WIENER  

FILTER
 INTRODUCTION
•  The Wiener filter was proposed by Norbert Wiener in
1940.
•  It was published in 1949
•  Its purpose is to reduce the amount of a noise in a
signal.
•  This is done by comparing the received signal with a
estimation of a desired noiseless signal.
•  Wiener filter is not an adaptive filter as it assumes
input to be stationery.
 DESCRIPTION
•  It takes a statistical approach to solve its goal
•  Goal of the filter is to remove the noise from a signal
•  Before implementation of the filter it is assumed that
the user knows the spectral properties of the original
signal and noise.
•  Spectral properties like the power functions for both
the original signal and noise.
•  And the resultant signal required is as close to the
original signal
 DESCRIPTION
•  Signal and noise are both linear stochastic
processes with known spectral properties.
•  The aim of the process is to have minimum mean-
square error
•  That is, the difference between the original signal
and the new signal should be as less as possible.
 Important  Equations
•  Considering we need to design a wiener filter in
frequency domain as W(u,v)
•  Restored image will be given as;

Xn(u,v) = W(u,v).Y(u,v)

•  Where Y(u,v) is the received signal and Xn(u,v) is the

restored image
 Considering images and noise as random variables, the
is to find an estimate fˆ of the uncorrupted image f su
Important  Equations
mean square error between them is minimized.
•  We choose The
W(k,l) tomeasure
error minimize:
is given by

e 2 = E { (f − fˆ)2 }
Obtained from [1]
where E {i} is the expected value of the argument.
•  Where the equation represents the mean square
error.
By assuming that
•  The wiener filter can be represented by the
equation: 1. the noise and the image are uncorrelated;
2. one or the other has zero mean;
3. the intensity levels in the estimate are a linear fu
the levels in the degraded image.
Important  Equations

•  Obtained from [1]

 Important  Equations
•  H(u,v) = degradation function
•  |H(u,v)|^2 = H*(u,v)H(u,v)
•  H*(u,v) = complex conjugate of H(u,v)
•  Sn(u,v) = |N(u,v)|^2 power spectrum of noise
•  Sf(u,v) = |F(u,v)|^2 power spectrum of
undegraded image
. G(u,v) is the transform of the degraded image.
 The Wiener filter does not have the same problem as the invers
filter with zeros in the degradation function, unless the entire
denominator is zero for the same value(s) of u and v .

Important  Equations
If the noise is zero, then the Wiener filter reduces to the invers
filter.
•  The signal to noise ration can be approximated
using One
the of
following equation:
the most important measures is the signal-to-noise ratio
approximated using frequency domain quantities such as
M −1 N −1

∑∑ F (u, v ) 2
u =0 v =0
SNR = M −1 N −1
(5.8-3)
∑∑ N (u, v ) 2
u =0 v =0

Obtained from [1]

•  Low noise gives high SNR and High noise gives Low
SNR. The value is a good metric used in
characterizing the performance of restoration
algorithm
 The mean square error given in statistical form in (5.8-1) can be
Important  Equations
approximated also in terms a summation involving the original
and restored images:
•  The MSE in statistical form can be calculated as:
ACS-7205-001 Digital Image Processing (Fall Term, 2011-12) Page 291

−1 N −1 in statistical form in (5.8-1) can be

The mean square errorM given
1 2
MSE = ∑ ∑  f (x, y) − fˆ(x, y) 
approximated also in terms a summation involving

MN x =0 y =0 
and restored images:
M −1 N −1
the original
 (5.8-4)
1 2
MSE =
MN ∑from∑
Obtained

 f (x , y ) − ˆ
f (x , y ) 
 (5.8-4)
x =0 y =[1]
0

•  If restored
IfIfone
onesignal
considers
considersisthe
considered
therestored
restoredimage as
imageto besignal
to signal and
and
be signal the
anddifference
the difference
difference
between between
this image theand therestored
original to and degraded
be noise, as
we can define a
between this
signal-to-noise image and
ratio
the noise, then we can obtain
inthe
theoriginal
spatialtodomain
be noise,
aswe can define a
SNR in spatial domain
signal-to-noise ratio in the∑
spatial
∑ domain
M −1 N −1
fˆ(x , y ) as 2

x =0 y =0
SNR = M −1 N −1
2 (5.8-5)
∑ M∑  f (x , y ) − fˆ(x , y ) 
−1 N −1 
x =0 y =0

