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April 19 Chemistry AP Daily Live MCQ without a calculator

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. When 6.0 L of He(g) and 10. L of N 2 (g), both at 0C and 1.0 atm, are pumped into an evacuated 4.0 L rigid container,
the final pressure in the container at 0C is

A) 2.0 atm B) 4.0 atm C) 6.4 atm D) 8.8 atm

____ 2. What is the maximum number of moles of Al 2O 3 that can be produced by the reaction of 0.40 mol of Al with 0.40 mol
of O 2 ?

A) 0.10 mol B) 0.20 mol C) 0.27 mol D) 0.40 mol

____ 3. What is the number of moles of excess reactant reamaing when 0.40 mol of Al with 0.40 mol of O 2 ?

A) 0.10 mol B) 0.20 mol C) 0.27 mol D) 0.40 mol

____ 4. What is the percentage yield of O 2 if 12.3 g of KClO 3 (molar mass 123 g) is decomposed to produce 3.2 g of O 2 (molar
mass 32 g) according to the equation below?
2KClO 3  2KCl (s)  3O 2
(s) (g)
A) 33% B) 50% C) 67% D) 100%

____ 5. The value of K sp for PbCl 2 is 1.6  105 . What is the lowest concentration of Cl  that would be needed to begin
(aq)
precipitation of PbCl 2 (s) in 0.010 M Pb(NO 3) 2 ?
A) 4.0  104 M C) 2.6  103 M
B) 1.6  103 M D) 4.0  102 M

____ 6.
4NH 3  3O 2  2N 2  6H 2 O (g)
(g) (g) (g)

If the standard molar heats of formation of ammonia, NH 3 and gaseous water, H 2 O (g) ,are - 46 kJ/mol and - 242
(g)
kJ/mol, respectively, what is the value of H o for the reaction represented above?
298

A) -1270 kJ / mol rxn C) -290 kJ / mol rxn

B) -580 kJ / mol rxn D) - 190 kJ / mol rxn

____ 7. A sample of a compound contains 3.21 g of sulfur and 11.4 g of fluorine. Which of the following represents the empirical
formula of the compound?

A) SF 3 B) SF 4 C) SF 5 D) SF 6

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____ 8.
1 1
H (g)  I 2  HI (g) H  = 26 kJ / mol rxn
2 2 2 (s)
1 1
H (g)  I 2  HI (g) H  = -5.0 kJ / mol rxn
2 2 2 (g)

Based on the information above, what is the enthalpy change for the sublimation of iodine, represented below?
I2  I2
(s) (g)
A) 15 kJ / mol rxn D) 42 kJ / mol rxn
B) 21 kJ / mol rxn E) 62 kJ / mol rxn
C) 31 kJ / mol rxn

____ 9. What is the molarity of I  in a solution that contains 34 g of SrI 2 (molar mass 341 g) in 1.0 L of the solution?
(aq)

A) 0.20 M B) 0.10 M C) 0.068 M D) 0.034 M

____ 10.
2S (s)  2O 2  2SO 2 K 1  2  10 105
(g) (g)
2SO 2  O2  2SO 3 K 2  7  10 24
(g) (g) (g)
Given the value of the equilibrium constants K 1 and K 2 for the reactions represented above, what is the value of the
equilibrium constant, K 3 , for the following reaction?
2S (s)  3O 2  2SO 3 K 3 ? ? ?
(g) (g)
A) 1  10 130 B) 3  1080 C) 1  1065 D) 2  1040

____ 11. The pressure, in atm, exerted by 1.85 mol of an ideal gas placed in a 3.00 L container at 35.0°C is given by which of the
following expressions?

(1.85)(35) (1.85)(8.314)(308)
A) atm C) atm
(3.00)(0.0821) 3.00
(1.85)(0.0821)(308) (1.85)(3)
B) atm D) atm
3.00 (35)(0.0821)

____ 12. The table below shows the results from a rate study of the reaction X + Y ® Z. Starting with known concentrations of X
and Y in experiment 1, the rate of formation of Z was R.
Experiment [X]o [Y]o Initial Rate of
Formation of Z (mol
L-1 sec-1)
1 0.40 0.10 R
2 0.20 0.20 ?

