MP Board Class 12th Mathematics 2021 Question Bank Solution English Medium Manvendra Singh Classes Chapter 1 - Relation and Function Objective Type Questions @ Q1. If f:R > R be given by f(x) = 3- oh then fof(x) is \ Wo Be @« (D) G- x). 4 4 @Q2. Ley: R- {-$} — R be a function defined as f(x) = a The inverse of ‘Fis the map g : Range f > R- {-} given by = (y= Q)) STE ay: @ Ory © 8a @ Q3 Let R be the relation in the set { 1, 2, 3,4} given by R = {(1, 2), (2,2), 1, 1), (4.4), (1, 3), G, 3), G, 2)}. Choose the correct answer. (A) Ris reflexive and symmetric but not trai (®) Ris reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (C) Ris symmetric and transitive but not reflexive (D) R isan equivalence relation. @ Q4. Let R be the relation in the set Ngiven by R = ((a, b):a=b— 2. b > 6}. Choose the correct answer. (A) 2,4 €R (B) 3,8)ER @ © 8eR (D) (8, 7ER @Q5. Let A= {1, 2,3}. Then number of relations containing (1, 2) and (1, 3) which are reflexive and symmetric but not transitive is (@) | (B) 2 (© 3 (D) 4 © Q6.Let A= {1, 2, 3}. Then number of equivalence relations containing (1, 2) is (Ay 1 @)2 (©) 3 (D) 44 Marker © Q1. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R a relation in T given by R= ((7,,T, :T, is congruent to T,}. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Solution R is reflexive, since every triangle is congruent to itself. Further, (T,, T,) € R=T, is congruent to T, = T, is congruent to T, = (T,, T,) € R. Hence, R is symmetric. Moreover, (T,, T,), (T,, T,) € R => T, is congruent to T, and T, is congruent to T, => T, is congruent to T, = (T,, T,) € R. Therefore, R is an equivalence relation. @ Q2. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and R be the relation in L defined as R = ((L, L,) : L, is perpendicular to L,}. Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Solution R is not reflexive, as a line L, can not be perpendicular to itself, ie. (Ly, L,) € R. Ris symmetric as (L,, L,) € R in => L, is perpendicular to L, = L, is perpendicular to L, L, = (L, Le R. 7 R is not transitive. Indeed, if L, is perpendicular to L, and Fig Ll ‘ L, is perpendicular to L,, then L, can never be perpendicular to L,. In fact, L, is parallel to L,, ie., (Ly, L,) € R, (L,, L,) € R but (L,, Ly) ¢ R. © Q3 Show that the relation R in the set Z of integers given by. R = {(a, b) : 2 divides a - b} is an equivalence relation. ¢ the correct answer. Solution R is reflexive, as 2 divides (a - a) for all a € Z. Further, if (a, b) € R, then 2 divides a — b. Therefore, 2 divides b - a. Hence, (b, a) € R, which shows that R is symmetric. Similarly, if (a, b) € R and (b, c) € R, then a - b and b ~c are divisible by 2. Now, a - ¢ = (a - b) + (b - c) is even (Why?). So, (a — ¢) is divisible by 2. This shows that R is transitive. Thus, R is an equivalence relation in Z.@ QA. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive: i) Relation R in the set N of natural numbers defined as R={(Q,y):y=x+5andx<4} Solution It is seen that (1, 1) €R. =R is not reflexive. (1, 6) eR But, (1, 6) €R. is not symmetric. Now, since there is no pair in R such that (x, y) and (y, z) €R, then (x, z) cannot belong to R. * Ris not transitive. Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. @ Q5, Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as R Solution R= {(a, b): a sb} (a, b) : a $b} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. It can be observed that [ aR is not reflexive. Now, (1, 4) € Ras 1 < 4? But, 4 is not less than 17. M4, 1) ER =R is not symmetric. Jer, since 1>(1) -1 Now, (3, 2), (2, 1.5) ER (as 3 < 2?= 4 and 2 < (1.5)? = 2.25) But, 3 > (1.5)? = 2.25 +(3, 1.5) €R « Ris not transitive. Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive.@ Q6. Check whether the relation R defined in the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R= ((a,b): b = a+ 1} is reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Solution Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. A relation R is defined on set A as: R= {(a,b):b=a+ 1} aR = £(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6) We can find (a, 2) €R, where a EA. For instance, (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (S, 5), (6, 6) ER =R is not reflexive. It can be observed that (1, 2) € R, but (2, 1) €R. =R is not symmetric. Now, (1, 2), (2,3) ER But, (1, 3) €R =R is not transitive Hence, R is neither reflexive, nor symmetric, nor transitive. © Q7. Show that the relation R in the set {1, 2, 3} given by R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)} is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Solution Let A = {1, 2, 3}. A relation R on A is defined as R = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}- It is seen that (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) ER. + Ris not reflexive. Now, as (1, 2) €R and (2, 1) ER, then R is symmetric. Now, (1, 2) and (2, 1) €R However, (1, 1) €R + R is not transitive. Hence, R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.