BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE CP 117: Part 1: 1965 UDC 693.55 : 693.814 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION IN STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE PART |: SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAMS IN BUILDING THE COUNCIL FOR CODES OF PRACTICE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTIONBRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE CP II7: Part |: 1965 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION IN STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE PART | : SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAMS IN BUILDING THE COUNCIL FOR CODES OF PRACTICE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION British Standards House, 2 Park Street, London, W.1!CP 117: Part 1: 1965 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION IN STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE Part 1. Simply-supported Beams in Building This part of the Code of Practice has been by a Committee convened on behalf of the Codes of Practice Committees for Building and for Civil En- gineering. Having been endorsed by the Council for Codes of Practice, it was published under the authority of the General Council on 11th January, 1965. This Code of Practice makes reference to the following British Standards and British Standard Codes of Practice: B.S. 15. Mild steel for general structural purposes. B.S. 449. The use of structural steel in building. CP3. Chapter V Loading. CP 114. The structural use of reinforced concrete in buildings. British Standard Codes of Practice are revised, when necessary, by the issue either of amendment slips or of revised editions. It is important that users ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or editions. The following B.S.1. references relate to the work on this Code of Practice: Committee reference BLCP/CVCP/I Draft for comment D 63/8214CP IIT: Part 1: 1965 CODE DRAFTING COMMITTEE BLCP/CVCP/I—COMPOSITE ‘CONSTRUCTION (Secretariat: Institution of Structural Engineers) O. A. Kerensky, C.B.E., B.Sc., M.LC.E., M.LStruct.£.— Chairman Walter C. Andrews, O.B.E., M.I.C.E., M.LStruct.E.—Vice-Chairman P. W. Abeles, D.Sc., M.LStruct.E. H.C. Adams, M.C., M.A., M.LCE.* P. Aldworth, M.I.Mech.£. J. W. Anderton, A.M.LStruct.E. A. M. Burdon, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.M.I.Mech.E. C. V. Blumfield, B.Sc., M.LC.E., M.LStruct.E, J.C. Chapman, B.Sc., Ph.D., A.M.LCE., A.M.LStruct.E. L. R. Creasy, O.B.E., B.Sc., M.LC.E., M.L.Struct.E. A. R. Flint, B.Sc.(Eng,), Ph.D., A.C.G.L, AM.LCE. G. B. Godfrey, AM.LCE., A.M.LMun.£., A.M.IStruct.E. C.S. Gray, B.Sc., A.M.ILCE., A.M.LStruct.E, K. Hajnal-Kényi, Dr. Ing., M.I.C.E., M.LStruct.E, W. Henderson, M.B.E., B.Sc., M A. W. Hill, B.Sc.(Eng,), M. J. H. Humphreys, M.LCE., M.LStructE. Donovan H. Lee, B.Sc.(Eng.), M.LLC.E., M.I.Mech.E., M.LStruct.E. R. J. Mainstone, M.Eng., A.M.LC. J. F. Pain, M.C., BSc., M.LC.E. E. E. Pool, A.M.I.C.E, W. Hunter Rose, M.Sc., M.LStruct.E,, MLC.E.L, F.G.S. R. E, Rowe, M.A., A.M.LCE., A.M.LStruct.E. C. E, Saunders, M.[-Struct.E. A. Short, .P., M.Sc., M.LStruct.E., A.M.LCE. Professor S. R. Sparkes, M.Sc., Ph.D., M.LC.E., M.L.Struct.E. F. Turton, M.I.Struct.E, * Resigned November, 1963 and replaced by A, D. Holland, B.Sc., A.M.I.C.E. -CP 117: Part 1: 1965 CONTENTS Foreword 5 1. Scope 5 2. Symbols 5 3. Materials and workmanship 6 4. Design of slabs 1 5. Design of composite sections 7 6. Effective width of a concrete flange 7 7. Shear connectors 8 8. Deflections 9 9. Construction 10 10. Tests on shear connectors 10 APPENDICES: A. Load-factor method of design for slabs without haunches 7 B. Determination of number of shear connectors required 22 C. Distribution of shear connectors for heavy concentrated loads 23 ‘This Code of Practice represents a standard of good practice ‘and takes the form of recommendations. Compliance with it does ‘not confer immunity from relevant legal requirements including byelaws. Attention is, however, drawn to the fact that in certain bye- Jaws, notably those Building Byelaws based upon one of the models issued for England and Wales and for Northern Ireland, and in the Scottish Building Regulations, compliance with the provisions of certain British Standards or British Standard Codes of Practice, or of specific clauses therein, is ‘ deemed to satisfy ’ the requirements of certain of the byelaws in the fields covered by the British Standards and Codes of Practice, or by the