University of engineering and technology Mardan

4/25/2021
4/25/2021

Name Nasar khan

Reg No 18MDTLE018

Assignment NO 02

Subject Wireless Technologies & RF Planning

Department Telecommunication Engineering

Submitted to Engr Jalal khan

Email
sayednasarkhan@gmail.com
Question 01: Differentiate between 2G and 3G
mobile systems.

Answer:

Second Generation (2G) :

2G mobile network is based on GSM(Global System for Mobile

Communication). This technology was developed in Finland in
1991. Messages are encrypted in this technology. Digital signals
used in this technology use less battery and hence leads to less
power consumption. Also provided data services for mobile
phones. Advanced version are 2.5G and 2.75G.

Third Generation (3G) :

3G mobile network was developed in Japan in 2001 to achieve

heights of speed which was lacking in 2G technology. The
standards of this technology was set by International
Telecommunication Union(ITU). This technology provided users
with services like GPS(Global Positioning System), video
conferencing and mobile television.

The main difference between 2G and 3G Cellular Network are

given below in the table;

S.NO 2G Cellular Network 3G Cellular Network

1 Network construction and Network construction and

maintenance is cheaper. maintenance is costlier.
License fee to be paid for
3G is also higher as
 compared to 2G.
2 It provides slower download Faster access and
speed and slower access to download speed for
applications. applications.
3 2G is less compatible with the 3G is widely used for smart
functions of smart phones. phones. Data transmission
Data transmission rate can be rate can be more than 4
of 50, 000 bits per sec. million bits per sec.
4 It is less secure than 3G. Highly secure as 3G
network permits validation
measures.
5 Video calls cannot be made. Video calls can be made.

6 Downloading and uploading Downloading speed is upto

speed is upto 236 kbps. 21 Mbps and uploading
speed is upto 5 Mbps

Question: 02: Explain TDD and FDD in detail.

Answer ;

The difference between TDD and FDD topologies.

TDD means Time Division Duplex and FDD means Frequency

Division Duplex. These topologies are widely used in advanced
wireless communication systems such as WLAN,
WiMAX(fixed/mobile), LTE and so on.

As shown in the figure, in TDD system same frequency band FC

is used by both Transmit and receive path at different time
instants. In FDD system different frequency bands Fc1 and Fc2
are used by transmit and receive paths at same time instant.
We know that transmissions from base station to subscriber
stations is referred as downlink and transmissions from subscriber
stations to base station is referred as uplink in cellular/wireless
communication systems. In TDD, both uplink and downlink
transmissions are arranged one after the other on time scale i.e.
uplink is transmitted at say 't1' instance and downlink is
transmitted at 't2' instance. Here t2 is considered to be t1 plus
some duration. Both uplink and downlink transmissions will take
place at same RF carrier frequency(Fc).

In FDD, both uplink and downlink transmissions will be assigned

two separate frequencies Fc1 and Fc2 respectively. Both utilizes
same time slot('t1') to transmit.
TDD systems are cheap compare to FDD systems due to
requirement of less RF modules such as Synthesizer, Local
Oscillators, filters etc.

MAC layer in TDD system is complex compare to FDD system, as

it has to deal with accurate time synchronization between the
systems.

FDD system requires more power compare to TDD system due to

more hardware RF modules.

TDD is favourable compare to FDD for advanced antenna

technques such as beamforming and AAS(Adaptive Antenna
System). This is due to channel reciprocity in TDD between the
uplink and downlink paths.

LTE system utilizes both TDD as well as FDD frame structures to

gain benefits of both. Refer LTE FDD vs TDD LTE which
describes difference between FDD and TDD LTE topologies
including frame structures of both.

Advantages / disadvantages of LTE TDD and LTE FDD for

cellular communications

There are a number of the advantages and disadvantages of TDD

and FDD that are of particular interest to mobile or cellular
telecommunications operators. These are naturally reflected into
LTE.
COMPARISON OF TDD LTE AND FDD LTE DUPLEX FORMATS

PARAMETER LTE-TDD LTE-FDD

Paired Does not require paired Requires paired

spectrum spectrum as both spectrum with sufficient
transmit and receive frequency separation to
occur on the same allow simultaneous
channel transmission and
reception

Hardware Lower cost as no Diplexer is needed and

cost diplexer is needed to cost is higher.
isolate the transmitter
and receiver. As cost of
the UEs is of major
importance because of
 the vast numbers that
are produced, this is a
key aspect.

Channel Channel propagation is Channel characteristics

reciprocity the same in both different in both
directions which enables directions as a result of
transmit and receive to the use of different
use on set of parameters frequencies

UL / DL It is possible to UL / DL capacity
asymmetry dynamically change the determined by frequency
UL and DL capacity ratio allocation set out by the
to match demand regulatory authorities. It
is therefore not possible
to make dynamic
changes to match
capacity. Regulatory
changes would normally
be required and capacity
is normally allocated so
that it is the same in
either direction.

Guard Guard period required to Guard band required to

period / guard ensure uplink and provide sufficient
band downlink transmissions isolation between uplink
do not clash. Large and downlink. Large
guard period will limit guard band does not
capacity. Larger guard impact capacity.
period normally required Discontinuous transmission
if distances are
increased to
accommodate larger
 propagation times.

Discontinuou Discontinuous Continuous transmission is

s transmission is required required.
transmission to allow both uplink and
downlink transmissions.
This can degrade the
performance of the RF
power amplifier in the
transmitter.

Cross slot Base stations need to be Not applicable

interference synchronised with
respect to the uplink and
downlink transmission
times. If neighbouring
base stations use
different uplink and
downlink assignments
and share the same
channel, then
interference may occur
between cells.

Application Examples
 Terrestrial Microwave links use FDD
 Terrestrial Millimeter Wave links use FDD
 Most cell-phone systems use FDD
 LTE and 4G systems use FDD or TDD depending on band.
 WiFi and Bluetooth use TDD
 Most 5GHz P2P and P2MP radios use TDD
TDD has advantages on spectral efficiency when the up/down
data path content is asymmetric. Examples are Internet
Download, IPTV and CCTV which have data content
predominantly in one direction.

Conclusion
Both FDD and TDD have benefits depending on the application.
Existing industry standards and spectrum regulation rules will
often impose which choice of FDD or TDD is used.

TDD appears often to be the better overall choice, but FDD is far
more widely implemented because of prior frequency spectrum
assignments and earlier technologies. FDD will continue to
dominate the cellular business for now. Yet as spectrum becomes
more costly and scarce, TDD will become more widely adopted as
spectrum is reallocated and repurposed.