placed on and redesigning how cities are organized to combine work and living areas into a single neighborhood, rather than __11_ cities into residential, commercial, and industri zones. Planners and architects now agree that to improve the social and environmental condition of cities the top _12_ is tocut car use. They say zero-emission cars running on electricity or burning hydrogen are not __13_. What is needed is a wholesale rethink of how new cities are laid out—and how existing ones expand—to __14 the need for ears in the first place. One way of achieving this is to build cities with multiple centers where people live __15__ their work in high-tise blocks that are also near public transport hubs. In parts of the world this is already taking place. 1A. added B. mushroomed C. responded D. adapted 2.A. out-of-date B. rural-to-urban C. bottom-to-top D. on-the-site B. villages C. poverty D. hope 4. A. increase B. advantage '. management D. distribution 5. A. judgements B. comments C. demands D. impressions 6.A, Passing B. Relating C. Returning. D. Introducing 7.A. disappear B. decrease Cuexist D. happen 8.A. Generally B. Naturally C. Previously D. Fortunately 9. A. rely on B. set aside C. result in D. take to. 10. A. self-driving cars B. public transport C. green buildings D. eco-friendly packaging 11.A, changing B. arranging C. separating D. forcing 12.A. concen B. secret C. reform D. priority 13. A. enough B. possible C. common D. scarce 14. A. emphasize B. minimize C. neglect D. consider 15.A. independent of _B. far from C. close to D. free of Passage 15 Today, dreams are the subject of frequent scientific study and the Internet is full of pages where you can find common dreams interpreted, but the truth ofthe matter is that we still don’t really know why we dream. research has been able to show that our dreams have similar characteristics. In a study by the American psychiatrist and dream researcher J. Allan Hobson, some 2__ dream characteristics were identified. He found that dreams often involve strong emotions and unusual sensations such as falling. He discovered that they are __3.__ and mix up time, people and places but are accepted by the dreaming mind no matter how strange they are, _4_. and people. In another study by the American psychologist Calvin S. Hall which was carried out during a forty-year period, over 500.000 dream __5__ from children, university students and adults from all around the world were collected. The subjects were asked 6 Hall was able to ‘won't come as a surprise to anybody, he saw that dreams are quickly forgotten by most to write dream diaries as soon as they woke up; some of them were completed over decades. From this draw some interesting conclusions about dreams. In the frst place, people from very different places around the world generally have similar dream experiences. The most _7__ experienced emotion in dreams was anxiety, and negative feelings were more common in dreams than positive ones, However, when it came to extremely strong emotions, there were sharp differences, with ‘50 per cent of American men experiencing aggression in dreams __8 _ only 32 per cent of Dutch men. Hall also _9 that the world tends to dream about the same things. Situations related to school, work and family life were frequent as were __10__ experiences such as falling, being chased, not being able to move and having your teeth pulled out. Other __11__ dreams included falling in love with people you hardly know, embarrassing moments and arriving late for events. However, while Hall found that we dream about the same things, he also came to the conclusion that what we dream about is greatly influenced by what is going on in our _ 12 _ lives. Personal recent experiences were often woven into people’s dreams and after analyzing the diaries recorded over years and, in some cases, decades, Hall found that the changes in the content of people's dreams __13__ the changes that occurred in their waking lives. So while the scientific world is still unsure about the __14__ of dreams, a large body of research has managed to remove some of the mystery from dreaming. It would seem that most of us are having very similar nocturnal (#218) 32469) experiences but __15 that people around the world will continue to find a wide range of different interpretations for them, 1A. Otherwise B. Besides C. Likewise D. However 2A. valuable B. unique C. common D. unusual 3.A.embarrassing _B. reasonable . illogical D. frequent 4.A. Finally B. Additionally C. Consequently D. Strangely 5. A. waves B. reports C. studies D. experiences 6. A. material B. emotion C. variety D. number 7A. relatively B. privately, C. virtually D. frequently 8. A.concerned about B. excluded by C. associated with. compared to 9.A. suspected B. discovered C. requested D. predicted 10.A. interesting _-_-B physical C. ordinary D.real 11. A. unforgettable B. wil C. unreachable D. universal 12. A. daily B. waking C. happy. D. working 13. A. covered B. forecast C. matched D. enhanced 14. A. purpose B. types