IHSB[HE S[H@QF@TO DID@Q[BEF@H AHZH[ ;

OTIQF^FK[HQB[ HZQHKFI ODELLTEH@HE Q[HEZFZQB[ 

EHOH = \DIIF HEA[FHEF

EFO = 863::8:<

S[BAF = SDEAFAF@HE

NFZF@H ABZDE =

Ars.GTN[F,O.Zi

  IHKB[HQB[FTO DID@Q[BEF@H AHE

FEZQ[TODEQHZF MT[TZHE NFZF@H

NH@TIQHZ OHQDOHQF@H AHE FIOT SDELDQHGTHE

HIHO TEF^D[ZFQHZ EDLD[F SHAHEL

;3;8
 OTIQF^FK[HQB[ HZQHKFI ODELLTEH@HE Q[HEZFZQB[ 

H. Qujuhe

  8. Odelhohti kdetu` isyhrht `diuhrhe ahri ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii

  ;. Odedetu`he sdihel wh`tu shht trhesistbr Q8 odelghthr (be) ahe trhesistbr Q;

  tdrputus (bnn) ahe sdkhii`eyh

:. Odeydiiai`i pdelhrug eiihi thghehe ahe `hphsithsi ahri `hphsistbr tdrgahp pdribah
ahe nrd`udesi ldibokhel yhel aighsii`he
1. Odeydiiai pdelhrug thghehe ^hrihkdi tdrghahp pdribah ahe nrd`udesi
ldibokhel yhel aighsii`he

  4. Odelhohti pdelhrug eiihi thghehe tdrghahp `dhahhe eyhih ahri ihopu IDA.

K. Sdrhihthe ahe @bopbede

E Sdralatae @bopbede

B
8 Bsilbs`bp dual Jageedl Mao Qraesistbr epe (KJ818)
/
[dsistbr @arkbe
; Ztbpwatjg
Sbetdesibodtdr
:  Oultiodtdr dilital
IDA
a. ^bltodtdr
 @apasitbr Dld`trblit
k. Hopdrodtdr
@apasitbr @draoi`
j. Bgoodtdr
 @akdl Sdelgukuel
1 Srbjdjtkbard
 Kattdrai 6 ^
J.AHQH SDELHOHQHE

8. Qhkdi 8h. ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe sdihel wh`tu, pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ahri
ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii uetu` vhrihsi thghehe [8

 E [8(@℮) t8 (a t) t; (a t) Q (a t) N (G z)
B
-1
8; :;,:@ ℮ 3,1 o /s 3,4o /s 1,64 x 8 3  at
-1
;;3;1;3,;
7G z
: 84 @ ℮ 3,; o /s 3,> o /s 7,7 x 8 3-1 at 8.8:>,1
Gz

Qhkdi 8k. ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe sdihel wh`tu, pdribah, ahe nrd`udesi ahri
ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii uetu` vhrihsi thghehe [;

 EB [;(@℮) t8 (at) t; (at) Q (at)-1 N (Gz)

8 ;@℮ 3,4 o /s 3,1 o /s 1,4 x 8 3  at ;;;;,; G
z
; :,: @ ℮ 3,4 o /s 3,1 o /s 1,6 1x 8 3- ;313,7 G
 at - z
: 84 @ ℮ 3,> o /s 3,; o /s 7,7 1x 8 3 8.8:>,1
 at Gz

;. Qhkdi ;h. ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe sdihel wh`tu pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ahri
ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii uetu` vhrihsi `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8

 E J8 t8 (a t) t; (a t) Q (a t) N (G z)
B
8 ;3: M 3,7 o 3,:7 o 3,8< a 4,6 G z
/s /s t
; >7: 3,> o 3,: o 3,4> a 8,<7 G z
M /s /s t

Qhkdi ;k. ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe sdihel wh`tu pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ahri
ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii uetu` vhrihsi `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J;

