CHAP 2 Risk Assessment & Management

Risk Assessment And
Management
1
Learning Objectives
• To define what is hazard, risk and danger
• To explain the risk assessment process
• To describe the method of identifying

hazard
• To use the risk assessment matrix
• To explain the hierarchy of control

2
Definitions
• Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these.
• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 3
Definitions
• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of

an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.
Risk Assessment
• What is Risk assessment: The process

of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work.
• Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Hazard Identification
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural postures

and unnatural movement, wrong design
of workstation, tools and task.
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at

work.
Pre-Assessment –
Information Gathering
• Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
– Area Map
– Site plan(s); own and neighbour
– Process flow-charts
– Inventory of materials (raw materials,
chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products)
– Toxicology and other health and safety data
– Monitoring data
Pre-Assessment –
Classifying Work Activities
• Geographical areas within/outside the
premises;
• Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
• Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning);
• Identify the working groups;
• Land use; previous property use, future use.
Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
• Review of documents and publications
• Inspection and observation at the

workplace
• Measurement of the atmosphere,

monitoring the environment or medical
surveillance of workers
• Hazard Analysis
Document Review
• Reports of accidents, accident

investigation and audits
• Information from publications

– Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
– Statistics
– Handbooks
– Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Inspection and Observation
• Types of inspections: statutory
inspection, periodic inspection, formal
and informal inspection
• Documentation - Checklist and inspection

worksheet (standard approach and
record)
TYPE OF INSPECTION
WORKPLACE
INSPECTION
Statutory Scheduled
External Supervisor –
Enforcement planned
Insurance
agency - in-house
Company/
legislative inspections -
Consultant
requirements formal
Executive
Introductory Senior Continuous
Check on new or management Employees/
reconditioned tours supervisors -
equipment formal or
informal
Inspection and Observation
• Activities - to involve supervisors,
managers and employees
• Inspection outcome - to include actions

and timeframes
• Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

effectiveness
Exposure Monitoring
• Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.
• Monitoring of:
– Noise
– Heat
– Radiation
– Air contaminants
– Chemicals etc.
Hazards Analysis
• Method use: (example)
– Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
– Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
– Fault Tree Analysis etc.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Job described in between 5 to 15

steps
• Action verb used to describe job
• List things that can go wrong
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
• Note:
– The term JSA includes the formulation
of safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers
– May still require other risk controls
– Supervisor and workers assist
– Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

Risk Assessment
Types of Risk Assessment
Approach:
• Qualitative Risk Assessment √
• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment √
• Quantitative Risk Assessment X

Determining Severity
• Severity in terms of:
– Harm to health
– Damage to property
– Damage to environment
– Or the combination of the above
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
• Fatality
• Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

damage to health)
• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

damage to health requiring days off work)
• Negligible injuries (first aid)

Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
• Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement.
• Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

– highly likely,
– likely,
– highly unlikely.
Likelihood
• Very likely - could happen frequently
• Likely - could happen occasionally
• Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
• Highly unlikely - could happen, but

probably never will
Qualitative Risk Table
L = Likely
S = Fatality
R=?
2’
B
10’
L= Unlikely
A S = Negligible
R=?
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e. :
• 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
• 3: More than 4 days MC
• 2: Less than or 4 days MC
• 1: First aid and near misses
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
• 4: Daily
• 3: Weekly
• 2: Monthly
• 1: Yearly
Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
SEV First Aid

and Near
Misses
1 1 2 3 4
ERIT Less than
2 4 6 8
Y or 4 days
MC
2
More than
4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
HIRARC
• RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY
HIRARC GUIDELINE
4 X 5 = 20
2’
B
10’
2 X 1 =2
A
AN EXAMPLE RISK MATRIX
TABLE
HIRARC GUIDELINE
HIRARC GUIDELINE
RISK RANGES
HIRARC FORM
OSHC
Risk Control
Principle of Control
•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and

•Modify process •General education
•Enclosure ventilation •Worker rotation
•Local exhaust •Continuous area •Enclosure of
•Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control •Dilution •Personal
•Isolation ventilation monitoring
•Automation or •Personal
remote control protective devices
Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation – isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control – design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control – safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort. Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 41
▪ Elimination 4X4 = 16
▪ Substitution 3X4 = 12
▪ Isolation 2X4 =8
▪ Engineering/
design
1X3 =3
▪ Administrative
▪ PPE
Control measures according to hierarchy of risk control??

CHAP 2 Risk Assessment &amp; Management

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Risk Assessment And

• To explain the risk assessment process

• To describe the method of identifying

• To use the risk assessment matrix

• To explain the hierarchy of control

• Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

• Risk: A combination of the likelihood of

• What is Risk assessment: The process

Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural postures

Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at

• Inspection and observation at the

• Measurement of the atmosphere,

• Reports of accidents, accident

• Information from publications

• Documentation - Checklist and inspection

• Inspection outcome - to include actions

• Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

• Method use: (example)

– Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

– Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

– Fault Tree Analysis etc.

• Job described in between 5 to 15

• Action verb used to describe job

• List things that can go wrong

– May still require other risk controls

– Supervisor and workers assist

– Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

• Qualitative Risk Assessment √

• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment √

• Quantitative Risk Assessment X

• Severity in terms of:

• Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

• Negligible injuries (first aid)

• Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

• Very likely - could happen frequently

• Likely - could happen occasionally

• Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

• Highly unlikely - could happen, but

• 3: More than 4 days MC

• 2: Less than or 4 days MC

• 1: First aid and near misses

SEV First Aid

•Substitution •Housekeeping •Training and

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CHAP 2 Risk Assessment & Management

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