Comprehensive Examination

SANKARARAO GULLIPALLI
Reg No: 121960404508
Ph.D (PART TIME), E.C.E Department
GITAM,VISAKHAPATNAM

Dr. B.SURI BABU NAICK

(supervisor)
Assistant Professor, E.C.E Department
GITAM,VISAKHAPATNAM
 Contents
 Course Work Completed
i. Condition Monitoring of High Voltage Equipment [EEL 3106]

ii. Soft Computing Techniques in Power System[EEL 3112]

iii. Power System Engineering (NPTEL) [EEL 3113]

iv. Research Methodology [HUL 3101]

 Course Outcome
 Introduction to sweep frequency response analysis
 What is SFRA
 SFRA Working
 Mechanical Failure Mechanism
 Methods
 SFRA analysis can detect problems in transformers
 Literature Survey
 Observations from Literature Survey
 Gaps of Literature Survey
 Proposed Plan of Action
 References
 Course Work Completed
GRADE
COURSE CODE COURSE NAME CREDITS
OBTAINED

BB
Condition Monitoring of High
EEL 3106 Voltage Equipment
6 (8.0)

BB
Soft Computing Techniques in
EEL3112 Power System
6 (8.0)

Power System engineering AB

EEL 3113 (NPTEL)
6
(9.0)

AB
HUL 3101 Research Methodology 6
(9.0)
Condition Monitoring of High
Voltage Equipment
EEL 3106

4
 Course Outcome of EEL3106

Learned about the importance of Condition Monitoring and Preventive Maintenance

of high voltage equipments.

Gathered knowledge about different causes and effects of insulation degradation.

Acquire knowledge of Dissolved Gas Analysis and Furan Analysis.

Learned about the importance of Crackle Test and Karl Fischer Titration.
Soft Computing Techniques in
Power System
EEL3112    

6
 Course Outcome of EEL3112    

 Learned about structures of neural network ,training algorithm and different types

of Active functions.

 Studied different fuzzy rules , defuzzification and fuzzy controllers.

 Acquired the knowledge of continuous wavelet and discrete wavelet transform,

WNN, optimization Techniques.

 Grasped the idea of insulation testing of high voltage equipment and corona loss.
 What do you mean by fuzzy
 Fuzzy logic is a superset of Boolean logic that has been extended to handle the
concept of partial truth truthvalues between "completely true" and "completely
false“ The essential characteristics of fuzzy logicare as

 In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting case of approximate

reasoning.

 In fuzzy logic everything is a matter of degree.

 Any logical system can be fuzzified

 In fuzzy logic, knowledge is interpreted as a collection of elastic or,

equivalently , fuzzy constraint on a collection of variables

 The third statement hence, define Boolean logic as a subset of Fuzzy logic
05/01/2021 8
 Fuzzy Sets
 A paradigm is a set of rules and regulations which defines boundaries and
tells us what to do to be successful in solving problems within these
boundaries.

 For example the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes is a paradigm

shift - likewise the development of Fuzzy Set Theory from conventional
bivalent set theory is a paradigm shift.

 Bivalent Set Theory can be somewhat limiting if we wish to describe a

'humanistic' problem mathematically.

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 Fig. below illustrates bivalent sets to
characterize the temperature of a room

05/01/2021 10
 How do fuzzy sets differ
from classical sets ?
 In classical set theory we assume that all sets rare well-defined (or crisp),
that is given any object in our universe we can always say that object either
is or is not the member of a particular set.

CLASSICAL SETS

 The set of people that can run a mile in 4 minutes or less.

 The set of children under age seven that weigh more than 1oo pounds.

FUZZY SETS

 The set of fast runners.

 The set of overweight children.
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 WHY FUZZY CONTROL ?
 Fuzzy Logic is a technique to embody human like thinking into a control
system.

 A fuzzy controller is designed to emulate human deductive thinking, that

is, the process people use to infer conclusions from what they know.
 Traditional control approach requires formal modeling of the physical
reality.