 E J; t8 (a t) t; (a t) Q (a t) N (G z)
B
8 ;3: M 3,1 o 3,8 o 3,8> a >,;4 G z
/s /s t
; >7: 3,4 o 3,> o 3,4> a 8,<> G z
M /s /s t
 :. Qhkdi :. Ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ahri ouitivikrhtbr
hsthkii adelhe vhrihsi [S (pbtdesibodtdr)

 E [S(@℮) t8 (a t) t; (a t) Q (a t) N (G z)
B
8 8; @ ℮ 8 o /s 3,6 o /s 8,6-: x 8 4;>,: G
3  at z
; 7@ ℮ 3,4 o /s 3,< o /s 8,>-:x 8 >;4 G z
3  at
: >@ ℮ 3,< o /s 3,4 o /s 8,;-:x 8 7::,: G
3  at z

1. Qhkdi 1. Ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe pdribahahe nrd`udesi sdrth `dhahhe pdrlhetihe

eyhih IDA ahri ouitikrhtbr hsthkii

 E [S (@℮) Gituelhe Q ( at) N ( Gz) @dhahhe

eyhih B  pdrlhetihe
IDA/odeit eyhih IDA
8 7@ ℮ 47 / o deit 8,: a t 3,<>4 G z Kdr`daip-
`daip
; 81 @ ℮ >8/odeit 8,>6 a t 3,46 G z Kdr`daip-

: :3 @ ℮ >:/odeit ;,<7 a t 3,:> G `daip

Kdr`daip-
z
`daip
K.HEHIFZFZ AHQH

 Eiihi `bopbede =
• [8?[;?8; @℮

• [:?[1? 8 @℮

• J8?J;? 1<pN
• ->
1< pN ? 1< x 83  µN
8. Qhkdi 8h. adelhe vhrihsi [8

Ahth 8
• [8? ; @℮
• t8 ? 3,1 o/s
• t; ? 3,4 o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W ; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?>,4.83-1 Z
?3,>4 os3,>4∛3,1

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? :7,1%
3,>4

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6 ∛3,4

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;7,; %
3,:6

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (; @℮+ 8; @℮)
?1,4.83-1 Z
-3,14 os
8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )
  8
?  
1,4.83∛1 Z

?;;;;,; Gz
Ahth ;
• [8? :,: @℮
 • t8 ? 3,1 o/s
• t; ? 3,4 o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W :,: @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?8,3<.83-1 Z
?3,8; os
3,8;∛3,1

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;:,: %
3,8;

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6 ∛3,4
 %@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;,7; %
3,:6
• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )
? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (:,:@℮+ 8; @℮)
?1,6.83-1 Z
-3,16 os
8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )
  8
 
? 1,6.83∛1 Z
?;313,7 Gz

Ahth :
• [8? 84 @℮
• t8 ? 3,; o/s
• t; ? 3,> o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 84 @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?1,7.83-1 Z
?3,17 os
3,17∛ 3,;

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? 47,: %
3,17
 • t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6∛3,>
 %@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? 4:,7 %
3,:6

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (84 @℮+ 8; @℮)
?7,7.83-1 Z
?3,77 os
8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )
  8
?  
7,7.83∛1 Z

?88:>,1 Gz

Qhkdi 8k. adelhe vhrihsi [;

 Eiihi `bopbede =
• [8?[;?8; @℮

• [:?[1? 8 @℮

• J8?J;? 1<pN
• ->

 µN
1< p N ? 1
< xA83h th
8
• [8? ; @℮
• t8 ? 3,4 o/s
• t; ? 3,1 o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
• %@Z[ ?┋ 3,:6 ∛3,4
3,:6
┋W833 % ? ;7,;%
 • t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W ; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?>,4.83-1 Z
?3,>4 os
3,>4∛3,1

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? 48,4 %
3,>4

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (8; @℮+ ; @℮)
?1,4.83-1 Z
-3,14 os
8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )
  8
? 1,4.83∛1 Z  
?;;;;,; Gz
Ahth ;
• [8? :,: @℮
• t8 ? 3,4 o/s
• t; ? 3,1 o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6 ∛3,4

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;7,;%
3,:6

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W :,: @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?8,3<.83-1 Z
?3,83< os
3,83<∛ 3,1

