Disaster Risk Reduction

(DRR)
Earthquakes and Tsunamis in Indonesia
with special talk on PADANG – West Sumatera
PROF. PAULUS P. RAHARDJO, PH.D.
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK PARAHYANGAN
 Perception on Tsunamis

1200

1000

800
Speed (km/hr)

600

400

200

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Depth (m)
Mechanism of Tsunami
Mechanism of Tsunamis
Mechanism of Tsunamis as seen by Satellite Images at
Kalutara, Sri Lanka
Mechanism of Tsunamis as seen by Satelite Images at
Kalutara, Sri Lanka
Mechanism of Tsunamis as seen by Satelite Images at
Kalutara, Sri Lanka
 Tsunamis with fatalities > 1.000 death
Sumber : Nanang Puspito, 2005

Aceh 2004 1952 (2.350)

(>200.000)
1293 (23.000); 1498 (26.000); 1605 (5.000)
1703 (5.250); 1707 (30.000); 1741 (15.000)
1854 (5.000); 1896 (27.000); 1933 (3.100)
1933 (3.065); 1945 (2.305); 1946 (1.405)

1765 (10.000)
1771 (13.500)
1645 (3.000) 1782 (40.000)
1976 (4.000)
1906 (1.000)
1998 (3.000)
1647 (2.000)
1674 (2.950); 1815 (10.250) 1746 (3.800)
1917 (10.000); 1992 (2.300) 1867 (5.000)

1883 (36.000) 1575 (1.500)

MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE CAUSED TSUNAMIS
Sumber : Nanang Puspito, 2005

Alaska 1964
Mw = 9.5
Tsunami = 67 meter

Chili 1960
Aceh 2004 Mw = 9.7
Mw = 9.0 Tsunami = 25 meter
Tsunami > 10 meter
 GREAT TSUNAMIS IN INDONESIA
Sumber : Nanang Puspito, 2005
Mindoro 1994

Panay 1948
Aceh 2004
Mindanao 1897 Mindanao 1918
Sangihe 1856 Biak 1996
Sulteng 1996
Seram 1965
Sulteng 1968

Sulsel 1969
Sumbar 1861
Sumbawa 1820
Bengkulu 1833 Banda 1674
Krakatau 1883 Taliabu 1998
Lomblen 1979
Banyuwangi 1994 Flores 1992
Sumba 1977

SOURCE : Puspito, Kompas 2 Nov. 2002

GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004
GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004
 GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

BANDA ACEH

(10 Jan 2003) (29 Des 2004)

Area 1
Area 2
GREAT SUMATERA-
ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26
Desember 2004
GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

Destruction at the north coast of Banda Aceh flooded by 12 m waves

(Fotograph by Gusiakov, 2005, Novosibirks Tsunami Laboratory
 GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

The north coast of Banda Aceh flooded by 12 m waves

(Fotograph by Gusiakov, 2005, Novosibirks Tsunami Laboratory
GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

Stella at The north west coast of Banda Aceh flooded by 12 m waves

(Fotograph by Gusiakov, 2005, Novosibirks Tsunami Laboratory
 GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

Boats from the sea brought back to land at Banda Aceh

(Fotograph by Gusiakov, 2005, Novosibirks Tsunami Laboratory
 GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

Rahmatullah Mosque at Lampucuk, 700 m from coast line flooded by 15 m waves

(Fotograph by Gusiakov, 2005, Novosibirks Tsunami Laboratory)
GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004
Lhoknga, west of Banda Aceh
GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004

Lhoknga, west of Banda Aceh

GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004 : Mengukur tinggi rayapan
Meulaboh city
Meulaboh after Disaster
Meulaboh

Meulaboh, 2 weeks
after the tsunami

Debris in Meulaboh
Damages due to Earthquake & Tsunami

Tantangan untuk Bidang Teknik Sipil

1. Besarnya gaya dorong tsunami

2. Struktur seperti apa yang tahan
3. Masalah erosi dan pondasi ?
GREAT SUMATERA-ANDAMAN TSUNAMI
Gempa Aceh 26 Desember 2004
KERUSAKAN AKIBAT TSUNAMI

Leupueng

Banda Aceh,
January 20th, 2005
Tsunami in Banda Aceh
(after roads are cleared)
Tabel 4. 1 Skala intensitas tsunami menurut Soloviev (1978)

Tinggi Run- Frekuensi Kejadian di Laut

Intensitas Deskripsi Tsunami
up Pasifik

Amat kecil. Gelombang sangat lemah dan hanya terdeteksi

I 0,5 m 1 kali tiap 4 bulan
pada catatan pasang-surut.

Kecil. Gelombang terlihat oleh orang yang tinggal di sekitar

II 1m pantai dan mengenal keadaan laut. Pada pantai yang datar 1 kali tiap 4 bulan
gelombang tersebut mudah terlihat.