 Fuzzy logic controllers design are two approaches

1) Mamdani approach
2) Takagi and sugenos approach

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Power System Engineeering
(NPTEL)
EEL 3113

13
 Course Outcome of EEL3113
Learned about overhead line insulators and under ground cables

Studded about corona, sag and tension

Acquired knowledge of transient over voltages and load frequency control.

Learned the distribution system load flow and voltage stability.

Grasped the knowledge of radial distribution system and unit commitment.

Research Methodology

HUL 3101

15
 Course Outcome of HUL3101

 Learned the importance and methods of research.

 Gathered knowledge about research design.

 Acquired knowledge about the steps for research works, i.e. the literature survey and

topic finalisation, synopsis and thesis writing.

 Learned the types, steps and importance of data collection and analysis.
 Introduction to sweep frequency response
analysis
 Fundamentals of SFRA

 Transformers are complex RLC circuits

 L & C components have a strong geometric dependence

 Physical damage results in changes of the RLC network

 This is precisely what we are looking for

 These changes are measured by using SFRA

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 Transformer – An Insight

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 Transformer – Winding Structure

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 Mechanical Failure Mechanism
• Transformers under fault or excessive overload conditions

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 What is SFRA
A Tool that detects Mechanical Distortions in Power Transformers

What are these distortions?

 Movements in the Core

 Movements in the HV/LV Windings

 Release of clamping pressure

Why do mechanical distortions occur?

 Due to a fault

 Due to an overload
21
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 During Shipping and/or Relocation

 Hence periodical testing is recommended for all critical units

 If undetected, the mechanical fault will manifest itself into an electrical

fault (dielectric or thermal) which would result in the loss of transformer.

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 SFRA Working

 A low voltage (10V p-p) signal with varying frequency (10Hz to 2MHz) is
injected into the transformer.

 Both the input and the output signals are measured.

 The ratio of the two signal gives the frequency response of the
transformer.

 This ratio is called the transfer function from which a change in the
geometry of the transformer components can be established.
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• Frequency Response of RLC Elements

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Transformer Failure Modes

 Electrical Factors
 Transient or overvoltage conditions;
 Lightening and switching surges;
 Partial discharge.

 Mechanical factors
 Electromagnetic Forces;
 Shipping of the transformer;
 Buckling of the innermost winding;
 Conductor tipping;
 Conductor telescoping;
 Spiral Tightening;
 End ring crushing;
 Failure of coil clamping system;
 Displacement of transformers leads
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 Thermal Factors
 Transformer overloading for prolonged period;
 Operation of transformer on nonlinear loads;
 Failure of cooling system;
 Blockage of oil ducts;
 Operation of transformer in an overexcited condition;
 Operation of transformer in high ambient temperature

 Others

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 Mechanical Failure Mechanism
Transformers under fault or excessive overload conditions

 Large electromagnetic forces on windings during fault conditions or overloads

can cause windings to move and even permanent winding and core deformation

 This may result in insulation damage.

 Turn to turn faults are the most likely

 Insulation damage usually results in a failure of the

transformer which is uneconomical to repair

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 Mechanical Failure Mechanism
CAUSE:
 Electromagnetic Forces due to high current flow (FαI2)
 Mechanical shocks during transportation or relocation of the unit

EFFECT:
 Insulation damage – Uneconomical to repair
 Compressive Failure of Winding (Hoop Buckling)
 Spiral tightening – De-rates fault duty
 Coil clamping failure
 End insulation collapse

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 Detection Problems
• Dissolved Gas Analysis
 Dissolved Gas Analysis will only indicate a problem when the insulation has
been damaged (Usually too late to repair).
 Internal Inspections
 Internal visual inspections are often inconclusive and require transformers to be
transported offsite. (Costly downtime)
 Electrical Tests
 Winding failures can usually be diagnosed by various electrical tests such as
TTR, Power Factor etc… (But not always).

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 Methods
 Time-based – current SFRA results will be compared to previous results of
the same unit.

 Type-based – SFRA of one transformer will be compared to an equal type

of transformer.