If the reaction was first order with respect to X and second order with respect to Y, the initial rate of formation of Z in
experiment 2 would be

R R
A) B) C) 2R D) R
4 2

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____ 13. If 0.40 mol of H2 and 0.15 mol of O2 were to react as completely as possible to produce H2O, what mass of reactant
would remain?

A) 0.20 g of H2 B) 0.40 g of H2 C) 3.2 g of O2 D) 4.8 g of O2

____ 14. How many carbon atoms are contained in 2.8 g of C2H4?

A) 1.2 x 1023 C) 6.0 x 1023

B) 3.0 x 1023 D) 1.2 x 1024

____ 15. How many mL of 10.0 M HCl are needed to prepare 500. mL of 2.00 M HCl?

A) 10.00 mL B) 20.00 mL C) 100.00 mL D) 200.00 mL

____ 16. Equal masses of He and Ne are placed in a sealed container. What is the partial pressure of He if the total pressure in the
container is 6 atm?

A) 2 atm B) 3 atm C) 4 atm D) 5 atm

____ 17. A 360. mg sample of aspirin, C9H8O4, (molar mass 180. g), is dissolved in enough water to produce 200. mL of solution.
What is the molarity of aspirin in a 50. mL sample of this solution?

A) 0.0800 M B) 0.0400 M C) 0.0200 M D) 0.0100 M

____ 18. The pH of a solution prepared by the addition of 10. mL of 0.002 M KOH(aq) to 10. mL of distilled water is closest to

A) 12 B) 11 C) 10 D) 4

____ 19. An electric current of 1.00 ampere is passed through an aqueous solution of Ni(NO 3)2. How long will it take to plate out
exactly 1.00 mol of nickel metal, assuming 100 percent current efficiency?
(1 faraday = 96,500 coulombs = 6.02 x 1023 electrons)

A) 48,200 s B) 96,500 s C) 193,000 s D) 386,000 s

____ 20. An acetate buffer solution is prepared by combining 50. mL of 0.20 M acetic acid, HC2 H 3 O 2(aq), and 50. mL of 0.20 M
sodium acetate, NaC2 H 3 O 2 (aq). A 5.0 mL sample of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) is added to the buffer solution. Which of the
following is a correct pairing of the acetate species present in greater concentration and of the pH of the solution after the
NaOH(aq) is added? (The pKa of acetic acid is 4.7.)

A) HC2 H 3 O 2(aq); pH < 4.7 C) C2 H 3 O  (aq); pH < 4.7

2
B) HC2 H 3 O 2(aq); pH > 4.7 D) C2 H 3 O  (aq); pH > 4.7
2

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2 H 2O 2(aq)  2 H 2 O(l) + O 2 (g) H=  196 kJ mol rxn

The decomposition of H 2O 2(aq) is represented by the equation above. A student monitored the decomposition of a 1.0 L
sample of H 2O 2 (aq) at a constant temperature of 300. K and recorded the concentration of H 2O 2 as a function of time.
The results are given in the table below.

Time (s) [H 2O 2 ]

0 2.7
200. 2.1
400. 1.7
600. 1.4

____ 21. The O 2(g) produced from the decomposition of the 1.0 L sample of H 2 O 2(aq) is collected in a previously evacuated
10.0 L flask at 300. K. What is the approximate pressure in the flask after 400. s? (For estimation purposes, assume that
1.0 mole of gas in 1.0 L exerts a pressure of 24 atm at 300. K.)

A) 1.2 atm B) 2.4 atm C) 12 atm D) 24 atm

____ 22. In as saturated solution of Zn(OH) 2 at 25oC, the value of [OH  ] is 2.0  106 M. What is the value of the
solubility-product constant, Ksp, for Zn(OH) 2 at 25o C ?

