TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:

Traffic Engineering is a key issue for telecommunications network operators trying to keep subscribers happy while minimizing network
investments.

The capacity of the network (i.e. number of channels between exchanges and exchange sizes in case of PSTN) should be increased where the
bottlenecks of the network are found.

Therefore the utilization of the network is continuously measured and traffic demand in the future is estimated. Then based on these estimates,
the capacity of the network can be increased before severe problems occur.

GOS:

GoS is linked with the availability or quality of service, the subscribers of a circuit-switched network receive.

It depends on the network capacity that should meet the service demands of the customers.

For a circuit-switched service, the most-important factor related to GoS is whether the call is successful or blocked.

System faults, error rates and other quality measures are also linked with GoS but we won’t consider them in our present study.

In the diagram given, blocking will occur if more than “n” number of subscribers make external calls at the same time.

For the probability of unsuccessful calls, the operators define the target value, the highest probability of an unsuccessful call that they
assume to be acceptable for customers.

The smaller this probability is, the more capacity they have to build into the network.

BUSY HOUR:

The basic goal of traffic engineering is to find the minimum

Capacity that gives the defined grade of service. In the diagram

Given before, the number of subscribers should be equal to “n”

to be sure that the blocking never occurs but this solution is too

expensive as the number of subscribers connected to a local

exchange is usually very large and only a few of them make

external calls at the same time. Therefore we want to find the

capacity i.e. “n” lines that are economically feasible as well as

acceptable to the customers as well.

TRAFFIC INTENSITY AND ERLANG:

PROBABILITY OF BLOCKING:

“Offered Traffic” refers to the average generated total traffic including the traffic that is blocked in the system.

Clearly the capacity should be usually higher than the offered traffic otherwise many users would not be able to get service because most of the
times, all the lines would be occupied.

The main question is that how much higher should the capacity be for the subscribers to feel that the grade of service is acceptable.

The starting point for finding this capacity is how often subscribers are allowed to be blocked and receive a busy tone.

The probability of blockage for an acceptable GoS is usually set to be in the range of 0.2% to 5% which means that every 500 th to 20th call is
blocked during the busy hour.