 Phase comparison – SFRA results of one phase will be compared to the

results of the other phases of the same transformer.

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 SFRA analysis can detect problems in
transformers
 winding deformation – axial & radial, like hoop buckling, tilting, spiraling
 Displacements between high and low voltage windings
 Partial winding collapse
 Shorted or open turns
 Faulty grounding of core or screens
 Core movement
 Droken clamping structures
 Problematic internal connections

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 Uses

 To obtain initial signature of healthy transformer for future comparisons

 Periodic checks as part of regular maintenance

 Immediately after a major external event like short circuit

 Transportation or relocation of transformer

 Studying earthquakes

 Pre-commissioning check

05/01/2021 32
 Literature Survey
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2008 J. Secue, IEEE/PES New methodology for In this paper there are some proposals for
Student E. Transmission and diagnosing faults in making the interpretation of the data more
Mombello, Distribution power transformer objective, neither of them integrate human
Conference and windings Through the expertise along with the different kinds of
Exposition: Latin Sweep Frequency parameters obtained from the evaluation of
America.  Response Analysis the records in a diagnostic model. This work
(SFRA) presents the interpretation of the records by
means of an automatic system based on the
principles of the fuzzy causal diagnosis,
which allows the integration of parameters
of different type and the consideration of the
knowledge given by experts. The proposed
methodology identifies the variations
present in the records as a consequence of
changes in the measurement system and
external interference, which leads to a robust
diagnosis system

05/01/2021 33
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2009 Alexander 16thInternational Experiences with the SFRA test is a best method to find the
Kraetge1, Symposium on practical application of mechanical integrity electrical connection
Michael High Voltage sweep frequency ,internal connection and clamping structure
Krüger1, Juan Engineering response on power of power transformer. The ability of
L. Velásquez, transformer reproducing is the key for a successful
Maximilian application of SFRA. Here we compare time
Heindl, Stefan and frequency domain and measure
Tenbohlen frequency domain

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

Nov. 2011 Esam Al 2nd International Effect of terminal Terminal connection are most important to
Murawwi, Conference on connections on SFRA assessment of transformer winding using
Redy Electric Power and results of three- SFRA results. If the terminal connections
Mardiana, Qi Energy Conversion winding power are wrong we get misinterpretation of SFRA
Su, Systems (EPECS).  transformer results so transformer winding connection
also lead to wrong assessment

05/01/2021 35
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

July, 2012 A. D. Y 10th International Insight into SFRA This paper presents a new methodology for
ARGOLE Conference on the responses & SFRA measurement analysis, which makes
Properties and interpretations with use of the properties of various types of
Applications of regard to parameters and expert knowledge through
Dielectric insulation system of the application of fuzzy causal diagnosis.
Materials transformer Efforts are being put to maximize the output
from SFRA measurements by utilizing it to
not only diagnose the winding movements
but also to look for indication of
deterioration of insulation between turns,
between tap leads, in Load Tap Changer etc.
This then would become a supplementary
analysis to accomplish a task of complete
diagnosis of a transformer. Preliminary
indications are in positive direction if above
two cases are considered. More efforts are
required.

05/01/2021 36
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

December K. Transactions on Investigation of To investigate the winding deformation of

2012 Ludwikowski, Dielectrics and transformer model transformer and changing configuration of
K. Siodla, W. Electrical winding deformation parts in transformer using SFRA . in this we
Ziomek Insulation using SFRA take different frequency ranges that can be
considered as diagnostic bands. This
frequency ranges can shows a different
transformer this changes of transformer is
compared to reference transformer

05/01/2021 37
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2012 Esam Al IEEE Anew technique for a To improve the SFRA results we used new
Murawwi and International better sweep frequency techniques .TED (Time frequency
BrahamBark Symposium on response analysis distribution).in this paper FT (FOURIER
Electrical interpretation TRANSFORM) is 1 –dimension technique
Insulation.  is suffers from the noise. To overcome the
noise self UN distained frequency contents
in SFRA .we used TFD in SFRA that is 2
dimensions to improve the SFRA signals
.we measured the cross correlation
coefficient for different cases for present
technique to compare previous techniques.