A) 4.0  10 12 B) 1.6  10 17 C) 8.0  10 18 D) 4.0  10 18

____ 23. COCl2 (g) decomposed according to the equation below. When pure COCl2 (g) is injected into a rigid, previously
evaculated flask at 690 K, the pressure in the flask is initially 1.0 atm. After the reaction reaches equilibrium at 690 K,
the total pressure in the flask is 1.2 atm. What is the value of K P for the reaction at 690 K?
COCl2 (g)  CO(g) + Cl2(g)

A) 0.050 B) 0.80 C) 0.040 D) 1.0

____ 24. The K sp for PbCl2 at a particular temperature is 3.2  105 . What is the solubility of in g/L? The molar mass is 278
g/mol.
A) 0.0022 B) 0.0089 C) 5.6 D) 8.8

____ 25. The K sp values for a series of phosphate saltes are provided in the table above. Which compound is the least soluble in
water?

Salt K sp
Ag3PO4 1  10 16
AlPO4 1  10 20
Ca3(PO4)2 1  10 33
Mg3(PO4)2 1  10 24

A) Ag3PO4 B) AlPO4 C) Ca3(PO4)2 D) Mg3(PO4)2

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____ 26. At 25o C the solubility product constant, K sp , for MnS and the acid dissociation constants K 1 and K 2 for H2S are shown
in the table.

H 2 S (aq)  H  (aq) + HS  (aq) K 1  1  10 7

HS  (aq)  H  (aq) + S 2  (aq) K 2  1  1013

MnS(s)  Mn 2+ (aq) + S 2  (aq) K sp  5  1015

Mn 2  (aq) + H 2 S(g)  MnS(s) + 2H + (aq) ???

What is the equilibrium constant for the reaction represented by the equation below at 25o C ?

A) 5  10 35 B) 2  106 C) 5  10 5 D) 2  10 8

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April 20 Chemistry Challenging Multiple-Choice Questions in AP Chemistry

MCQ 1. The pH of water changes with temperature. What is the pH of pure water at 59 oC if 𝐾𝑤 = 9 × 10−14 ?
(A) 5.5
(B) 6.5
(C) 7.5
(D) 8.5

MCQ 2. A 1000 mL sample of HCl has a pH of 3.5. The sample was gently heated and then allowed to cool to room
temperature. The new pH is 2.5. How much water evaporated during this process?
(A) 100 mL
(B) 500 mL
(C) 900 mL
(D) 990 mL
Temperature K

250 K 1 × 102
750 K 1 × 10−2

MCQ 3. The equilibrium constant for a reaction was measured at various temperatures. The data is shown in the table.
Assuming enthalpy and entropy are independent of temperature, what can the student claim about ∆𝐻° and ∆𝑆° for this
reaction?
(A) ∆𝐻° < 0, ∆𝑆° < 0
(B) ∆𝐻° < 0, ∆𝑆° > 0
(C) ∆𝐻° > 0, ∆𝑆° < 0
(D) ∆𝐻° > 0, ∆𝑆° > 0
Pressure (atm)

Mass Mg (g)
MCQ 4. A sample of magnesium required exactly 100.0 mL of an HCl(aq) sample to react. The hydrogen gas produced
exerted a pressure of 0.24 atm. What is the molarity of the HCl(aq) solution?
(A) 0.010 M
(B) 0.10 M
(C) 0.20 M
(D) 2.0 M

HC6 H7 O7 (𝑎𝑞) + OH − (𝑎𝑞) → C6 H7 O−

7 (𝑎𝑞) + H2 O(𝑙)

