12 0.

PRELIMINARIES
n
Example. Prove 2 < n! 8n 4, n 2 N.
Proof. Let P (n) be (2n < n!).
P (4) is true since 24 = 16 < 24 = 4!.
Suppose P (n) is true, i.e., 2n < n!, n 4.
Then
2n+1
= 2n · 2
< n! · 2
< n!(n + 1)
= (n + 1)!,
so P (n + 1) is true.
Thus P (n) is true 8n 4, n 2 N. ⇤

Theorem (0.6 — Second Principle of Mathematical Induction).

Let S ✓ Z 3
(1) a 2 S;
(2) if {a, a + 1, , . . . , n} ✓ S, then n + 1 2 S.
Then {n 2 Z|n a} ✓ S.

Notation. A\B = {x 2 A|x 2

/ B}. This is also sometimes written as
A B.