specific clauses referred to,CP 117; Part 1: 1965 BRITISH STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE CP 117 COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION IN STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CONCRETE Part 1. Simply-supported Beams in Building FOREWORD This Part of the Code is the first of a series dealing with all the major aspects of composite construction, The Code Drafting Committee, set up in June 1961, first of all surveyed the existing knowledge and practice in this form of con- struction; the results of this study have been published by the Institution of Structural Engineers in the form of a Report. ‘As the preparation of the complete Code will take some time, it was felt desirable to publish the various parts as each becomes available. It is expected that later parts will cover: ‘Complex and special beams in building Columns in building Beams, slabs and columns for bridges and gantries. 1. Scope. This Part of the Code deals with simply-supported beams used in building, the beams being subject to the loads given in CP 3, Chapter V*. It relates to beams composed of either rolled or built-up structural steel sections, with or without concrete encasement, acting in conjunction with essentially in situ reinforced concrete slabs; these elements are so interconnected as to form a composite section acting as a whole except that the vertical shear is deemed to be taken by the web of the steel section. NOTE. In place of the customary, but incorrect, use of the id as a unit of force, the unit called a pound-force (abbreviation Ibf) has been used in this le. It is that force which, ‘when acting on a body of mass one pound, gives it an acceleration equal to that of standard ‘ravity. Similar considerations apply to the ton-force (tont). 2, Symbols, The symbols used in this Code are: a, @... Areas of the shear-force diagram on lengths 4, fh... of beam. At area of top flange of steel section. A area of steel section. * CP 3, * Code of functional requirements of buildings ', Chapter V, ‘ Loading’. -CP 117: Part 1: 1965 Iyhews ¥Y, a area (in®), per inch run of beam, of transverse reinforcing bars in the bottom of the slab. effective breadth of concrete slab. breadth of of steel section. diameter Gt goat tar forming helix, depth of the centre of gravity of the steel section below mid-plane of slab. depth of plastic neutral axis below top of slab. depth of slab. jive force in the concrete slab at ultimate load. equivalent tensile force. compressive force in the steel beam at ultimate load. tensile force in the steel beam at ultimate load. yield stress (Ibf/in*) of the reinforcing bar steel. length (in) of the shear surface at the shear connectors (sec Subclause 7g). lengths of sections of a beam into which it is divided by heavy concentrated loads. ultimate moment of resistance of composite section. total number of shear connectors between points of maximum moment and zero moment. number of shear connectors at a cross-section. . number of connectors in lengths /,, /,... of a beam number of times each lower transverse reinforcing bar is inter- sected by a shear surface. design value of one shear connector as given in Table 1. shear force per inch run, Ibf/in. thickness of top flange of steel section. thickness of web of steel section. specified cube strength (Ibf/in*) of the concrete 1. at 28 days for ordinary Portland cement, and 2. at 7 days for rapid-hardeaing Portland cement. yield stress of the steel section. yield stress in the steel 9% assumed stress in the concrete at ultimate load ~ 4 tw 3. Materials and workmanship. For structural stee!, the materials and workman- ship should comply with B.S. 449° For concrete and reinforcing steel, the materials and workmanship should be in accordance with CP 114. * BS. 449, * The use of structural steel in building *. 1 CP 114, * Structural use of reinforced concrete in buildings *. 6CP 117: Part 1: 1965 4. Design of slabs. a. Slabs should be designed in accordance with CP 114*. 6. In the design of slabs, the stresses caused by composite action need not be added to the bending stresses in the slabs. 5. Design of composite sections. a. For design in accordance with the elastic theory, the stresses should be calculated on the basis of a fully composite section using a modular ratio of 15, the concrete being assumed to have no tensile strength. Where the steel section alone carries the surrounding concrete during construction, it should be designed in accordance with B.S. 449+, and the resulting stresses added to those later induced in the composite section, The calculated stresses should not exceed the appropriate permissible stresses given in CP 114* and B.S. 449}. The effect of shrinkage may be ignored. 