© QB8. Prove that the function: R — R, given by f(x) = 2x, is one-one and onto. Solution fis one-one, as f(x,) = f(x.) > 2x, = 2x, = x, = x. Also, given any real number y in R, there exists y. Hence, fis onto. vas a 5 imRsuch that {5 Y Pf (x) = 2x x © 22 Show thas: NN, given by foy= TPMT XS OM one-one and onto, x- Lif xis even se f(x,) = f(x,). Note that if x, is odd and x, is even, then we will have ich is impossible. Similarly, the possibility of x, being even and x, being odd can also be ruled out, using the similar argument. Therefore, both x, and x, must be either odd or even. Suppose both x, and x, are odd. Then (x) > x, +1 =x, +1 > x, =4, Similarly, if both x, and x, are even, then also x, — 1 =x, =x, Thus, fis one-one. Also, any odd number 2r+ 1 in the co-domain N is the image of 2r + 2 in the domain N and any even number 2r in the co-domain N is the image of 2r — | in the domain N. Thus, f is onto.n+l sif nis odd @ Q10 Let f: N — N be defined by f(n) = a for alln e N. = Jif niseven 2 State whether the function fis bijective. Justify your answer. Solution =» ifm is odd f(n)=} 7 forall neN. ifm is even f: N— Nis defined as It can be observed that: f(i)=ttt at and ¢(2 [By definition of f] F(2), where 142. « Fis not one-one. Consider a natural number (n) in co-domain N. Case I: n is odd =n = 2r + 1 for some r€ N. Then, there exists 4r + 1eN such that 4r+1+1 f(4r+1)= =2r+l Case II: nis even f(4r)= =2r «n = 2r for some r € N. Then,there exists 4r €N such that . +. Fis onto. Hence, fis not a bijective function. @ Q11. Show that * :R x R > R defined by a * b=a + 2b is not commutative. Solution Since 3 #4 =348= 11 and 4 * 3 =4 +6= 10, showing that the operation * is not commutative. © Q12 Show that addition and multiplication are associative binary operation on R. But subtraction is not associative on R. Division is not associative on R,. Solut Addition and multiplication are associative, since (a + b) + ¢=a+(b +c) and (ax b)xc=ax(bxc) ¥ a. b,c € R. However. subtraction and division are not associative, as (8 — 5) — 3 #8 — (5 — 3) and (8 + 5) +3 #8 +(5 + 3). @Q13 Show that *: Rx R > R given by a * b > a + 2b is not associative. Solution The operation + is not associative, since (8* 5) #3=(8 + 10) #3 =(8+ 10) +6=24, while 8* (5 #3)=8*(54+6)=8* 11 =8+22 = 30.© Q.14. Determine whether or not each of the definition of * given below gives a binary operation. In the event that * is nota binary operation, give justification for this. (i) On Z*, define * bya *b=a-b (i) On Z*, define * by a * b= ab Solution (i) On Z*, * is defined by a * b =a -b. It is not a binary operation as the image of (1, 2) under * is 1* 2=1-2 =-1¢2". (ii) On 2*, * is defined by a * b = ab. It is seen that for each a, b €Z*, there is a unique element ab in Z*. This means that * carries each pair (a, b) to a unique element a * b = ab in Z*. Therefore, * is a binary operation. © Q15 For each operation * defined below, determine whether * is binary, commutative or associative. (i) On Z, define a * b=a-b Gi) On Q, define a * b=ab+1 Solution ( On Z, * Is defined by a * 6 It can be observed that 1 * 2 s1*2#2* 1; where 1,2€Z Hence, the operation * is not commutative. Sb: 1-2=1and2*1 Also we have: (1*2)*3=(1-2)*3=-1"3 4 1*(2*3)=1"(2-3)=1*-1=21-(-1)=2 (1 * 2)*3.#1*(2* 3); where 1, 2,3€Z Hence, the operation * is not associative. (ii) On Q, * is defined by a * b = ab +1. It is known that: ab = baQa,beQ = ab+1=ba+10a,beQ = a*b=a*bOa,beQ ‘Therefore, the operation * is commutative. It can be observed that: (1*2)*35(1x241)*3=3*3=3x34 1*(2*3)=1*(2x341)51*7 21x74 (1 *2)*3 #1*(2* 3); where 1, 2,3€Q ‘Therefore, the operation * is not associative.© Q16. Is * defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by a * b= L.C.M. of a and ba binary operation? Justify your answer. Solution The operation * on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is defined as a" b= LGM. of a and b. Then, the operation table for the given operation * can be given as: It can be observed from the obtained table that: 3*2=2*3=6€A,5*2=2*5=10€A3*4=4*3= 126A B*5=5*3=15€A,445=5*4= 206A Hence, the given operation * is not a binary operation. ©Q.17. Let * be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as follows: atbaat+h ii) a* b=a+ab Solution i) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a? + b*. For a, b € Q, wehave: a*h=a° +b =b° satb=bta Thus, the operation * is commutative. It can be observed that: (12) )s3=(1+4)4= 1+(2#3)=14(2? +3 +a =bta 1 )=1+(4+9)=1913 <7 +13 =169 <.(1*2)#3 4 1*(2#3) ; where 1,2,3 €Q Thus, ,the operation * is not associative. ii) On Q, the operation * is defined as a * b = a + ab. It can be observed that: I2=141x2=142=3 2*1=2+2x1=2+2 1*2#2*1; where 1,2 €Q Thus, the operation * is not commutative. It can also be observed that: (192)#3 14(283) ».(1*2)*3.41#(2%3) ; where I, 3 €Q Thus, the operation * is not associative.