MCQ 5. A 25.00 mL sample containing 2.5 × 10−3 moles of citric acid is titrated to the equivalence point with 0.100 M
KOH as shown in the net ionic reaction above. What are the relative amounts of acid and conjugate base at the
equivalence point?
(A) [HC6 H7 O7 ] ≅ 0.100 M and [C6 H7 O−7 ] << 0.100 M
(B) [HC6 H7 O7 ] = [C6 H7 O−
7]
(C) [HC6 H7 O7 ] << 0.050 M and [C6 H7 O−7 ] ≅ 0.0.050 M
(D) [HC6 H7 O7 ] << 0.100 M and [C6 H7 O−7 ] ≅ 0.100 M
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MCQ 6. Dry ice is solidified carbon dioxide, CO2(s). What forces of attraction are broken when dry ice sublimes?
(A) London Dispersion
(B) Dipole-Dipole
(C) Polar Covalent bond
(D) Non-polar Covalent bond

Ionization
Energy (kJ/mol)

1st 800

2nd 1600

3rd 3200

4th 4400

5th 16000

MCQ 7. Successive ionization energy values for an unknown element, Q, are shown in the table. What is the predicted
empirical formula for this element with oxygen?

(A) OQ2
(B) QO
(C) Q2O3
(D) QO2

MCQ 8. Which of the following is a correct claim with reasoning for the comparison of periodic trends between two
particles?
(A) The radius of Na is larger than Na + because there is more shielding in the sodium ion.
(B) The radius of F is smaller than F ⎻ because the fluoride ion has a smaller nuclear charge than the fluorine atom.
(C) The atomic radius of Sr is greater than Ca because the outer electrons in Sr are in a higher energy level
(D) The ionization energy of Br is greater than Cl because there is more electron repulsion.

MCQ 9. A weak, monoprotic acid has a 𝐾𝑎 = 1.6 × 10−5 . What is the % ionization of a 0.010 M solution of this acid?
(A) 4.0 × 10−4 %
(B) 1.6 × 10−1 %
(C) 4.0 %
(D) 25 %

MCQ 10. Which molecule is predicted to be the most polar?

(A) Cl − Br
(B) O=C=O

(C) O−S =O
|
O
(D) Cl − I
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Ionic Radius
(pm)

Mg2+ 130

Al3+ 118
S2- 170

Cl- 167

MCQ 11. Which ion is predicted to have the strongest attraction to water?
(A) Mg2+
(B) Al3+
(C) S2-
(D) Cl-

Use the reaction for the next three questions

I2 (𝑠) + 3XeF2 (𝑠) → 2IF3 (𝑠) + 3Xe(𝑔) ∆𝐻° = −616 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑟𝑥𝑛
MCQ 12. What are the best temperature and pressure conditions to maximize the yield of Xe(g)?
(A) Low pressure and low temperature
(B) Low pressure and high temperature
(C) High pressure and low temperature
(D) High pressure and high temperature

MCQ 13. Approximately how much energy is released if 508.0 g of I2 (molar mass 254 g/mol) is reacted with 340.0 g of
XeF2 (molar mass 170 g/mol)?
(A) 205 kJ (C) 616 kJ
(B) 410 kJ (D) 1230 kJ

MCQ 14. What happens to the atoms in the forward reaction?

(A) Fluorine atoms are oxidized and Iodine atoms are reduced
(B) Iodine atoms are oxidized and xenon is reduced
(C) Fluorine atoms are oxidized and xenon is reduced
(D) Xenon atoms are oxidized and iodine atoms are reduced
Co(H2 O)2+ − 2−
6 + 4Cl ⇌ Co(Cl)4 + 6 H2 O
Pink Blue
MCQ 15. The reaction of hydrated cobalt ion with chloride ion is shown above. Which of the following techniques would be
best suited to study this equilibrium system?
(A) Gravimetric analysis (C) Absorbance spectroscopy
(B) Mass Spectrometry (D) Titration

Cu2+ (𝑎𝑞) + 4NH3 (𝑎𝑞) ⇌ 𝐶u(𝑁𝐻3 )2+

4 (𝑎𝑞)