5, Alternatively, the composite section may be designed by the load-factor method, using an overall factor of 1-75. In calculating the ultimate moment of resistance of the section, the stresses to be taken should be the specified yield strength of the steel and four ninths of the specified cube strength of the con- crete, Suitable methods of calculation are given in Appendix A. For unpropped beams, the steel section should comply with B.S. 449¢ during construction. In no case should the total elastic stress in the steel beam under working loads exceed 0:9 times the specified yield stress, nor the stress in the concrete exceed one third of the specified cube strength. NOTE. The specified cube strength of the concrete is the works cube crushing strength measured at 28 days for concrete made with ordinary Portland cement or at 7 days for concrete made with rapid-hardening Portland cement. ¢. In calculating the stresses in the concrete element of the composite section, stresses due to bending in the slab need not be included. d. Precast concrete shuttering may be assumed to act as part of the slab, provided that: 1, the joints between units in the compression zone of the slab are thoroughly filled with concrete of similar strength to that of the in situ concrete; 2. the surface of the precast units in contact with in situ concrete is clean and rough when the in situ concrete is placed; and 3. one projecting link (not less than %¢ in dia.) is provided per foot of plank width at each bearing end. 6. Effective width of a concrete flange. The recommendations in CP 114* should be followed unless a detailed analysis is made of the longitudinal shear on the assumption that it is carried by in situ concrete only. Additional reinforcement should be provided if necessary. * CP 114, ‘Structural use of reinforced concrete in buildings * + B.S. 449 * The use of structural steel in building *. erCP 117: Part 1: 1965 7. Shear connectors (for typical connectors see Fig. 1). a, Shear connectors need not be provided where the following three con- ditions are met: 1, The composite beam is designed in accordance with elastic theory. 2. The steel section has approximately equal flanges and is fully encased in in situ concrete in accordance with the requirements for cased beams in B.S. 449°, provided that the top surface of the top flange of the steel beam is not less than 2 in above the underside of the concrete slab. 3. The beam is not subjected to heavy concentrated loading. 6. In all other cases, shear connectors should be provided to transmit the horizontal shear between the steel beam and the concrete slab, ignoring the effect of the bond between the two. The slab should also be positively tied down to the beam as shown, for example, in Fig. 1. ¢. For both elastic and load-factor methods of design for the composite section, the shear connectors should be designed by the load-factor method. The number N of connectors should be calculated to resist the maximum value of the total horizontal shear force to be transmitted at collapse between points of maximum and zero moment. This force is taken as the force in the concrete for the calculated ultimate moment at the point of maximum bending moment, Suitable methods of calculating the forces are given in Appendices A and B. Table 1 gives design values for a range of commonly used types of connector illustrated in Fig. 1. The values for other types of connector may be determined experimentally by push-out tests carried out in accordance with Clause 10. The design value of a shear connector is taken as 80 per cent of the ultimate capacity. d, Where there is a concrete haunch with a slope steeper than 1 vertical to 3 horizontal between the top flange of the steel beam and the underside of the concrete slab, the value of the shear connector should in all cases be based on push-out tests in accordance with Clause 10, incorporating the proposed haunch and reinforcement. ¢. The number of connectors as determined by c or d above may normally be uniformly spaced between each end of the beam and the section of maximum moment. Where the composite beam supports heavy concentrated loads, the procedure laid down in Appendix C should be followed. J. The spacing of connectors should be not greater than four times the slab thickness nor greater than 24 in. &- The shear force (in Ibf) per inch run of beam: 2240N¢ x load in tons on one shear connector at ultimate load @= Longitudinal spacing of connectors in inches BS. 449, ‘The use of structural steel in building’. 