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? :>,1 %
3,83<

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (8;@℮+ :,: @℮)
?1,6.83-1 Z
-3,16 os
 8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )
  8
 
? 1,6.83∛1 Z
?;313,7 Gz

Ahth :
• [8? 84 @℮
• t8 ? 3, o/s
• t; ? 3,; o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os3,:6 3,4
∛

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;7,;%
3,:6

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 84 @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?1,7.83-1 Z
?3,17 os3,17 3,;
∛

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? 4,7: %
3,17

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (8; @℮+ 84 @℮)
?7,7.83-1 Z
?3,77 os
8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )
  8
 
? 7,7.83∛1 Z
?88:>,1 Gz
;. thkdi ;h adelhe vhrihsi J8
• [8?[;?8; @℮
• J;?1< x 83-> µN
Ahth 8
 • t8 ? 3,7 os
• J;? 1< x 83-> µN
• J8? ;3: M ? ;3.83: pN ?;3.83-> µN ? ;.83-; µN
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W ; x 83 -; µN
?3,8>.83-1 Z
?8>3 os
8>3∛3,7

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? 66,4%
8>3

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6∛3,:7

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;,> %
3,:6

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (; x 83-; µN + 1< x 83-> µN)
?3,8< Z
8
• n? 8
Q  3,>6: ( [ 8 J  8+ [ ;
?
J  ; )

  8
? 3,8< s  
?4,6Gz
Ahth ;
• [8?[;? 8; @℮
• J;? 1< x 83-> µN
• J8? >7.83-: µN
• t8 ? 3,> o/s
• t; ? 3,: o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W >7.83-: µN
?3,4;.83-1 Z
?4;3 os
•
%@Z[ ?┋ 4;3∛3>
4;3 ┋W833 % ? 66,7%
• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
 ? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6 ∛3,:

%@Z[ ?┋ 3,:6
┋W833 % ? ;: %

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (>7 x 83-: µN + 1< x 83-> µN)
?3,4> s
8
• n? 8
Q  3,4> Z
?

?8,<4 Gz
thkdi ;h adelhe vhrihsi J;

Ahth 8
• t8 ? 3,1os
• t;?3,8 os
• J8? 1<. 83-> µN
• J;?;3 x 83: .83-> µN
• [8?[;?8; @℮
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1<. 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
?3,:6 os
3,:6 ∛3,1

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? ;,4%
3,:6

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W ;3 x 83: .83-> µN
?3,8< Z
3,8<∛ 3,8

%@Z[ ?┋ ┋W833 % ? 1,8 %
3,8<

• Q? t8+t; ? 3,>6: ([8J8 + [8J8 )

? 3,>6: W 83-1 µN (; x 83-; 83->  µN + 1< x 83-> µN)
?3,8> Z
8
• n? 8
Q  3,8> Z
?

?>,;4Gz
Ahth ;
• [8?[;? 8; @℮
• J;? >7 x 83-> µN
• J8? 1< x 83-> µN
• t8 ? 3,4 o/s
• t; ? 3,> o/s
• t8G? 3,>6:.[8J8
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W 1< x 83-> µN
?:,6.83-1 Z
 • %@Z[ ?┋ 3,:6∛34
3,:6
┋W833 % ? ;7,;%

• t;G? 3,>6:.[;J;
? 3,>6: W 8; @℮ W >7 x 83-> µN
?4>.83-1 Z
?3,4> os
• %@Z[ ?┋ 3,4>∛ 3,> ┋W833
3,4>
% ? 3,3< %
:. Qhkdi :. Sdelu`urhe pdribah nrd`udesi adelhe vhrihsi [S
Ahth 8
• J8?J;? 1< x 83-> µN
• [8?[;?8; @℮
• t8 ? 8 os
• t;? 3,6 os
• Qu? t8+t;?(8+3,6) os ?8,6 os?8,6.83-: s
• nu? 8
?   8
? 4;>,: Gz
Qu 8,6.83∛: s
8,11
• ng? ( [S + [ 8 ) J  8 + ( [S+ [ ; )
?
J  ;