MCQ 16. The copper(II) ion reacts with ammonia to form a deep blue
copper ammine complex ion. How many moles of copper ion are present
if 40.0 mL of a solution containing Cu2+ is reacted with 10.0 mL of excess
ammonia, resulting in an absorbance of 0.15?
(A) 8 × 10−5
(B) 2 × 10−5
(C) 1 × 10−4
(D) 8 × 10−4
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MCQ 17. The first ionization energy values for elements in the third period
are shown in the graph. Use this information to determine which of the
reactions shown is endothermic.
(A) Mg(𝑔) + Cl+ (𝑔) → Mg + (𝑔) + Cl(𝑔)
(B) Al(𝑔) + Mg + (𝑔) → Al+ (𝑔) + Mg(𝑔)
(C) Mg(𝑔) + P + (𝑔) → Mg + (𝑔) + P(𝑔)
(D) Mg(𝑔) + Na+ (𝑔) → Na(𝑔) + Mg + (𝑔)

CaCO3 (𝑠) + 2HCl(𝑎𝑞) → CaCl2 (𝑎𝑞) + H2 O(𝑙) + CO2 (𝑔)

MCQ 18. Two students were studying the reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate, the main component in
hard water. Which of the following could explain why the first student measured a faster reaction rate than the second
student?
(A) The first student used 4 grams of calcium carbonate, and the second used 2 grams.
(B) The first student used 0.2 M HCl, and the second used 2.0 M HCl.
(C) The first student crushed the calcium carbonate sample and the second didn’t.
(D) The first student cooled the HCl and the second used room temperature HCl.

MCQ 19. Which of the following statements is true for a reaction at 298 K with ∆𝐻° = 56 𝑘𝐽 and a ∆𝑆° = 80 𝐽?
(A) Keq > 1
(B) Keq = 0
(C) 0 < Keq < 1
(D) Keq < 0

MCQ 20. When a natural gas valve is opened, allowing methane to escape into the air at 25℃, no reaction occurs. What a
spark is used, the methane combusts and a flame persists as heat is continuously released. Why is a spark required for the
reaction to occur?
(A) The reaction has an unfavorable entropy
(B) The reaction has an unfavorable enthalpy
(C) The reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable
(D) The reaction has a high activation energy

MCQ 21. A solution is prepared by mixing 50 mL of 0.25 M CH3 NH2 (𝑎𝑞) with 45 mL of a 0.30 M solution of CH3 NH3 Cl(𝑎𝑞).
A student added a few drops of KOH to the mixture and there was not a significant change in pH. Which reaction explains
these results?
(A) CH3 NH3+ (𝑎𝑞) + OH− (𝑎𝑞) → CH3 NH2 (𝑎𝑞) + H2 O (𝑙)
(B) H + (𝑎𝑞) + OH − (𝑎𝑞) → H2 O (𝑙)
(C) OH − (𝑎𝑞) + CH3 NH2 (𝑎𝑞) → CH3 NH − (𝑎𝑞) + H2 O (𝑙)
(D) K + (𝑎𝑞) + Cl− (𝑎𝑞) → KCl(𝑠)

Molar mass Boiling Enthalpy of

(g/mol) point(℃) vaporization (kJ/mol)

OCl2 87 2 26

CCl4 154 77 32

MCQ 22. Given the data in the table above, which statement provides the best claim and reasoning for the substance that
would have the lowest equilibrium vapor pressure at 25℃?
(A) OCl2, it has dipole-dipole attractions
(B) OCl2, it has stronger London dispersion forces
(C) CCl4, it has weaker dipole-dipole attractions
(D) CCl4, it has stronger London dispersion forces
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MCQ 23. The photoelectron spectrum above shows the peaks for the 1s electrons for the isoelectronic pair sulfide ion, S 2-,
and Ar. Which statement provides the best claim and reasoning about what peak Q represents?
(A) S2-, because it has a lower nuclear charge
(B) S2-, because of greater electron-electron repulsion
(C) Ar, because it has a a greater atomic mass
(D) Ar, because it is neutral

Bond dissociation
energy (kJ/mol)

H−H 430

H−O 460
CO(𝑔) + 2H2 (𝑔) → CH3 OH(𝑔)
H−C 410
C−O 360

C≡O 1070

MCQ 24. Use the bond dissociation energies in the table to select the diagram that best represents the reaction between carbon
monoxide and hydrogen to form methanol.

