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Environmental & health effects of nuclear radiation and various aspects of

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Conference Paper · September 2014

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 2nd International Conference on Green Energy and Technology, September 2014 69

Environmental & Health Effects of Nuclear Radiation

and Various Aspects of Nuclear Power Plant in
Bangladesh
1
Md. Zahidul Islam, 2Walid-Bin-Habib,3Md. Sahil Hassan
Department of Applied Physics, Electronics & Communication Engineering
University of Dhaka
Dhaka, Bangladesh
E-mail: 1jahid.raju@gmail.com, 2wbhabib_apece11@ymail.com, 3sahil_hassan36@yahoo.com

Abstract— Energy is the prime need for the development of a TABLE I: PEAK DEMAND IN DIFFERENT YEAR
country and its substantial economic growth. Over all forms of
energies, nuclear energy is the most prominent, powerful and Fiscal Year Peak Demand (MW)
challenging energy source. Despite the effectiveness of this energy, 2013 8,349
its hazardous radiation effects can enormously be dangerous and 2014 9,268
destructive. Our study mainly focuses on the comparative 2015 10,283
overviews of nuclear energy aspects of Bangladesh, discussions on 2016 11,405
2017 12,644
radiation effects on environment and living objects health. The
2018 14,014
paper also suggests some challenges to meet the probable future
2019 15,527
shortcomings of Nuclear Power Plant in Bangladesh. 2020 17,304
2021 18,838
Keywords- NuclearEnergy; Radiation and its Effects; Nuclear
Power Plant(NPP); Rooppur NPP in Bangladesh;Nuclear Waste
Management; Challenges The above Table 1 shows that according to the current rate of
increment of demand of electricity, the peak demand will become
I. INTRODUCTION more than double in less than a decade.
With the invention of X-ray by Wilhelm Röntgen, in 1895,
humans had entered into a new era of science [1]. It was the first Means of Electricity Generation
time an ionizing radiation had been observed. Only after almost a
century from the invention, today we see that nuclear radiation is
a part of our environment and has a strong effect on our health
and environment. Starting from medical sector to astronomical Furnace
oi l
sector, industrial sector to power sector, nuclear reaction has 19.22%
wide applications. Not to mention, it has radically changed the Diesel
power sector, by offering an effective substitute to conventional 6.69%
and inefficient ways of electricity generation. Despite the wide Coal
Natu ral
use of nuclear power plants worldwide in power generation, gas 2.45%
Bangladesh is still to adopt this technology. Recently, a project to 64.50% Power
establish a Nuclear power plant in Rooppur, Pabna, Bangladesh import
has been started, which is supposed to introduce this technology 4.90%
to the country [2]. Different aspects of this technology and the Hydro
situation of energy sector in this country, effect on health and 2.25%
environment, and ways to make it beneficiary are discussed in
the core part of this paper. Figure 1. Amount of electricity production in Bangladesh from different
sources
II. BACKGROUND STUDY AND PRESENT SITUATION
According to the pie chart (Fig. 1), the electricity production
As per November, 2013, the scenario of energy sector of
in Bangladesh mainly relies on fossil fuels, which are becoming
Bangladesh is shown below: scarce and also not environment friendly. If the country depends
Installed electricity generation capacity= 10213 MW, Public on these sources for power generation, about 8.0 TCF gas and
sector= 5962 MW (58%), Private sector= 4251 MW (42%). 450 million MT coal will be required for generating 9,000 MW
from gas and 33,000 MW from coal by 2025 [3, 4].

978-1-4799-6640-0/$31.00 © 2014 IEEE

 70

naturally on Earth can be grouped into three series-headed by

CO2 Emission Per Capita uranium-238, uranium-235, and thorium-232-with several
isolated beta-particle emitting nuclei, most significantly
potassium-40 and rubidium-87 [9]. Artificial source of radiation
CO2 (Metric Tons per Capita)

0.4 can be attributed as nuclear weapon and nuclear power plant.