8,11
( 8;+ 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83 ∛> ´ N  +(8; + 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N 
  8,11
? ;,;>.83∛: ?>:<,; Gz
n g ∛nu >:<,;∛4;>,:
%@Z[? ?┋ ┋x833 %? ?┋ ┋x833%?8<,1 %
>:<,;

ng

• Qg? 8
?   8 ?8,>.83
-:
 s
n g >:<,;
Q g ∛ Qu 8,>∛ 8,6
%@Z[? ?┋ ┋x833 %? ?┋ ┋x833%?84,7 %

Qg 8,>

Ahth ;
• J8?J;? 1< x 83-> µN
• [8?[;?8; @℮
• t8 ? 3,6 os
• t;? 3,< os
• -:
Qu? t8+t;?(3,6+3,<)
8   8
os ?8,> os?8,>.83  s
• nu? Qu ? 8,>.83 ∛: s ? >;4 Gz
 8,11
• ng?
( [S + [ 8 ) J  8 + ( [S + [ ; )

?
J  ;

8,11
( 7 +8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N  +( 7 + 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N 
  8,11
? ?<>4,6 Gz
8,77.83∛:

• %@Z[? ?┋ n g ∛nu ┋x833 %? ?┋ <>4,6∛>;4 ┋x833%?87,: %

ng <>4,6
8   8
• Qg? ? ?8,:.83-: s
n g <>4,6
Q g∛Qu 8,:∛8,>
• %@Z[? ? Qg
┋x833 %? ?┋ ┋x833%?;:,8 %
8,:
┋
Ahth :
• [S?> @℮
• t8 ? 3,< os

• t;? 3,4 os
• Qu? t8+t;?(3,< +3,4) os ?8,; os?8,;.83-: s
8   8
• nu? ? ? 7::,8
Gz
Qu 8,;.83 ∛ : s
8,11
• ng? ( [S + [ 8 ) J  8 + ( [S + [ ; )

?
J  ;

8,11
( > +8; ) @ ℮ W   1< x 83∛> ´ N  +( > + 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N 
  8,11
? 8,<.83∛: ?71<,8 Gz
n g∛nu 71<,8∛7::,8
• %@Z[? ? ng ┋x833 %? ?┋ 71<,8 ┋x833%?8,>; %
┋
8   8
• Qg? n ? 71<,8 ?8,8.83-: s
g
Q g ∛ Qu 8,8∛8,;

%@Z[? ?┋ ┋x833 %? ?┋ ┋x833%?6,8 %
Qg 8,8

1. Qhkdi 1. Sdelu`urhe pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ahri `dhahhe pdrlhetihe eyhih

IDA ahri ouitivikrhtbr
Ahth 8
• [S?7 @℮
->
J8? 1< x  µN


83
• J;?1< x 83-> µN
 8,11
•   ng?
( [S + [ 8 ) J  8 + ( [S + [ ; )

?
J  ;

8,11
( 7 + 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N  +( 7 + 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N 
  8,11
? ?,3,<>4 Gz
8,77.83∛:

• 8  8
Qg? n g ? 3,<>4 ?8,: s
Ahth ;
• [S?81@℮
• J8? 1< x 83-> µN
• J;?1< x 83-> µN
8,11
•   ng? ( [S + [ 8 ) J  8 + ( [S + [ ; )

?
J  ;

8,11
( 81 + 8; ) @ ℮ W   1<  x 83∛ > ´ N  +( 81 +8; ) @ ℮ W   1< x 83∛ > ´ N 
  8,11
? ?,3,46Gz
;,11.83∛:
8  8
• Qg? n g ? ?8,>6 s
3,46
Ahth :
• [S?:3@℮
• J8? 1< x 83-> µN
• J;?1< x 83-> µN
8,11


  ng? ( [S + [ 8 ) J  8 + ( [S + [ ; )

J  ; ?