Agak besar. Umumnya terlihat. Pada pantai yang landai terjadi

banjir. Perahu kecil terdorong ke Pantai. Kerusakan ringan
III 2m 1 kali tiap 8 bulan
dialami oleh bangunan dekat pantai. Pada daerah muara arus
sungai berbalik hingga berberapa jauh kearah daratan

Besar. Terjadi banjir di daerah pantai. Penggerusan ringan pada

tanah. Tanggul rusak. Bangunan ringan dekat pantai rusak.
IV 4m Bangunan permanen mengalami kerusakan kecil. Perahu besar 1 kali per tahun
terhempas ke daratan atau terbawa ke laut. Pantai terkotori oleh
debris yang mengapung.

Amat besar. Seluruh pantai tergenang. Dermaga dan struktur

berat dekat laut rusak. Bangunan ringan ancur. Penggerusan
dasyat pada tanaman di darat. Pantai dikotori oleh benda
V 8m mengapung, ikan dan binatang-binatang laut. Dengan 1 kali per 3 tahun
perkecualian kapal besar, semua perahu terdampar ke daratan
atau terhempas ke lautan. Muara mengalami pengikisan berat.
Manusia tenggelam dan gelombang disertai suara gemuruh.

Menghancurkan. Semua struktur bangunan mengalami

kerusakan total atau sebagian untuk jarak beberapa jauh dari
daratan. Banjir di pantai cukup dalam. Kapal-kapal besar
VI 16 m 1 kali per 10 tahun
mengalami kerusakan. Pohon-pohon tercabut atau hancur oleh
gelombang. Jumlah kematian pada penduduk pantai luar biasa
banyak.
Discussion on Padang City Preparedness
against future tsunami :
• 30 September Earthquake in Padang Pariaman is an “alarm”
• Position of Padang City directly face the ocean and elevation is so
low. Very dense population on the coast area  it is very
vulnarable to tsunamies
• Research on Earthquake potential has been Conducted and there
is seismic gap with potential slip  risk on the city is very high
• risk on earthquake of buildings and infrastructures have been
discussed hence people and the city are prepared in overall, 
tsunami is a big issue
Dense to very dense population in Padang
Back ground :
Lembaga Pemasyarakatan
Back ground : turist place is open unprotected
Geology and Tectonics of Padang City
Tectonics and Seismicity of Padang
Tectonic and Seismicity of Padang
Lessons learned from 30 September 2009 earthquake

Structural Failures
Three Stars Hotel (Steel frame structures)

Lesson Learnt :
OVERALL STRUCTURAL FAILURES
OF BUILDING, THE REASON COULD
BE MULTIPLE FROM FOUNDATION
FAILURES TO STRUCTURAL
COMPONENT FAILURES.
Lessons learned from 30 Sept 2009 Earthquake
Soft stories Lesson learned :
Relative Stiffness of beams and columns
Lessons Learned from 30 Sept 2009 Earthquakes
STBA PRAYOGA (Langauage Academy)
Foundation Uplifted by Liquefaction

Structural Failures
Lesson learned : Buildings on very loose and soft soils
Magnification of Lesson learned : Foundation uplifted
seismic forces and
possible uplift due to
liquefaction
 Lessons Learned from 30 sept 2009 earthquake
directivity ?
Lesson learned : Stronger motion in east west direction
Puri Dharma – Jalan Gereja causes failures of different building orientation
Lesson Learned from 30 September 2009 earthquake
Pengekangan sengkang lemah

sengkang lemah
Lesson Learned from 30 Sep 2009 earthquake
Lateral Spreading

Rekahan memanjang pada tanah Pondasi bergeser

Lesson Learned from 30 septemner 2009 earthquake
Liquifaksi
Soil Behaviour Type Cone resistance,qc(MPa) Sleeve resistance,fs(MPa) Pore pressure,u2(MPa) Friction ratio,FR(%) Pore pressure ratio,Bq
after Robertson,1986

0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
(3) Clays
1 (3) Clays 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 (7) Sand to silty sand 3 3 3 3 3
<- Depth in m to reference level

Loose sands
(8) Sand to silty sand 4 4 4 4 4
4 (7) Sand to silty sand
5 5 5 5 5 5
6 (8) Sand to silty sand
6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 7 7
(8) Sand to silty sand
8 8 8 8 8 8
9 (8) Sand to silty sand 9 9 9 9 9
10 10 10 10 10 10
11 11 11 11 11 11
12 (4) Silty clay to clay 12 12 12 12 12
13 (5) Clayey silt to silty clay
13 13 13 13 13
14 14 14 14 14 14

Soft clay
(5) Clayey silt to silty clay
15 15 15 15 15 15
(5) Clayey silt to silty clay
16 16 16 16 16 16
17 17 17 17 17 17
18 18 18 18 18 18
19 (5) Clayey silt to silty clay 19 19 19 19 19
20 20 20 20 20 20
21 21 21 21 21 21
22 22 22 22 22 22
23 23 23 23 23 23
24 24 24 24 24 24
25 25 25 25 25 25
26 26 26 26 26 26
27 27 27 27 27 27
28 28 28 28 28 28
29 29 29 29 29 29
30 30 30 30 30 30
Data data tanah yang telah dikumpulkan