05/01/2021 38
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2012 Usha Sharma, 1st International Development of In this paper a high frequency simulated
Saibal Conference on reference SFRA plot of model of a 10 MVA transformer is
Chatterjee, Power and Energy Transformer at Design developed based on lumped parameter
Kaveri in NERIST stage representation for SFRA interpretation.
Bhuyan (ICPEN).  using High Frequency SFRA plot of the model (simulated data) can
Modelling be compared with the experimental SFRA
plot (measured data) of the transformer and
it has been found that the same can be used
as a reference. In this work, very good
agreement between simulated and actual
frequency responses of the sample
transformer has been demonstrated. The
high frequency model is able to generate and
provide a reference to the SFRA
measurement right at the design stage
especially in the high frequency region and
necessary corrections in manufacturing
practices may be incorporated. The model
may also include distributed parameters
using mutual inductance, capacitance to
improve upon its performance

05/01/2021 39
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

December, Al-Amin 8th International On Site Oil Test for a In this paper the method of sweep frequency
2014 Ahmed Conference on Transformer Using response analysis (SFRA) has been
Simon, Md. Electrical and Sweep proposed for on-site and instant test of oil
Mahbubul Computer Frequency Response condition without requiring the transformer
Huq Riad, Engineering Analysis to be opened and sending oil sample to a
Erfan Ahmed remote laboratory. this paper proposes
and S. application of SFRA for the first time ever
Shahnawaz for spot monitoring of certain conditions
Ahmed such as oil level and contamination in
emergency situations. Based on the
experiments conducted on a healthy
transformer and two other transformers
respectively with reduced oil level and
degraded oil, it is suggested that the SFR
curves due to oil related problems will shift
above that for a healthy transformer usually
in the 60 kHz to 300 KHz.

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2015 Ambuj Second Core magnetization In SFRA used to measure the mechanical
Kumar,Sunil International effect in sweep integrity , electrical condition and clamping
kumar Singh, Conference on frequency response circuit . when demand is increased the MVA
Jagnandan Advances in analysis for transformer and size of transformer are also increased
Negi, Zakir Computing and diagnosis the chance of failure also increased. The
Husain, Communication chance of failure also increased. in this
R.K.Jarial Engineering paper core magnetization effected by low
frequency range high voltage, low voltage
and tertiary winding. In low frequency range
(below 2KHZ)The core inductance is more
dominated by winding inductance winding
open circuit. If the transformer is healthy
condition, sometimes, it shoes little bit
deviation because of core magnetization
effect . we have to avoid that from
demagnetization of transformer before
SFRA measurement

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2015 K. Usha and EEE Transactions Inter disc fault location In this paper to determine the location of
S. Usa on Dielectrics and in transformer winding inter disc fault to develop the algorithm
Electrical using SFRA using SFRA. To reduced the impedance we
Insulation can find the percentage of faults. That
change in impedance indicates the fault
factor .this fault factor indicates the location
of winding of the transformer. This fault
factor characteristics is hyperbolic model
this can be determine the location of
percentage of faults. This fault factor
validated for different types and rating of
transformer winding.

05/01/2021 42
 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2016 Jaspreet International Transformer Failure Failure analysis is carried out on

Singh, Journal of Analysis:Reasons and transformers of various capacity failed
Sanjeev Singh Engineering Methods between 2010-2015. Onsite inspection,
Research & external inspection, diagnostic testing,
Technology internal inspection and tear down analysis
(IJERT) Large no of transformers are also failing due
to manufacturing defects, overloading,
improper maintenance, moisture and oil
contamination. The most common cause of
failure of transformer is insulation failure; it
deteriorates due to heat, oxidation, acidity
and moisture. Line surges such as switching
surges, voltage spikes, line faults and
distribution abnormalities. Prolonged
overloading, improper maintenance,
moisture and oil contamination are
also the potential causes of failure.