8,11
( :3 + 8; ) @ ℮ W  1< x 83∛> ´ N  +( :3 +8;) @ ℮ W  1< x 83 ∛> ´ N 
  8,11
? :,617.83∛: ?,3,:>Gz
8  8
? ?;,<7s
• Qg? n g 3,:>
 J.SDOKHGHZHE

Sdrjbkhhe `hii yhel aiih`u`he iei kdrkdah adelhe pdrjbkhhe sdkdiuoeyh,aisiei `hoi
odih`u`he pdrjbkhhe adelhe odellueh`he hpii`hsi D\K.Srh`ti`uo yhel `hoi ih`u`he
tdethel Ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii odellueh`he trhesistbr yhel kdrtujuhe uetu` odelhohti kdetu`
isyhrht `diuhrhe ahri ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii,odedetu`he sdihel wh`tu shht trhesistbr
Q8 odelghethr (be) ahe trhesistbr Q; tdrputus (bnn) ahe sdkhii`eyh,odeydiiai`i pdelhrug
eiihi thghehe ahe `hphsithesi ahri `hphsitbr tdrghahp pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ldibokhel
yhel
aighsii`he,odeydiiai`i pdelhrug thghehe vhrihkdi tdrghahp pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ldibokhel
yhel aighsii`he ahe odelhohti pdelhrug eiihi thghehe tdrghahp eyhih ahri ihopu IDA
Zdkdiuo odih`u`he prh`ti`uo `hoi ghrus odoku`h hpii`hsi D\K ahe odoiiig
sdouh `bopbede yhel h`he ailueh`he tdridkig ahguiu, Zdtdihg odohsti`he
sdouh
`bopbede idel`hp, ihiu `hoi odrhel`hi rhel`hihe ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii
adelhe odellueh`he 1 rdsistbr,; `hphsitbr ahe ; trhesistbr. Zdtdihg rhel`hihe sdidshi ahpht
aiiight
 kdetu` tdlhelhe `diuhrhe adelhe odellueh`he bsiibs`bp aioh prbkd bsiibs`bp tdridth` phah
shihg shtu `hphsitbr J8 hthu J;. Zdihejuteyh h`he aitdetu`heh pdelhrug thghehe tdrghahp
 pdribah ahe nrd`udesi yhel aighsii`he. Sdrjbkhhe pdrthoh aiih`u`he adelhe odovhrihsi`he
thghehe [8 sdahel`he `bopbede ihieeyh tdthp hlhr ai`dthgui pdelhrug thghehe [8 tdrghahp
 pdribah ahe nrd`udesi , pdrjbkhhe aiih`u`he adelhe : vhrihsi [8 yhitu 83 @Φ, 43 @Φ ahe
833 @Φ.Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe [8
yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr, ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe [8
yhel aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi h`he sdo`ie `djii, adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi thghehe
[8 adelhe pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus, sdahel`he gukuelhe thghehe [8
adelhe
nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus. Ahe eiihi t8 h`he kdrthokhg adelhe
kdrthokhgeyh thghehe [8 , sdahel`he eiihi t; h`he tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug
pdrukhghe [8 tdrghahp eiihi t;.
Sdrjbkhhe `dauh aiih`u`he adelhe odovhrihsi`he [; yhel kdrtujuhe
uetu` odedetu`he pdelhrug thghehe [; tdrghahp pdribah ahe nrd`udesi. Sdelu`urhe
aiih`u`e adelhe : vhrihsi eiihi thghehe [; yhitu 83 @Φ, 43 @Φ ahe 833 @Φ. Zdtdihg
aiih`u`he
 pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe [; yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah
 julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr, ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe [; yhel aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi
h`he sdo`ie `djii, adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi thghehe [; adelhe pdribah hahihg
 kdrkheaiel iurus, sdahel`he gukuelhe thghehe [; adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus.
Ahe eiihi t; h`he kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh thghehe [; , sdahel`he eiihi t8 h`he tdthp,
hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug pdrukhghe [; tdrghahp eiihi t8.