0.3 B. Effects of NuclearRadiation:
0.2 Nuclear radiation incorporates basicallyα, β, γ and neutron
radiation of ionizing radiation which has diversified effects.
0.1
Controlled radiation causes less harm and such process can be
0 used for human benefit. On the contrary its harmful effects are
very perilous and failure in taking well and effective precautions
can destroy our civilization in a minute of time. Our study covers
a substantial analysis of its environmental and health effects as
both can have detrimental fallout and can be a matter of
Figure 2. CO2 Emission graph
apprehension for our future nuclear power plant project in
Bangladesh.
The CO2 Emission graph (Fig. 2) shows rapid and significant C. Environmental effect of Nuclear Radiation:
increase in CO2 level in Bangladesh in recent years. All these
facts give birth to the necessity of a sustainable substitution of Nuclear radiation exposed in the environment can disrupt our
the conventional electricity production methods. Not to mention, ecological balance. Nucleosynthesis processes produce both
nuclear energy is the best choice [5]. stable and unstable nuclides while the unstable nuclides with
very long half-lives, together with their radioactive progeny,
Nuclear Reactors are becoming popular choice worldwide in constitute the natural radioactivity on Earth today. To be precise
electricity generation. Recently, 31 countries are using Nuclear nuclear radiation intensely affects the following environmental
Power Plants. Major countries among them and nuclear share of elements:
produced electricity in those countries are given in Table 2 [6, 7]:
1)Animals: An exposure to radiation in the wild can lead
TABLE II: NUCLEAR SHARE OF PRODUCED ENERGY PER YEAR FOR DIFFERENT generations of difficulties throughout an entire ecosystem. Based
COUNTRY
on the dose of radiation exposures animals can be affected with
Name of Country Capacity (MW) Nuclear share of fetus before birth, of mental retardation, even death.
(2013) produced
energy (%) 2)Plant reproduction: Nuclear radiation can damage
United States 102,657 19.4 reproductive cells of plants and can recess reproduction system.
France 63,130 73.3 3) Liquids: Radiation can cause water, oil and other liquids to go
Japan 44,215 18.1 under radiation effects and make these unusable. Even after two
Russia 23,643 17.5 years of disaster, radioactive water was found leaking from the
Canada 13,500 16 Fukushima plant, Japan last year [10].
Ukraine 13,107 43.6
China 16,038 2.1 D. Nuclear Radiation’s effect on health:
Germany 12,068 15.4 For any potential harm from radioactivity, radiation must
Sweden 9,474 42.7 interact with the cells and tissues of the human body and deliver
a dose. In general radiation might have the following three
discrete outcomes:
III. NUCLEAR RADIATION AND EFFECTS
• Injured or damaged cells repair themselves, resulting in no
Radiation is the process of transmission of energy in space in residual damage [11, 12]
the form of tiny particles or electromagnetic wave. Typically • Cells die, much like millions of body cells do every day,
there are two types of radiation based on the energy transmission: being replaced through normal biological processes [11, 12]
(i) Non-ionizing radiation & (ii) Ionizing radiation
• Cells incorrectly repair themselves, resulting in a
Nuclear radiation is transmitted as the unstable atoms biophysical change that can cause defective offspring [11,
(radionuclides) and change (decay) spontaneously to become 12]
different kinds of stable atoms [8].
A. Source of Nuclear Radiation: Exposure to nuclear radiation is also known to reduce
fertility, damage embryo or fetus. Every organ of the body is
Radiation occurs generally from radionuclides on earth and made up of specialized cells but nuclear radiation ionize the cells
also from artificial sources innumerably. Radionuclides, found and cause damage. Such as gamma radiation, while passing
 71