8CP 117; Part 1; 1965 should not exceed either 1, the shear resistance per inch run of beam = 2-814V uy + Arfyn, OF 2. T5EVitwr The amount of transverse steel 4; in the bottom of the slab or haunch should be not less than 3 int per inch run of beam. fy where N, = number of shear connectors at a cross-section. Uy = specified cube strength of the concrete in Ibf/in* (see Subclause $6). L, = the length (in) of the shear surface at the shear connectors, = the peripheral distance (in) around the connectors at a cross-section (as shown in Fig. 1), but not to be taken greater than the thickness of the slab in the case of L-beams or twice the thickness of the slab in the case of T-beams. Where haunches having a slope not steeper than 1 vertical to 3 horizontal are provided, the thickness of the slab may be taken as the depth of the slab plus haunch when calculating this limiting value of L.. ‘Ay = area (in*), per inch run of beam, of transverse reinforcing bars in the bottom of the slab. n= number of times each lower transverse reinforcing bar is inter- sected by a shear surface. Generally, for T-beams, n = 2 and for L-beams, n = 1. fy = yield stress (Ibf/in’) of the reinforcing bar steel, but not to be taken ‘greater than 60000 Ibf/in* NOTE. The lower transverse reinforcing bars shauld be adequately anchored on each side ‘of each intersection with the shear surface in order to develop the stress in the steel ‘4. To ensure that the concrete slab is adequately tied down to the steel flange, the overall height of the connector (i.e. the length of stud, diameter of helix, height of channel, hoop, etc.) should not be less than 2 in nor project less than 1 in into the compression zone of the concrete slab. The thickness of the ‘compression zone should be that at the section of maximum bending moment as calculated by the load-factor method. The diameter of the head of a stud should not be less than 1-5 x the diameter of the stud. 8 Deflections. a, The deflections of a composite beam should not exceed that given in B.S. 449. 4, For this purpose, deflections should be calculated on the basis of a fully ite section, using modular ratios of 15 for the imposed loading and 30 for the dead load, concrete in tension being ignored in both cases. 9CP 117: Part 1: 1965 NOTE. The designer should satisfy himself that no undesirable vibrations can be caused by the imposed loading. Serious vibrations may result when dynamic forces are applied at a frequency near to one of the natural frequencies of the members. 9. Construction. a. The method of supporting the shuttering during concreting affects the working’ stresses, stability, and deflexions in the beam, but does not materially affect the ultimate load. Whichever method of design is used, the recommendations in Clause 8 should be followed. 5. When props are used, they should be kept in place until the in situ con- crete has attained a strength, as indicated by test cubes, equal to at least twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected shortly after the time of removing the props. c. The surfaces of the steel sections in contact with the concrete should be left unpainted and should be thoroughly cleaned of all loose scale, loose rust, dirt and grease immediately prior to placing the concrete. d. Special attention should be paid to the thorough compaction of concrete around compression flanges and shear connectors. 10. Tests on shear connectors. a. Suitable dimensions for the test-piece are given in Fig. 2. 6. Bond at the steel-concrete interface should be prevented by greasing the flange or by other suitable means. c. The rate of application of load should be uniform and should be such that the failure load is reached in not less than 10 min. d. Slab and reinforcement should be either: (@ as given in the sketch (Fig. 2) or (ii) as in the beams for which the test is designed. e. The strength of the concrete at the time of testing should not exceed the specified cube strength of the concrete in the beams for which the test is designed (see Note to Subclause 56). f. Not less than three tests should be made and the design values should be taken as 80 per cent of the lowest ultimate capacity.CP 117: Part 1: 1965 