C. features D. study 15.A. above B. due to C. despite D. interms of Passage 16 Personality i one ofthe most interesting ways in which people ae diferent from one another. But where does out personaty come from? Are we __|__ with it or does it change as we get older? A great deal of research into personality indicates that —i_. Psychologist Sanjay Srivastava and a team of researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, have just completed a large-scale study into people's personalities are more or less _2__ before they are bom. However, not everyone is personality. The researchers evaluated data from 132,515 adults aged between 21 and 60. The team focused on five personality traits (MEE. BR) —what scientists call ‘The Big Five’. These are: 1, Conscientiousness—how careful, thorough and self-disciplined are you? 2. Agreeableness—how __4 and helpful are you? 3. Neuroticism—how self-conscious and tense are you? 4. Openness—how __5__, imaginative and open to new experiences are you? 5. Extraversion—how sociable and energetic are you? What they found contradicted (‘5...7-7&) long-held assumptions about __6 _ personalities are set. Conscientiousness, a trait marked by organisation and discipline and linked to success at work and in relationships, was found to increase ‘through the: age ranges studied, with the most _7_ occurring in a person's twenties. Similarly. agreeableness. a trait associated with being. warm, generous and helpful. contradicted the theory that personalities don’t change after the age of 30. __8 _, people in the study showed the most change in agreeableness during their thirties and continued to improve through their sixties. The changes in these two traits revealed in the study seem to _9 the experiences that people tend to have at certain ‘stages of their lives. Common sense tells us that people become more responsible and conscientious as they __10__ and become better at managing their jobs and relationships. Similarly, agreeableness changes most in people’s thirties when many of them are raising a family and take on the role of __I1__. Openness showed small __12___ in both men and women over time, a change that indicates less interest in forming new relationships, and reflects the tendency we have as we get older to spend more time with a small group of well-known relatives and fiends, and less time going out and meeting __13 _ people. The personality traits were __14 _ consistent between men and women, except for neuroticism and extraversion, with young women scoring higher than young men in both. However, the difference in neuroticism is only apparent in youth and young adulthood, and the gap between men and women in both neuroticism and extraversion __15__ as people age. 1.A.bom B. satisfied angry D. careful 2.A. dominant B. fixed isolated D. dependable 3.A. interested B. interviewed related D. convinced 4, A. dependent B. considerate C. willing D. confident 5.A. ambitious B. efficient C. curious D. intelligent 6.A. when. B. why Chow D. what 7.A. relationship _—_B. success C.study D. change 8.A.Tosome degree B.Inthe meantime C.Onthe contrary. With no exception 9..A. result from B. bring about C.correspond with —_D. consist of 10. A. approach B. mature C. predict D. appear 11.A. explorers B. leaders C.leamers D. carers 12. A. benefits B. tendencies C. influences D. declines 13.A.new B. young Cold D. lonely 14.A. scarcely B. generally C. invariably D. respectively 15.A. exists B. widens C. narrows D. appears Passage 17 When Vivek it i a 30, awoke with a swollen knee after a night out wit fiends, he knew he should probably see a doctor. was, “I couldn't remov. re : a Couldn't remove from my sofa, and I didn’t want to pay for taxis to and from the hospital," says the San Franciseo= based entrepreneur (AW), SoS | © Sodera grabbed his phone and opened Doctor on Demand, a new app that allows users to video chat wth doctors to get 2 help in real time. He typed in his symptoms. got pared witha nearby __3__ and sent him afew photos ofhis knee. Within ‘minutes, the doctor informed Sodera that he likely __4 his knee and would need an MRI—uhich he scheduled for the following week —5_ reserved mostly for expensive private practices or rural communities that lack access to health care, telemedicine is becoming increasingly mainstream, __6 _ apps like Doctor on Demand, which is backed by Dr. Phil, and HealthTap, which attracts more than | million users. For patients, telemedicine apps are a _7_ easy alternative to nonemergency consultations. Asking text-based questions (on HealthTap and AskMD is free, and a 15-minute appointment via Doctor on Demand costs $40 (roughly the same as a regular co-pay, except it doesn’t require insurance), For __8_, the apps are a tool to build a public image, attract new patients and make alittle extra cash during their downtime. And for hospitals and other medical care providers they're a means to streamline care for existing patients, As Murray Aitken, executi

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