Sdrjbkhhe `dtilh aiih`u`he adelhe odovhrihsi`he `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 yhel
 kdrtujuhe uetu` odedetu`he pdelhrug `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 tdrghahp pdribah ahe
nrd`udesi. Sdelu`urhe aiih`u`e adelhe : vhrihsi eiihi `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 yhitu 3.8 uN,
83 uN ahe ;3 uN. Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh sdoh`ie kdshr 
`hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr,
ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 yhel aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi h`he sdo`ie
`djii,
adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 adelhe pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel
iurus, sdahel`he gukuelhe `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel
iurus. Ahe eiihi t8 h`he kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh `hphsithesi `hphsitbr
J8 , sdahel`he eiihi t; h`he tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8
tdrghahp eiihi t;.
Sdrjbkhhe `ddopht aiih`u`he adelhe odovhrihsi`he `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; yhel
kdrtujuhe uetu` odedetu`he pdelhrug `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; tdrghahp pdribah ahe
nrd`udesi. Sdelu`urhe aiih`u`e adelhe : vhrihsi eiihi `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; yhitu 3.8 uN,
83 uN ahe ;3 uN. Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh sdoh`ie kdshr 
`hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr,
ehoue
sdoh`ie kdshr `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; yhel aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi h`he sdo`ie `djii,
adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; adelhe pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel
iurus, sdahel`he gukuelhe `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel
iurus. Ahe eiihi t; h`he kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J;
, sdahel`he eiihi t8 h`he tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; tdrghahp
eiihi t8
Sdrjbkhhe sdihejuteyh hahihg adelhe odehokhgh`e pbtdesibodtdr aihethrh [: ahe
[1 . Aioheh eiihi pbtdesihi yhel aikdri`he kdrvhrihsi yhitu 83 @Φ, ;3 @Φ, ahe :3 @Φ.
^hrihsi eiihi thghehe pbtdesihi aiih`u`he uetu` odeedtu`he gukuelhe eiihi pbtdesibodtdr 
tdrghahp pdribah ahe nrd`udesi. Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii
khgwh gukuelhe eiihi pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus , hrtieyh
sdo`hie kdshr eiihi pbtdesihi yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie
kdshr ahe sdkhii`eyh, sdahel`he gukuelhe hethrh thghehe pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp
nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel tdrkhi`, hrtieyh sdoh`ie kdshr eiihi pbtdesibodtdr yhel
aikdri`he oh`h eiihi nrd`udesi h`he sdoh`ie `djii ahe sdkhii`eyh
 Sdrjbkhhe sdihejuteyh hahihg adelhe odehokhgh`e pbtdesibodtdr aihethrh [: ahe [1 .
Aioheh eiihi pbtdesihi yhel aikdri`he kdrvhrihsi yhitu 83 @Φ, ;3 @Φ, ahe :3 @Φ. ^hrihsi eiihi
thghehe pbtdesihi aiih`u`he uetu` odeedtu`he gukuelhe eiihi pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp
pdribah ahe nrd`udesi. Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh
gukuelhe eiihi pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus , hrtieyh sdo`hie
kdshr eiihi pbtdesihi yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr ahe sdkhii`eyh,
sdahel`he gukuelhe