through a cell ionizes the nearest water moleccule and the ions 1000 or Immediate death, No
one
might react with the DNA (deoxyribonucleic accid) and cause it to more ‘Frying of the brain’
break [11, 12].
At low doses, we receive every day ffrom background
radiation, cells repair the damage rapidly (knoown as stochastic
effect). But at higher doses (up to 100 rem), thhe cells might not IV. ASSESSMENT OF ROOPPUR
RNUCLEAR POWER PLANT
be able to repair the damage and they may eithher change or die. (NPP)
Cells changed permanently may go on to produuce abnormal cells It is located in the district of Pabn
na, division of Rajshahi, 200
which may be cancerous further. Even at highher doses the cells km north to Dhaka, Bangladesh [11]. [ Projected area is 105
can’t be replaced and tissues fail to function. W
When the body is hectares and residential area is 13 hectares [13].Latest VVER
exposed to 400 rem, about 50% of the people aare expected to die (water cooled water moderated) reacctor is going to be set up in
within 60 days of the exposure [12]. Rooppur [20].Terms of References (ToR) for EIA of “Rooppur
E. Radiation safety level: NPP” has been approved by the Department
D of Environment
(DoE), Bangladesh. They have tak ken initiative to ensure all
There’s no actual firm basis of measuringg radiation safety possible safety plans.
level. Radiation effects on health have both proompt and delayed
effects. According to scientists hormesis (low level radiation) is To establish a nuclear power plant (NPP) it’s mandatory to
beneficial to health. But high doses are harmful and can be lethal. focus on the following infrastructurral issues: national position,
Table 3 briefly shows the effects of different doses [8, 11, 12]. nuclear Safety, safeguards, regulaatory frameworks, radiation
Protection and emergency planning.
TABLE III : EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF DOSE OF EX
XPOSURES TO HUMAN
According to IAEA geotechniccal aspects, geomorphology,
hydrological hazards and river morpphology are the prime factors
Exposure Prompt effects Delayed effectss
which helped the specialists to choose Rooppur a place to set up
(rems)
a NPP in Bangladesh [13].
0-10 Changes in blood Premature ageeing, genetic and Considering the geographical co onditions of Bangladesh and
chemistry teratogenic effecct its high density population it’s one of
o the toughest tasks to find a
suitable place to set up a nuclear power plant. Considering the
10-50 Radiation sickness, n Transient effeccts in lymphocytes safety concern of people, Rooppur is a wise choice for NPP in
and neutrophils Bangladesh where population densitty is low compared to other
regions. Hydro system is a vital isssue for establishing a NPP.
50-150 Vomiting, diarrhea, Genetic damaage to offspring, Proposed Rooppur site is located near the River Ganga over
hair loss, spontaneous benign or m malignant tumors, which Lalon Shah Bridge and Hardinge Bridge are situated and
abortion shortened lifeespan, premature connected to highway (Fig.3) [13].
ageing

150-250 Nausea, vomiting, Permanent healtth damage, develop

foetal or embryonic cancer or beniggn tumors, genetic
death and teratogenic effects

250-600 Nausea, vomiting, Atrophy of thee endocrine glands

weakness, malaise, including the piituitary, thyroid and
bloody discharge from adrenal glands, more than 50% die
kidneys, inflammation in this period
of the pharynx and
stomach, destruction Figure 3. Location of Rooppur Po
ower Plant in Bangladesh
of the bone marrow
Despite the conveniences for whhich Rooppur is opted as the
600-1000 Destruction of the Death in 10 daays. Autopsy shows location, several facts would always be big concerns for the NPP
intestinal lining, destruction off hematopoietic as diminutive technical problems or accidents can diminish
internal bleeding, tissues, genittal organs and everything and can create disastrou us situations for the area as
blood in urine, blood endocrines well as of our country. The followin
ng facts cannot be thought as
vomiting negligible:

• The project site is located smack dab on top of a potent
earthquake fault line
• It’s not totally a population free area, so any accidents at the
NPP can endanger nearest people
• This is a coastal area. So Cyclone, tornado etc. natural
disasters are not uncommon in this place
V. ENVIRONMENTAL & HEALTH EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR
RADIATIONFOR NPP ON BANGLADESH
Though Nuclear Power Plant doesn’t emit CO2, our
panicking concern for global warming, but there are some other
potential risks which are responsible to think twice before setting
a NPP. Disasters of Fukushima (2011), Chernobyl (1986), and
Tukaimura (1999) show us the devastating consequences which
can be created anytime from a NPP [14].
Bangladesh being an over populated country with small lands
is threatened with ecological imbalance and anthropogenic
stresses. Setting up a NPP will therefore, have a big impact on its
environment. Radiation is an obvious phenomenon in a nuclear
power plant. The less it is emitted, the betterment for the
environment. For normal occurrence, radiation will be exposed to
environment and people on low dose which will not be so
alarming but can create havoc if disasters occur. Depending on
disasters type trees, river water (Ganga), surrounding air or soil
may be contaminated with radiation and can have longer effects.
Therefore, Rooppur NPP will not affect much on environment if
proper and effective safety systems are adopted for the power
plant.
Humans, animals, plants and our surroundings build the
environment. Besides environmental effects Rooppur NPP can
also affect health of humans and animals. Being ionizing
radiation its effect is dangerous and can be lethal if crosses the
limits. Everyday a lot of workers and engineers will work in the
power plant for maintenance and security. Workers working
associated with NPP are sure to expose with radiation every day
that can sick them in future and cause shortening of lifetime.
According to specialists VVER uses U235 nuclear fuel which
produces dangerous radioisotopes during operation [22].
Besides radiation NPP produce nuclear wastes. A 1000 MW
of nuclear power plant produces a mere 3 cubic meters of wastes
after reprocessing the spent fuel, 300 tons of radioactive wastes
and 0.20 tons of plutonium. Waste disposal is a very mandatory
and significant task for NPP related safety tasks. Ineffective and
inconsiderate waste disposal can fall the Rooppur area and its
people in jeopardy.
VI. NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT
Nuclear wastes are radioactive materials produced from the
use or reprocessing of nuclear fuel. Compared to toxic wastes, its
quantity is less and it’s easier to manage. In countries with
nuclear power plants, nuclear wastes comprise of 1% of all types
of wastes produced [15].
72
It is obligatory to dump nuclear wastes in proper ways to
protect human or animal populated areas from radiation.
Considering various methods of waste disposal, we’ll focus on
the waste management for the Rooppur nuclear power plant on
the basis of worldwide used waste management methods. Way of
waste management depends on the type of the waste.
A. Very low level waste (VLLW):
They are less harmful for people and environment which
comprise of concrete, plaster, bricks, valves, piping etc. from
NPP. These wastes can be disposed of with domestic refuse,
although special disposal facilities are being developed by some
countries to dump these wastes [15].
B. Low level waste:
Low level wastes achieved radioactivity by exposure to
neutron radiation. These are generated in hospitals, industries and
nuclear power plants. Examples of this type of waste are- in
nuclear power plant- shoe covers, clothing, mops, reactor water
treatment etc. in medical fields- injection needles, syringes,
laboratory animal remains and tissues etc. These can be stored in
a closed chamber that prevents exposure of radioactivity in the
environment. Either these wastes perish on their own due to
decay, or their radioactivity decreases to a lower amount that is
suitable for transporting them for dumping [16].
C. Intermediate level waste:
This type of waste primarily consists of reactor core
components, resins and filters used to keep reactor water system
clean [17]. Also contaminated materials from reactor
decommissioning are included in this type. 7% of the overall
nuclear wastes are of this type. It contributes 4% of the overall
radioactivity of the wastes [15]. These wastes need shielding.
Solidifying in concrete or bitumen can lock the radiation. Then
they can be buried under ground [18]. As Bangladesh is a
densely populated country, we must locate an area without
population and then dump these wastes there. Depending on the
radiation, these can be buried normally or deeply underground.
D. High level waste:
These wastes are the remainders in the core after the nuclear
fission reaction. These contribute 95% of the radiation of overall
radioactive wastes but comprise of only 3% of the volume of
total radioactive wastes. These can be either reprocessed for
using again. In this case, the waste from recycled fuel has to be
vitrified into borosilicate (Pyrex) glass and then sealed inside
stainless steel container for disposal deep underground. Wastes
that have not been reprocessed, the amount of radiation is too
high to dump it directly into nature. These wastes have to be
sealed in dry concrete structures, or kept under water in special
ponds, for about 40-50 years before burial. In this period of time,
its radioactivity decreases to 0.1% of the original level [18].
In case of transportation, we have to be cautious. For
transportation, we must choose a path that does not go through
populated areas and that has negligible probability of accidents.
As in Bangladesh, roads are very crowded and accident prone,