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2016 Osama E. 2016 Eighteenth Diagnostic techniques SFRA is used crash the electrical
Gouda, Salah International used in power Transformer .in this paper three techniques
Hamdy El- Middle East Power transformer turn to turn are used interpret SFRA results to compare
Hoshy, Saber Systems faults identification CEC with NCF to find the sensitivity. this
M. Saleh Conference based on SFRA NCF techniques is used in SFRA results to
(MEPCON). find the detects in winding is used in SFRA
results to find the defects in winding ,core
and other parts transformer .using CCF
Techniques ,to find turn to turn faith in
power Transformer and R2 or technique also
to find the fault in transformer.

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

2017 Ms. Priti Gite, International Investigating For this paper to find the mechanical
A.S.Sindekar Conference on Mechanical Integrity in integrity or electrical failure from using the
Electrical, Power Transformer following two methods
Instrumentation Using Sweep 1) Graphical interpretation
and Frequency Response 2) Statistical method
Communication Analysis (SFRA) In graphical interpretation using comparison
Engineering technique is used to find out the SFRA data
(ICEICE) and graphical interpretation replaced by
Statistical method using cross-correlation
coefficient
SFRA data is used to find the faults i.e
(core, winding deformation, short circuit) in
the power transformer
In this paper used 3-phase 100MVA auto
transformer under open circuit on series
winding For the practical purpose

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /conference/sy
mposium

23rd May Mohammad The institution of Locating power For this paper used two level method is
2018 Sadegh Jahan, engineering and transformer fault based used to find the location, severity of disc
Reza Keypour technology(IET) on sweep frequency space variation and mechanical damages
, Hamid Reza response measurement At the First level SFRA data is used for
Izadfar, by a novel multistage healthy status to construct the winding
Mohammad approach model of the transformer
Taghi At the Second level, the faults FRAs are
Keshavarzi transferred to the fault detector algorithm
locating the position and severity of the
fault, location of disc space variation
For large scale non linear problem we are
used novel optimization algorithm. In this
algorithm two important factors are detected
they are space value of each particles and
distance between them.

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 Literature Survey(Contd..)
Date of Author (s) Name of the Paper title Summary/Major Findings
publicati journal
on /Conference/S
ymposium

2019 Abhishek IEEE 4th Fault Diagnostic in the For this paper using SFRA is used to find
Kumar, International Transformer Winding the type & internal fault of transformer To
Priyanshi Conference on by Sweep Frequency calculate the degree of similarity and
Aggarwaly, Condition Response Analysis dissimilarity between transformer model and
Ganesh B. Assessment ladder network FRAs support the location
Kumbharz and Techniques in and type of fault The similarity can be
Bhavesh R. Electrical Systems calculated by CC,MM & dissimilarity can
Bhalja (CATCON) be calculated by SD,DABS In this paper to
find the fault of location, CC is used. As
CC is insensitive that’s why for accurate
results, some other parameters are needed
and so far used to find such as
SS,MM,DABS

05/01/2021 47
 Observations from Literature Survey
1. Using SFRA to find the mechanical integrity and electrical defaults

2. To observe using SFRA to find the disc space variation and turn to turn winding faults.

3. To observe core magnetization effect of the transformer how to deformation of winding.

4. To observe 3-phase 100MVA auto transformer under open circuit on series winding For the
practical purpose.

5. To observe the location of faults using statistical parameters

6. to observe using TED (Time frequency distribution) to improve the SFRA results.
48
 Gaps of Literature Survey
1. A study may be clamping structure of the transformer and to develop the

experimental setup.

2. To study may be losses to influence the winding deformation , core.

3. To study may be transient switching of transformer , magnetic viscosity and effect

of applied D.C magnetization before SFRA test.