(A) (C)

(B) (D)
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April 21 Chemistry Leggett Experiment-Based Free Response in AP Chemistry- Calorimetry and Beer’s Law

FRQ #11

The
mass
% of copper in an alloy of copper and zinc was determined using absorbance spectroscopy. The alloy was first reacted with
nitric acid until all of the copper was converted to Cu 2+ A complex ion of copper ion and ammonia was formed by adding 1.2 M
NH3 to the copper ion that was formed. The final volume of the solution was 100.00 mL. A standard curve was made by
determining the absorbance of of known molarity values of [Cu(NH3 )4 ]2+.

(a) A student claimed that the experiment should be conducted using a wavelength of 750 nm since that is the highest
energy wavelength that still has a measurable absorbance. Is the student correct or incorrect? Justify your answer.

(b) The student has a 250.00 mL volumetric flask, a 100.0 mL graduated cylinder, a 6.0 M solution of aqueous ammonia,
and deionized water. Describe how the student would prepare the 1.2 M solution needed for the experiment.

(c) The absorbance for the copper alloy solution was 0.15. What is the molarity of the copper alloy solution?

1 Dena K. Leggett, PhD

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(d) How many moles of copper ion were in the 100.00 mL flask?

(e) Determine the experimental % by mass copper in the alloy if the mass of alloy reacted was 0.050 g.

(f) The % Cu by mass was too low. Indicated whether each reason proposed could have contributed to the low % mass
copper in the alloy. Justify your answer in each case.

Reason 1: The cuvette was not wiped off before measuring the absorbance.

Reason 2: The student did not rinse the cuvette with the solution made from the copper alloy after measuring the 6.0 x 10-4 M
standard solution.

FRQ #22

The compound urea, H2 NCONH2 , is widely used in chemical fertilizers. The complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for the urea
molecule is shown above.

(a) Identify the hybridization of the valence orbitals of the carbon atom in the urea molecule.

(b) Urea has a high solubility in water, due in part to its ability to form hydrogen bonds. A urea molecule and four water
molecules are represented in the box below. Draw ONE dashed line (----) to indicate a possible location of a hydrogen
bond between a water molecule and the urea molecule.

𝐇𝟐 𝐍𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐇𝟐 (𝒔) ⇌ 𝐇𝟐 𝐍𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐇𝟐 (𝒂𝒒)

2https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/ap/2019-08/ap19-sg-chemistry.pdf and https://secure-

media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap10_frq_chemistry.pdf
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(c) The dissolution of urea is represented by the equation above. A student determines that 5.39 grams of
H2 NCONH2 (molar mass 60.06 grams per mole) can dissolve in water to make 5.00 milliliters of a saturated solution
at 20℃. Calculate the concentration of urea, in moles per liter, in the saturated solution at 20℃.

(d) The student also determines that the concentration of urea in a saturated solution at 25℃ is 19.8 molar. Based on
this information, is the dissolution of urea endothermic or exothermic? Justify your answer in terms of Le Chatelier’s
principle.

(e) The equipment shown above is provided so that the student can determine the value of the molar heat of solution for
urea. Knowing that the specific heat of the solution is 4.18 joules per gram per degree Celsius, list the specific
measurements that are required to be made during the experiment.

𝑺° (𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥 ∙ 𝐊)
𝐇𝟐 𝐍𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐇𝟐 (𝒔) ⇌ 𝐇𝟐 𝐍𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐇𝟐 (𝒂𝒒)

H2 NCONH2 (𝑠) 104.6

H2 NCONH2 (𝑎𝑞) ?