Pemboran Teknis
Uji SPT
Uji CPT-u
Data Laboratorium
Data data yang telah diuji
Data Geolistrik
Sumur pemantauan
 LIQUEFACTION/ likuifaksi
LIQUIFACTION (Liquifaksi) : adalah suatu peristiwa dimana tanah
mengalami penurunan kekuatan geser dan mengalir dengan kondisi
volume, tegangan geser dan tegangan efektif tetap akibat
peningkatan tekanan air pori saat gempa
Fenomena liquifaksi bisa berupa sand blows, flow
liquifaction/Liquifaksi aliran (yang dapat menyebabkan lateral
spreading dan landslides) atau cyclic mobility
Lesson Learned from 30 September 2009 earthquake
LIQUIFACTION
Septembe Liquefaction di UNP (Hakam 2009)

Liquefantion di Jalan Padang Arao 9

(dokumen Rahardjo, 2009)
Typical Soil Condition of the site
Tsunami run up Low Land
Tsunami High Land
Depth (m)
River area
Airport
Wilayah
Sungai Specific area
Dataran rendah

Daerah Perbukitan

Daerah khusus
 Study on tsunami run up

Wilayah
Sungai

Daerah Dataran Rendah

Dataran Daerah Perbukitan
Rendah
Wilayah Sungai
Daerah Bandara
Daerah Khusus
 Study on Tsunami run up

Wilayah
Sungai

Wilayah dataran tinggi Daerah Dataran Rendah

Daerah Perbukitan
Wilayah Sungai
Daerah Bandara
Dataran Daerah Khusus
Rendah
 Mitigation for Tsunami
1.Tsunami safety route “blue line” has been determined
2. Vertikal Evacuation need high rise builidings strong to resist
tsunami wave
Problems
Warning system ? Who give valid command? Media? Panic ?
Golden time from earthquake to tsunami 15 menit how to manage ?
Earthquake at night ?
Evacuation for children, elderly, sick people?
Evacuation for prisoners ?
 Alternative tsunami mitigation : seawall
3. Seawalls
advantages
Protection24 hours/day or at least reduction in energy
Can be combined with infrastructures : road, utilities etc
May be developed as icon for Padang City
Can be used for tourism
Provide “safety feeling” for people of Padang
Problems :
Lost of sea view ?  should be designed to accomodate this aspect
Difficulties for access to the beach
Problems in estuary
Big investment financial Problems (should be “sale-able for investors)
Vertikal Evacuation
Need buildings at certain hight
with shelters or tsunami hills
with 500 m maximum distance
Contoh Bangunan untuk
Evakuasi Vertikal interval

Buildings must be strong and

easily accessable, easily seen

Socialization to The people of Padang continuously and make sure everybody

not panic and knows where is the nearest shelter when tsunami
Evacuation Scheme for Padang City
Earthquake 
Make sure occurance
of Tsunami (BMKG) 5 “
3 minutes
Alarm Peringatan Dini

10 minutes
Response time
5 minutes
Time to achieve VE
Discussion on seawall: types of seawall

vertikal Seawall Curved Seawall  opposing energy

Seawall discussion : type of seawall

Seawall dykes
Discussion on seawall : seawall types

Seawall Structure Giant Seawall in Japan(12.5m high)

Lessons learned from failures in Japan
Miyako

Seawall too low overtopping

However reduce energy  less
damages
Lessons learned from successfull seawall

Seawall adequate overtoping minimum but small damages

Seawall resistsndebris level of damages are less or none
Discussion on seawall
No problems for land acquisition

Water level may be deep  costly

Good for inner water  calm

Mos probably not sale-able

Break water
Discussion on seawall and Model
• Pertahanan pasif dan andal
• Proteksi 24 jam/hari
• Dapat merupakan icon
• Dampak positif resilience kota
• Bagian dari daya tarik dan
• Komersial + Turisme
• Biaya dipikul Banyak Investor
• Main road dan shopping center
Seawall discussion and Model
accomodate previous master plan
Discussion on seawalls
make advantage of roads or bridges for seawall
Discussion on Seawall
change impression of seawall more comfertable for tourism and commercial

Memanfaatkan ruang dibawah seawall

Untuk rekreasi atau komersiil
Apakah mungkin seawall di Padang ?
Lokasi : apakah sepanjang pantai ? Berapa panjang ?
Lokasi : apakah di tepi pantai atau di laut ?
Apakah ada resistensi ? (pemilik hotel/resort di pantai ? Nelayan?
Apakah ada dampak terhadap biota ?
Bagaimana keselarasan dengan tata kota ?
Bagaimana dengan master plan didaerah pesisir ?
Bagaimana dengan resiko liquifaksi
Bagaimana pembiayaan nya ?
Bagaimana sisi hukum nya ?
Thank you for your attention