Introduction to Ethernet

May 2015, ver3

Agenda
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Network Devices
• OSI Layers
• Ethernet Frame
• VLAN concept

2 Proprietary and Confidential

The Local Area Network (LAN)

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Network Devices

The various devices used to build a data communication network can be classified into type of
equipment depending on how Ethernet packets are forwarded.

ROUTER

BRIDGE / SWITCH

HUB

4 Proprietary and Confidential

Functions of OSI layers

OSI model layers

Application Type of communication: e-mail, file transfer, web browsing

Presentation Encryption, data conversion: ASCII to EBCDIC, BCD to binary et.

Session Starts, stops sessions. Maintains order

Transport Ensure delivery of entire file or message

Network Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network addresses

Data Link Transmits packets from node to node based on station address

Physical Electrical signals and cabling (physical medium)

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Protocols in OSI layers

OSI model layers

Application HTTP, FTP, IRC, SSH, DNS, SNMP

Presentation SSL, SFTP, IMAP, SSH, Jpeg, GIF, TIFF, MPEG, MIDI, mp3

Session VARIOUS API’S, SOCKETS

Transport TCP, UDP, ECN, SCTP, DCCP

Network IP, IP Sec, ICMP, IGMP

Data Link Ethernet, Token Ring, SLIP, PPP, FDDI

Physical Coax, Fiber, Wireless

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Ethernet frame

7 Proprietary and Confidential

 OSI and TCP/IP model
OSI model OSI model
TCP/IP model
layers layers
Application Protocol
Application Application
Presentation Protocol
Presentation Presentation
Application DATA
Session Protocol
Session Session

Transport Transport TCP/UDP DATA Transport

Internet Network IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA Network

MPLS IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA

Layer 2,5 Layer 2,5 Layer 2,5
E
Data Link MAC S-VLAN C-VLAN MPLS L IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCS Data Link
Network
Interface Physical P SFD MAC S-VLAN C-VLAN MPLS
E
L
IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCS Physical
Size in bytes: 7 1 12 4 4 4 2 20/40 20/8 4

P Preamble TCP Transmission control protocol

46-1500
SFD Start frame Delimiter UDP User datagram protocol
MAC = Destination + Source MAC Address FCS Frame check sequence
EL Ether Length/Type
VLAN Virtual local area network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
IP Internet protocol

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L2

9 Proprietary and Confidential

L3

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L4
UDP Header

TCP Header

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Inter-frame gap

Ethernet works in Layer 1, Layer 2 and “Layer 2,5”

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VLAN concept
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) concept
• Imagine that you have a network and three different customer
• Customer 1
• Customer 2
• Customer 3

NETWORK

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Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) concept

VLANs are created to provide the segmentation services traditionally provided by routers
in LAN configurations
The most common protocol used today in configuring virtual LANs is IEEE 802.1Q

15 Proprietary and Confidential

 OSI and TCP/IP model
OSI model OSI model
TCP/IP model
layers layers
Application Protocol
Application Application
Presentation Protocol
Presentation Presentation
Application DATA
Session Protocol
Session Session

Transport Transport TCP/UDP DATA Transport

Internet Network IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA Network

MPLS IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA

Layer 2,5 Layer 2,5 Layer 2,5
E
Data Link MAC S-VLAN C-VLAN MPLS L IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCS Data Link
Network
Interface Physical P SFD MAC S-VLAN C-VLAN MPLS
E
L
IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCS Physical
Size in bytes: 7 1 12 4 4 4 2 20/40 20/8 4

P Preamble TCP Transmission control protocol

46-1500
SFD Start frame Delimiter UDP User datagram protocol
MAC = Destination + Source MAC Address FCS Frame check sequence
EL Ether Length/Type
VLAN Virtual local area network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
IP Internet protocol

16 Proprietary and Confidential

Ethernet frame

17 Proprietary and Confidential

Untagged Ethernet Frame

FCS is created by the sender and recalculated by the receiver

Preamble + SFD DA SA Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS

4 Bytes
8 Bytes 6 Bytes 6 Bytes 2 Bytes 46 - 1500 Bytes (32-bit
CRC)

Minimum 64 Bytes < FRAME SIZE < Maximum 1518 Bytes

Length / Type < 1500 - Parameter indicates number of Data Bytes

Length / Type > 1536 - Parameter indicates Protocol Type (PPPoE, PPPoA, ARP etc.)

18 Proprietary and Confidential

Tagged Ethernet Frame

• Additional information is inserted

• Frame size increases to 1522 Bytes

4 Bytes

Preamble + SFD DA SA VLAN TAG Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS

TPID = 0x8100 TCI

P-TAG CFI VLAN ID

TPID = Tag protocol ID
3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit
TCI = Tag Control Information
CFI = 1 bit canonical Format Indicator

19 Proprietary and Confidential

Tagging a Frame

VLAN ID uses 12 bits, therefore the number of maximum VLANs is 4096:

• 212 = 4096
• VID 0 = reserved
• VID 4090-4096 = reserved (dedicated for IP-10’s internal purposes such as MNG etc.)
• VID 1 = default

• After tagging a frame, FCS is recalculated

• CFI is set to 0 for ETH frames, 1 for Token Ring to allow TR frames over
ETH backbones (some vendors may use CFI for internal purposes)

20 Proprietary and Confidential

TPID / ETHER-Type / Protocol Type…
Protocol type Value
TPID in tagged frames in always set to
0x8100 Tagged Frame 0x8100

ARP 0x0806
It is important that you understand the Q-in-Q (CISCO) 0x8100
meaning and usage of this parameter Q-in-Q (other vendors) 0x88A8
Q-in-Q (other vendors) 0x9100
Q-in-Q (other vendors) 0x9200
RARP 0x8035
IP 0x0800
IPv6 0x86DD
PPPoE 0x8863/0x8864
MPLS 0x8847/0x8848
IS-IS 0x8000
LACP 0x8809
802.1x 0x888E

21 Proprietary and Confidential

Q-in-Q

• Additional VLAN (S-VLAN) is inserted

• Frame size increases to 1526 Bytes

4 Bytes 4 Bytes

Preamble + SFD DA SA S - VLAN C - VLAN Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS

TPID = 0x88A8 TCI TPID = 0x8100 TCI

P-TAG CFI VLAN ID P-TAG CFI VLAN ID

3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit 3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit

22 Proprietary and Confidential

 Thank you

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