∑ ∑ f (x, y)
Obtained from ˆ[1] 2
The closer f and fˆ are, the larger this ratio will be.
x =0 y =0
SNR = 2
If we are dealing with white noise, the spectrum N (u, v ) is a
M −1 N −1
 ∑ ∑  f (x, y) − f (x, y) 
x =0 y =0

Important  Equations
The closer f and fˆ are, the larger this ratio will be.
2
•  ButIf itweisare
sometimes
dealing withhard to estimate
white noise, N (u, v )
the poweris a
the spectrum
spectrum of either
constant, which thethings
simplifies un-degraded
considerably.image
However,or the
noise.
F (u, v ) 2 is usually unknown.
•  In that case we assume a constant K, that is then
added to allisterms
An approach of H|(u,v)|^2
used frequently when these quantities are not
•  The neworequation
known in that case becomes:
cannot be estimated:

 1 H (u , v ) 2 
ˆ
F (u, v) =   G(u, v)
 H (u, v) H (u, v) + K 
2 (5.8-6)
 
Obtained from [1]
where K is a specified constant that is added to all terms of
H (u, v) 2 .
 Working  Example  1
ACS-7205-001 Digital Image Processing (Fall Term, 2011-12)
7205-001 Digital Image Processing (Fall Term, 2011-12)
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ample We apply
•  5.13:
Example the filtercomparisons
5.13: Further
Further to theoffollowing
comparisons set of
of Wiener
Wiener images
filtering
filtering
205-001 Digital Image Processing (Fall Term, 2011-12)
ACS-7205-001 Digital Image Processing (Fall Term, 2011-12) Page 293 Page 2

mple 5.13: Further

Example comparisons
5.13: Further of Wiener
comparisons filtering
of Wiener filtering

1 obtained from [1] 2 Obtained from [1]

•  We reduce the noise variance (noise power):

3 obtained from[1] 4 obtained from [1]

 Working  Example  1
•  We decrease the noise variance even further:

5 obtained from [1] 6 obtained from [1]

•  As we can see A wiener filter does a very good job

at deblurring of an image and reducing the noise.
 Example  2
•  The problem is to estimate the power spectrum of
noise and even more difficult is to estimate the
power spectrum of the image.
•  We know that most of the images have similar
power spectrum.
•  We take two images and calculate their individual
power spectrum
•  The images derived are obtained from [2]
Example  2

Obtained from [2]

 Example  2
•  We calculate the power spectrum of each image:

Obtained from [2]

 Example  2
•  If we restore the cameraman image using its own
power spectrum, the image will look like this:

Obtained from [2]

 Example  2
•  But we use the power spectrum obtained from the
house image, the restored image will look like this:

Obtained from [2]

 Example  2
•  Now if we consider a large set of images and
calculate the power spectrum for them and find a
mean, that could then be used as the power
spectrum input for the wiener filter, we are likely to
get better results.
•  Hence, it is important to have a large data set, to
calculate power spectrum for.
•  In the previous scenario a user can derive the noise
power spectrum from previous knowledge or can
calculate it by observing the variance within an
image’s smoother part.
How  to  use  Wiener  filter?
•  Implementation of wiener filter are available both in
Matlab and Python.
•  These implementations can be used to perform
analysis on images.
 Conclusion
•  Wiener filter is an excellent filter when it comes to
noise reduction or deblluring of images.
•  A user can test the performance of a wiener filter
for different parameters to get the desired results.
•  It is also used in steganography processes.
•  It considers both the degradation function and
noise as part of analysis of an image.
 References
•  [1] R. Gonzalez and W. RE, Digital Image
Processing, Third Edit. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008,
pp. 352–357.
•  [2] S. Eddins, “Matlab Central Steve on Image
Processing.” [Online]. Available: http://
blogs.mathworks.com/steve/2007/11/02/image-
deblurring-wiener-filter/. [Accessed: 25-Aug-2012].