hethrh thghehe pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel tdrkhi`, hrtieyh sdoh`ie kdshr 
eiihi pbtdesibodtdr yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi nrd`udesi h`he sdoh`ie `djii ahe sdkhii`eyh.
.
 A.@DZFOSTIHE

Ahri pdrjbkhhe yhel tdihg aiih`u`he ahpht aisiopui`he khgwh=

8. Kdetu` isyhrht `diuhrhe ahri ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii hahihg

;. Zdihel wh`tu shht trhesistbr Q 8 odelghethr (be) ahe trhesistbr Q; tdrputus (bnn)
hahihg

 E [8(@℮) t8 ( at) t; ( at) Q ( at) N ( Gz)

B
8 ;@ ℮ 3,1 o /s 3,4 o /s 1,4 x 8 3-1 at
-1
;;;;,; Gz
; :,: @ ℮ 3,1 o /s 3,4o/s 1,6 x 8 3  at ;313,7 Gz
: 84 @ ℮ 3,; o /s 3,> o /s 7,7 x 8 3-1 at 8.8:>,1
Gz

 E [;(@℮) t8 ( at) t; ( at) Q ( at) N ( Gz)

B
8 ;@ ℮ 3,4 o /s 3,1 o /s 1,4 x 8 3-1 at ;;;;,;
Gz
: 84 @ ℮ 3,> o /s 3,; o /s 7,7 x 8 3 -1
-1  at ;3 1 3 ,
; :,: @ ℮ 3,4 o /s 3,1 o /s 1,6 x 83  at 8 . 8 : >
Zdihel wh`tu shht trhesistbr Q ; odelghethr (be) ahe trhesistbr Q8tdrputus (bnn) hahihg

 E J8 t8 (a t) t; (a t) Q (a t) N (G z)
B
8 ;3: M 3,7 o /s 3,:7 o /s 3,8< a t 4,6 G z
; >7: M 3,> o /s 3,: o /s 3,4> a t 8,<7 G z

 E J; t8 (a t) t; (a t) Q (a t) N (G z)
B
8 ;3: M 3,1 o /s 3,8 o /s 3,8> a t >,;4 G z
; >7: M 3,4 o /s 3,> o /s 3,4> a t 8,<> G z
:. Sdelhrug eiihi thghehe ahe `hphsithesi ahri `hphsitbr tdrghahp pdribah
hahihg
 kdrkheaiel iurus hrtieyh sdoh`ie kdshr eiihi thghehe ahe `hphsithesi ahri `hphsitbr 
yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah h`he sdo`hie kdshr ahe sdkhii`eyh, ahe pdelhrug
eiihi thghehe ahe `hphsithesi ahri `hphsitbr tdrghahp nrd`udesi ldibokhel yhel
aighsii`he hahihg kdrkheaiel tdrkhii`, hrtieyh sdo`hie kdshr eiihi thghehe ahe
`hphsithesi ahri `hphsitbr oh`h nrd`udesi h`he sdoh`ie `djii ahe sdkhii`eyh.

1. Odeydiiai`i pdelhrug thghehe vhrihkdi tdrghahp pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus ,

hrtieyh sdo`hie kdshr eiihi pbtdesihi yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi pdribah julh h`he
sdoh`ie kdshr ahe sdkhii`eyh, sdahel`he gukuelhe hethrh thghehe pbtdesibodtdr 
tdrghahp nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel tdrkhi`, hrtieyh sdoh`ie kdshr
eiihi
 pbtdesibodtdr yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi nrd`udesi h`he sdo`h`ie `djii
ahe sdkhii`eyh.
D. Qulhs H`gir

8. Kdrahshr`he ahth ghsii pdelhohthe, jdihs`he ihg tdethel kdetu` isyhrht `diuhrhe
yhel aighsii`he bidg ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii

;. Ahri ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe phah thkdi 8h ah 8k , `dou`h`heihg pdelhrug

eiihi thghehe [8 ahe [; tdrghahp sdihel wh`tu, pdribad bsiihsi ahe nrd`udesi
ahri ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii. Kheaiel`heihg ghsii pdelu`urhe yhel aiahpht adelhe
ghsii
 pdrgituelhe sdjhrh tdbritis.
Mhwhk=
Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe
[8 yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr, ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr 
thghehe [8 yhel aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi h`he sdo`ie `djii, adelhe `hth ihie
gukuelhe eiihi thghehe [8 adelhe pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus, sdahel`he
gukuelhe thghehe [8 adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus. Ahe eiihi t8 h`he
 kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh thghehe [8 , sdahel`he eiihi t; h`he
tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug pdrukhghe [8 tdrghahp eiihi t;.