4. May be to study the quality of the insulation and remnant magnetization.

49
 Proposed Plan of Action

Jan-
Jan- July- Jan- July- Jan- July- Jan-
June
Activity June Dec June Dec June Dec June
2023
2020 2020 2021 2021 2022 2022 2023

Course work

Comprehensive Examination

Literature survey

SOAS

Experimental work
Computational work
Documentation work

50
 References
[1] J.R. Secue , E. Mombello, " Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) for the assessment of winding
displacements and deformation in power transformers ,"ELSEVIER ,Electric Power Systems Research,
vol78.pp. 1119-1128, 2010
[2] Esam Al Murawwi , Redy Mardiana, " Effects of Terminal Connections on Sweep Frequency Response
Analysis of Transformers ," IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, vol. 28.pp. 8-13,May 2012.
[3] Jashandeep ,Singh Yog Raj, Sood Piush Verma , "Novel method for detection of transformer winding
faults using Sweep Frequency Response Analysis,” IEEE power engineering and society general
meeting , june2007.
[4] Tony McGrail, Charles Sweetser, “Experience with SFRA for Transformer Diagnostics”, Doble
Engineering. Vol. 21,pp. 1121-1129,Dec 2012.
[5] K.Ludwikowski, K. Siodla, W. Ziomek, “Investigation of Transformer Model Winding Deformation Using
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis,” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.
19, pp. 1957-1961, Dec 2012
[6] A. Holdyk, B. Gustavsen, I. Arana, J. Holboell, “Wideband Modeling of Power Transformers Using
Commercial SFRA Equipment,”IEEE transactions on power delivery, vol. 29,pp. 1446-1453, June 2013.
[7] K. Usha, S. Usa, “Core Magnetization Effect In SFRA For Transformer Diagnosis,” IEEE Transactions on
Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.22,pp. 3567- 3573,Dec 2015.
[8] S. Ab Ghani, Y.H. Md Thayoob, " Evaluation of Transformer Core and Winding Conditions from SFRA
Measurement Results using Statistical Techniques for Distribution Transformers ," IEEE Electrical
Insulation Magazine, vol. 28.pp. 448-452,June 2012.

05/01/2021 51
 References (Contd.)
[9] E. Rahimpour, J. Christian, K. Feser and H. Mohseni, “Transfer Function Method to Diagnose Axial Displacement and
Radial Deformation of Transformer Windings”, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp.493−505,
April 2003.
[10] B. Mehdi, M. S. Naderi, T. Blackburn, and T. Phung, "FRA vs. Short Circuit Impedance Measurement in Detection of
Mechanical Defects within Large Power Transformer“, Conference Record of the 2012 IEEE International
Symposium on. pp. 301–305, 2012.
[11] Secue, JR, and E Mombello, "Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) for the Assessment of Winding
isplacements and Deformation in Power Transformers." Electric Power Systems Research no. 78 (6):1119-1128,
2008.
[12] J. Secue, E. Mombello and E. Muela, “Approach for Determining a Reliable set of Spot Frequencies to be used during
a Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) for Power Transformer Diagnosis”, Transmission and Distribution
Conference and Exposition: Latin America, IEEE/PES, 2008.
[13] Jashandeep Singh, Yog Raj, Sood Piush, Verma Raj, Kumar Jarial, "Novel Method for Detection of Transformer
Winding Faults using Sweep Frequency Response Analysis", IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,
2007.
[14] McGrail, Tony."Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) Tutorial". Doble Client Confrence 2004.
[15] Zhao, Z., Yao, C., Li, C., et al.: ‘Detection of power transformer winding deformation using improved FRA based on
binary morphology and extreme point variation’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2018, 65, (4), pp. 16–29
[16] Usha, K., Usa, S.: ‘Inter disc fault location in transformer windings using SFRA’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.,
2015, 22, (6), pp. 3567–3573
[17] Hashemnia, N., Abu-Siada, A., Islam, S.: ‘Improved power transformer winding fault detection using FRA
diagnostics part 1: axial displacement simulation’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2015, 22, (1), pp. 556–563
[18] Hashemnia, N., Abu-Siada, A., Islam, S.: ‘Improved power transformer winding fault detection using FRA
diagnostics part 2: radial deformation simulation’, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., 2015, 22, (1), pp. 564–570

05/01/2021 52
THANK YOU

53