(f) The entropy change for the dissolution of urea, ∆𝑆° of solution, is 70.1 J/mol ∙ K at 25℃. Using the information in the
table above, calculate the absolute molar entropy, 𝑆°, of aqueous urea.

(g) Using particle-level reasoning, explain why ∆𝑆° of solution is positive for the dissolution of urea in water.

(h) The student claims that delta 𝑆° for the process contributes to the thermodynamic favorability of the dissolution of
urea at 25 ℃. Use the thermodynamic information above to support the student’s claim.
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(i) It was discovered the thermometer was reading two degrees too high. Would the measured enthalpy of dissolution
be too high, too low, or unchanged? Justify your answer.

A student performs an experiment to determine the molar

enthalpy of solution of urea, H2NCONH2. The student places
91.95 g of water at 25°C into a coffee cup calorimeter and
immerses a thermometer in the water. After 50 s, the student
adds 5.13 g of solid urea, also at 25°C, to the water and
measures the temperature of the solution as the urea dissolves.
A plot of the temperature data is shown in the graph.

(j) Determine the change in temperature of the solution

that results from the dissolution of the urea.

(k) According to the data, is the dissolution of urea in water

an endothermic process or an exothermic process? Justify
your answer.

(li) Calculate the heat of dissolution of the urea in joules.

(lii) Calculate the molar enthalpy of solution, of urea in kJ mol −1

(m) Using the information in the table below, calculate the value of the molar entropy of solution, of urea at 298 K. Include
units with your answer.
Accepted
Value
𝑜
∆𝐻𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 14.0 kJ mol-1

𝑜
∆𝐺𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎 -6.9 kJ mol-1
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(n) The student performs a third trial of the experiment, but this time adds urea that has been taken directly from a
refrigerator at 5°C. What effect, if any, would using the cold urea instead of urea at 25°C have on the experimentally
obtained value of ∆𝑯𝒐𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 ? Justify your answer.
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April 22 Chemistry Leggett Coulomb’s Law, Periodicity, and Intermolecular Forces in AP Chemistry
FRQ #11

Ion Radius
Ion
(pm)

Li+ 76

Na+ 102

To explain why ∆𝐻𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 for NaCl is different than that for LiCl, the student investigates factors that affect the ∆𝐻𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 and finds
that ionic radius and lattice enthalpy (which can be defined as the ∆𝐻 associated with the separation of a solid crystal into
gaseous ions) contribute to the process. The student consults references and collects the data show in the table.

(b) Write the complete electron configuration for the Na + ion in the ground state.

(c) Using principles of atomic structure, explain why the Na+ ion is larger than the Li+ ion.

(d) Which salt, LiCl or NaCl, has the greater lattice enthalpy? Justify your answer.

(e) Below is a representation of a portion of a crystal of LiCl. Identify the ions in the representation by writing the appropriate
formulas (Li+ or Cl-) in the boxes below.

(f) The lattice enthalpy of LiCl is positive, indicating that it takes energy to break the ions apart in LiCl. However, the
dissolution of LiCl in water is an exothermic process. Identify all particle-particle interactions that contribute significantly to
the dissolution process being exothermic. For each interaction, include the particles that interact and the specific type of
intermolecular force between those particles

1 AP Chemistry Released Test 2016 https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/ap16_frq_chemistry.pdf

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FRQ #22

Answer the following questions relating to Fe and its ions, Fe 2+ and Fe3+.
(a) Write the ground-state electron configuration of the Fe 2+ ion.

(b) The radii of the ions are given in the table shown. Using principles of atomic structure, explain why the radius of the
Fe2+ is larger than the radius of the Fe 3+ ion

Ion Radius
Ion
(pm)

Fe2+ 92

Fe3+ 79

(c) Fe3+ ions interact more strongly with water molecules in aqueous solution than Fe 2+ ions do. Give one reason for this
stronger interaction, and justify your answer using Coulomb’s Law.

FRQ #33

The table above gives the molecular structures and boiling points for the compounds CS 2 and COS.