Kdlitu julh uetu` [; ,sdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii

khgwh sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe [; yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie
kdshr, ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr thghehe [; yhel aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi h`he
sdo`ie
`djii, adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi thghehe [; adelhe pdribah
hahihg
 kdrkheaiel iurus, sdahel`he gukuelhe thghehe [; adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg
 kdrkheaiel iurus. Ahe eiihi t; h`he kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh thghehe [; ,
sdahel`he eiihi t8 h`he tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug pdrukhghe [; tdrghahp
eiihi t8.
:. Ahri ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe phah thkdi ;h ahe ;k, `dou`h`heihg pdelhrug
eiihi
`hphsithesi ahri `hphsitbr J8 ahe J; tdrghahp sdihel wh`tu, pdribad bsiihsi ahe
nrd`udesi ahri ouitivikrhtbr hsthkii. Kheaiel`heihg ghsii pdelu`urhe yhel aiahpht
adelhe ghsii pdrgituelhe sdjhrh tdbritis.
Mhwhk=
Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh sdoh`ie
kdshr 
`hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr,
ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 yhel aikdri`he oh`h
nrd`udesi h`he sdo`ie `djii, adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi `hphsithesi
`hphsitbr J8 adelhe pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus, sdahel`he
gukuelhe `hphsithesi
`hphsitbr J8 adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus. Ahe eiihi t8
h`he
 kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 , sdahel`he eiihi
t; h`he tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J8 tdrghahp eiihi
t;.
Kdlitu julh uetu` J;,sdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh
sdoh`ie kdshr `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; yhel aikdri`he oh`h pdribah julh
h`he
sdo`hie kdshr, ehoue sdoh`ie kdshr `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; yhel
aikdri`he oh`h nrd`udesi h`he sdo`ie `djii, adelhe `hth ihie gukuelhe eiihi
`hphsithesi
`hphsitbr J; adelhe pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus, sdahel`he
gukuelhe
`hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; adelhe nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus. Ahe eiihi t;
h`he kdrthokhg adelhe kdrthokhgeyh `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; , sdahel`he eiihi
t8 h`he tdthp, hrtieyh tiah` hah pdelhrug `hphsithesi `hphsitbr J; tdrghahp eiihi
t8.
1. Kdrahshr`he ahth ghsii pdelu`urhe pdribah ahe nrd`udesi phah thkdi :, pibtihg
 pdelhrug eiihi thghehe [p tdrghahp pdribah ahe nrd`udesi ohsiel ohsiel
shtu
lrhni`. Ahri lrhni` yhel aighsii`he jdihs`heihg pdelhrug eiihi thghehe [p tdrghahp
 pdribah ahe nrd`udesi yhel aighsii`he.
Mhwhk=
Zdtdihg aiih`u`he pdelu`urhe aiahpht`he ghsii khgwh gukuelhe eiihi
 pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp pdribah hahihg kdrkheaiel iurus , hrtieyh sdo`hie
kdshr  eiihi pbtdesihi yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi pdribah julh h`he sdo`hie kdshr
ahe sdkhii`eyh, sdahel`he gukuelhe hethrh thghehe pbtdesibodtdr tdrghahp
nrd`udesi hahihg kdrkheaiel tdrkhi`, hrtieyh sdoh`ie kdshr eiihi
pbtdesibodtdr yhel aikdri`he oh`h eiihi nrd`udesi h`he sdo`h`ie `djii ahe
sdkhii`eyh.
4. Mdihs`heihg `dhahhe pdrlhetihe eyhih ihopu (IDA) kdrahshr`he ahth thkdi
1 Mhwhk=
Shah thkdi 1 pdrlhetihe eyhih ihopu tdrlhetuel `dphah eiihi `bopbede
yhel ailueh`he. Gukuelhe hethrh eiihi `bopbede yhel ailueh`he kdrkheaiel
tdrkhii` adelhe `dhahhe pdrlhetihe eyhih ihopu. Zdoh`ie kdshr eiihi
`bopbede yhel ailueh`he oh`h sdoh`ie ihoh pdrlhetihe eyhih ihopu phah
IDA ahe kdlitu puih sdkhii`eyh
 AHNQH[ STZQH@H

Hsrizhi,;38:  .Did`trbei`h Ahshr ;.Shahel.TES

Qio Did`trbei`h Ahshr ;,;3;3. Obaui Srh`ti`uo Did`trbei`h Ahshr ;.Shahel.TES.
IHOSF[HE