TABLE 1. DESIGN VALUES OF SHEAR CONNECTORS FOR DIFFERENT CONCRETE STRENGTHS yield stress | Fig. 1a Diameter ‘Height 25 tonfin* tons Min. TS. in in 32 tonffia® 1 4 19 131 155 % 4 98 108 12:8 % 4 18 86 102 % 3 67 14 88 % 3 s7 | 63 | 75 % 2% | 36 40 48 . : See Load per bar (P.) Bars with hoops (Fig. 18) Feu | 2in x 136 in x 7% in bar BS. 15 | 40 53 80 NOTE 1. ww is the specified cube strength of concrete (see Note to Subclause 54). NOTE 2. The heights of the studs quoted are the overall heights. ‘NOTE 3. The figures are 80 per cent of the ultimate capacities. NOTE 4, Values in the table are not applicable where there is a concrete haunch between the top flange of the steel beam and the concrete ‘slab with a slope steeper than 1 vertical and 3 horizontal. e * Design values for concretes of intermediate strength can be obtained by linear interpolation. + B.S. 15, * Mild steel for general structural purposes ’. For bars and channels of length less than. those quoted above, the values are proportional to the length,CP 117: Part 1: 1965 Table 1. (continued) Desica values of connectors ‘Types of comector Connector | Welds treba )® 30m | 4000 | 6000 ‘Channels le) ‘Load per channel (P.) Ne) tonst Sin x 2% in x 10 1b x 6 in 22:8 25:2 00 4inx2in x 7hbx6in BS. 15t 210 234 2B2 Sin x 1% im x +5 Ib x 6 in 198 222 27-0 Tees with hoops See Load per connector (P.) (Fig. 1d) Fig. ld tons 4 in x 3in x 3 in Tee by 2 in high with BS. 15t m2 | 222 | 262 % in diameter bar hoop Helices (Fig. le) See Fig. le | Load per pitch (P,) Pitch circle tons Bar diameter |“ Gismeter in in % 5 162 | 178 | 208 % 5 BS. 15+ 124 | 136 | 160 4 4 a6 | 95 | 2 6 3 50 55, | 64 —_ 1 ___1___1_1_____ NOTE 1. ue is the specified cube strength of concrete (see Note to Subclause 5b). NOTE 2. The heights of the studs quoted are the overall heights. ‘NOTE 3. The figures are 80 per cent of the ultimate capacities. NOTE 4. Values in the table are not applicable where there is a concrete hunch between the top flange of the steel beam and the concrete slab with a slope steeper than 1 vertical and 3 horizontal, * Design values for concretes of intermediate strength can be obtained by linear interpolation. 1 B.S. 15, * Mild steel for general structural purposes *. 3 For bars and channels of length less than those quoted above, the values are proportional to the length. 13CP 117: Part 1: 1965 4oyDeuuos auueyd “2 40)20uu09 vo ysnsyy Jo VO!I291g 4oy29uu0> Jeg 9 4oy2auu0s pms 2 PIaM pris eWoIny S-1 UeYT 5891 10N 40;200u09 uo yenay po vonsas1g 421965 CP 117: Part 1 S1oyaqu0s swogs eH “1 “Bd 4oy29UU0D 29119H “2 pariio sdooH un eZ i, * = piem jo 9215 viet OZ =7 PIO Jo Wr6U97 s01290U09 991 2 piaM 49) wie 40)38uu09 uo ysnaya jo von29410 ae:CP 117: Part 1: 1965 Spos Tip H8,, ‘S20;300n00 BIH 303 a00x1-357) JO SuOpSUDC “7 “Bil “an 62 «,,Sx01 aseq pilos uo seqs0W UI Peppeg 16 16CP 117; Part 1: APPENDIX A LOAD-FACTOR METHOD OF DESIGN FOR SLABS WITHOUT HAUNCHES Al. General, There are two possible cases to be considered, depending on the position of the neutral axis at ultimate load (or plastic neutral axis): Case 1, when the plastic neutral axis is within the depth of the concrete stab; this occurs when the fully plastic compressive capacity of the slab exceeds the fully plastic tensile capacity of the steel beam. Case II, when the plastic neutral axis is located within the depth of the steel beam; this occurs when the fully plastic capacity of the slab is less than that of the steel beam. A2. Notation, A, area of steel section. ‘Ac area of top flange of steel section. b effective breadth of concrete slab. br breadth of top flange of steel section. de depth of the centre of gravity of the steel section below mid-plane of slab. do depth of plastic neutral axis below top of slab. d, depth of slab. Fe _ compressive force in the concrete slab at ultimate load (Cases I and I). Fie compressive force in the steel beam at ultimate load (Case II only). Fy _ tensile force in the steel beam at ultimate load (Cases I and II). 