we must look for an alternate. In this case, water path may be
useful.
Again, not just any water path, but the least busy water path
has to be selected and there should be a certain time period,
during which, other water vehicles won’t be allowed to be in that
route. The River Ganga is the closest one to the Rooppur nuclear
power plant location; the best option is to use it as the route of
transportation. The place of burial has to fulfill two criteria:
Firstly, the area has to be far away from any area with
biodiversity or civilization. Some suitable places can be- far
away islands in the Bay of Bengal with no or negligible
biodiversity. Ocean floor disposal is another option.
Secondly, the place of burial has to be geologically stable.
The waste has to be disposed some 500 meters deep underground
[18]. So, such a place has to be chosen that is stable enough for
ensuring the isolation of the waste from the surface, while it’s
kept under 500 meters deep in ground.
VII. CHALLENGES FOR UPCOMING NPP IN BANGLADESH
Operating a nuclear power plant is always different from any
other types of power generating plants. It’s a big challenge for a
developing country like Bangladesh to set up and mainly
maintaining properly the power plant with appropriate safety,
security and future plan for accidents. The following facts should
be particularly considered and find effective ways in different
steps to operate nuclear power plant hazardless in our country
The NPP in Rooppur needs funding and financing for
maintenance and infrastructural development. Government
should have proper policy and plan to meet the costs of
maintenance, if necessary to get foreign assistance. NPP is not a
short term project. For long term management it must be
expanded in future and in futuristic plan private sectors can be
considered to some extent for assistance in commercial point of
view.
BAEC (Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission) being the
authority to control radiation safety and relevant activities must
always follow IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
safety standards and maintain these strictly.
Legislative framework and safeguard should be formatted
international standard and must be properly implemented for the
protection of population, environment, health and ecosystem.
A board of meeting under the Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources along with Ministry of Science and ICT,
BAEC and regulatory staffs and engineers should be called for at
least twice a year to discuss the recent condition of NPP and take
necessary decisions if needed.
It is the most important part that the NPP should be
maintained and engineered by highly sophisticated technical
knowhow and specialized expertise. Efficient staffs must be
recruited for the purpose. Along with the engineers from abroad,
Govt. should plan to develop a strong technically skilled nation
73
in Nuclear Engineering. BAEC is already involved in working
and researching in the sector but it’s inadequate. Establishment
of Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Dhaka is a
good initiative from the Govt. to introduce education in nuclear
energy and engineering. Graduates from the department can be
helpful manpower in Rooppur NPP for Bangladesh.
It’s very important for the people to know about nuclear
energy, its benefits and demerits. It can be accomplished by
making new textbook curriculum focusing on nuclear energy in
SSC and HSC level.
Disposal of nuclear waste is a vital concern. Effective and
proper waste management system must be launched and
implemented. It’s very important to maintain because in case of
disaster waste can make panicking situation. We can remember
that The Three Mile Islands accidents took 14 years to clean up
the wastes [19].
Govt. should make a good and protected place for shelters of
people if accident occurs and also a convenient transportation to
reach the place. Nuclear disaster is not expected but not
uncommon incident. So if it occurs the following mentioned
topics need to be strictly retained in the accidental and accidental
nearest areas:
• Everyone living near the proposed project area must be
taken to the nearest shelter covered with full facilities for
post nuclear disaster treatment
• People residing at their home shouldn’t go outside rather
close their windows and doors so that radiated air don’t
enter their place
• People must not take food from outside even not drink
water from tap. Rather must take reserved food and water
from their home. Water can also be contaminated with
radiation.
• People should be fed Iodine Tablets with necessary doses
prescribed by the doctors.
• Govt. & other organizations from local and abroad must
come to assist the victims and take immediate actions to
dispose wastes as soon as possible and find faulty-lines and
reasons for the accidents and solve it
VIII. CONCLUSION
The above data makes it illogical to avoid the fact that using
nuclear energy to generate electricity is getting essential for
Bangladesh. In order to fulfill the electricity demand in an eco-
friendly way, nuclear energy is one of the major sustainable
choices available. To make this technology beneficiary and safe,
we must focus on proper planning before we set up nuclear
power plants. Starting from infrastructure of the power plants to
national and international policies, every related issue is needed
to be focused on and shaped properly.
 74

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