(a) In terms of the types and relative strengths of all the intermolecular forces in each compound, explain why the boiling
point of CS2(l) is higher than that of COS(l).

2 AP Chemistry Released Test 2018 https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap18-frq-chemistry.pdf

3 AP Chemistry Released Test 2018 https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/apc/ap18-frq-chemistry.pdf
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(b) A 10.0 g sample of CS2(l) is put in an evacuated 5.0 L rigid container. The container is sealed and heated to 325 K, at
which temperature all of the CS2(l) has vaporized. What is the pressure in the container once all of the CS 2(l) is
vaporized?

FRQ #44

Answer the following questions about elements in Group 16 of the periodic table.
(a) Using principles of atomic structure, explain why the first ionization energy of Po is less than that of Se.

(b) Photoelectron spectroscopy data for the 1s sublevel of Se and the 1s sublevel of Po are represented below. In terms of
Coulomb’s law and atomic structure, explain why the peak for Po is positioned so far to the left of the peak for Se.

Three compounds that contain elements from Group 16 are SeO2F2, SeOF2, and SOF2. Possible Lewis electron dot diagrams for
the compounds are shown below.

(c) Which structure, A, B, or C, minimizes the formal charges for each atom in SeO 2F2? Justify your choice.

(d) A student proposes that the energy of the Se−to−O bond in the structure in diagram D is greater than that of
the Se−to−O bond in the structure in diagram C. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim? Justify your
answer.

(e) The dipole moment of the SeO2F2 molecule (diagrams A, B and C) is nonzero. Identify its molecular geometry and
explain how its geometry and the polarity of its bonds result in a nonzero dipole moment.

4 College Board Question Bank: Q: Chemistry of some Group 16 Elements - Po-Se-O

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(f) The melting point of SeOF2 (diagram D) is greater than the melting point of SOF2 (diagram E). Identify the type(s) of
intermolecular force(s) that the two substances have in common.

(g) Explain the difference in melting points based on the types and relative strengths of intermolecular forces.

FRQ #55

Answer the following questions using principles of molecular structure and intermolecular forces.

Compound Empirical Formula Solubility in water Boiling point (℃)

1 C2H6O Slightly Soluble -24

2 C2H6O Soluble 78

Compounds 1 and 2 in the data table above have the same empirical formula, but they have different physical properties.
Answer the following questions using principles of molecular structure and intermolecular forces.

(a) The skeletal structure for one of the two compounds is shown below in Box X.
(i) Complete the Lewis electron-dot diagram of the molecule in Box X. Include any lone (nonbonding) pairs of electrons.

Box X Box Y
(ii) In Box Y, draw the complete Lewis electron-dot diagram for the other compound, which is a structural isomer of the
compound represented in Box X. Include any lone (nonbonding) pairs of electrons.

(b) On the basis of the complete Lewis electron-dot diagrams you drew in part (a) and the information in the data table above,
identify which compound, 1 or 2, has the structure represented in Box X. Justify your answer in terms of the intermolecular
forces present in each compound.

5 AP Chemistry 2013 https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/ap/apcentral/ap13_frq_chemistry.pdf

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Use the information in the following table to answer parts (c) and (d).

Name Lewis Electron-Dot Diagram Boiling Vapor Pressure at 20℃

point (℃) (mm Hg)

Dichloromethane 39.6 353

Carbon Tetrachloride 76.7 89

(c) Dichloromethane has a greater solubility in water than carbon tetrachloride has. Account for this observation in terms
of the intermolecular forces between each of the solutes and water.

(d) In terms of intermolecular forces, explain why dichloromethane has a higher vapor pressure than carbon
tetrachloride.

(e) The complete Lewis electron-dot diagram of methanal (formaldehyde) is shown below. Molecules of methanal can
form hydrogen bonds with water. In the box below, draw a water molecule in a correct orientation to illustrate a
hydrogen bond between a molecule of water and the molecule of methanal. Use a dashed line to represent the
hydrogen bond.