'M, ultimate moment of resistance of composite section. Pc design value of one shear connector. tt thickness of top flange of steel section. tw thickness of web of steel section. uw specified cube strength of the concrete, Ys yield stress of the steel section. “OY, ode A3. Stresses at ultimate load. At ultimate load it is assumed that: 1. The whole of the area of steel beam below the plastic neutral axis is stressed in tension to the yield stress, Ys. 2. The whole of the area of steel beam above the plastic neutral axis is stressed in compression to the yield stress, Ys. 3. The area of concrete below the plastic neutral axis is cracked and is therefore unstressed. os 1965CP 117: Part 1: 1965 4. The area of concrete above the plastic neutral axis is stressed to its full compressive strength, which is assumed to be 4/9 aw, this fraction being derived from the following two factors: A. The strength of concrete in a slab is % of the cube strength uw (see CP 114"), 8. In view of the greater variability of the strength and the lower ductility of concrete compared with that of steel, the factor against crushing of the concrete should be higher than the factor against yielding of the steel. To increase the factor on the concrete by $0 per cent, the compressive strength is taken as two-thirds of the slab strength, i.e. 2,2 4 BX lw = 5 tw A4. Calculation of position of plastic neutral axis and ultimate moment of re- sistance. a. Case I. Plastic neutral axis within concrete slab: da < d, (Fig. 3) ‘This occurs when ad, < bd Tensile force in steel, Fs, = Ay Ys Compressive force in concrete, Fas = dyb Sty = “2 y, For equilibrium Fa = Fos OAs a = ® To obtain Mr, take moments about the line of action of Foe. Hence M= Ava + S59) b. Case II. Plastic neutral axis within the steel beam: d, < dp (Fig, 4). This occurs when bd, <@.As. ‘The stress distribution at ultimate load is shown in Fig. 4b, The derivation of the formulae is simplified by adding equal but opposite forces to the steel beam above the neutral axis, giving the equivalent stress distribution shown in Fig. 4c. Q * CP 114, * The structural use of reinforced conerete in builCP 117: Part 1: 1965 Thus the steel beam is assumed to be stressed in tension to yield through- out its full depth, the total equivalent tensile force F. being balanced by the compressive force Fe, in the concrete plus twice the compressive force Fy. in the steel section above the neutral axis. RAN reo @.y, a 2Fic = 2 (area of steel in compression). ¥, .. Area of steel in compression = ula . 2] @) dy may then be determined from the dimensions of the steel section. In the case of a rolled steel section or welded plate girder with rectangular top flange fr x br, and constant web thickness fw, Case II may be sub-divided into (j) and (ii) below, and equations (4) to (7) may be derived for dy and M, as follows: ( Plastic neutral axis within top flange of steel beam. ds < dy < (dy + tt) This occurs when b.dy <0.Ay << (bdy + 2a.Ap) aA, — bd; da = dy + SE 4) Mr, = Yi[Asde — brdo(da — dy)) (5) (ii) Plastic neutral axis within web of steel beam. da > de + te ‘This occurs when dy = dy + te + ——— (6) Yi[Aude — Ar(ds + te) ~ toda + tda — dy — 10) Ma. da c Fig, 4. Section and stress diagrams for a coruposite beam with the neutral axis within the steel beamCP 117; Part 1: 1965 APPENDIX B DETERMINATION OF NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS REQUIRED Sufficient shear connectors should be provided in the zone between the sections of zero and maximum moment to transfer the total horizontal force between the concrete slab and the steel beam at ultimate load, This total horizontal force is equal to the total compressive force in the concrete, Foc (see Appendix A). NOTE. Where the plastic neutral axis is within the depth of the slab (Case I in Appendix A) the horizontal force is equal to Fez, the tensile force in the steel beam. The number of shear connectors required is as follows: ® Plastic neutral axis within the depth of stab. i) Plastic neutral axis within the depth of the steel section, Fee Ne ee Pe where P. = design value of one shear connector as given in Table I, or as deter- mined by tests in accordance with Clause 10.CP 117: Part 1: 1965 APPENDIX C DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR CONNECTORS FOR HEAVY CONCENTRATED LOADS Fig. 5. Shear force and bending moment diagrams for a beam with distributed and heavy concestrated loads The number of connectors, as calculated for the section of maximum moment, should be distributed between that section and the section of zero moment according to the respective areas of the shear force diagram between the points of discontinuity. The spacing over the lengths /,, J, etc., may be uniform. 23CP 117: Part 1: 1965 If the total number of connectors required between the sections of zero and maximum moment is N = m, + % + .... : a then the number of connectors in eagth ism, = W( ———) a x a andthe number of connectors in length his nj = w( +) 8510 -5-0.6k-8