Army Vision: By 2028, a World-Class Army that is a source of National Pride

HEADQUARTERS
ARESCOM TRAINING SCHOOL
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY
Camp Riego De Dios, Tanza, Cavite

ATS/3 Date Updated: 01 Aug 2020

STUDENT HANDOUTS References: Special Text

CALIBER 50 MACHINEGUN

I. HISTORY:

The M2 is undoubtedly the world’s best–known 50 caliber Heavy machine

gun. John M. Browning developed the M2 heavy machine gun at the End of World
War I. After a series of early water–cooled, aircraft, and tank models were tested in
the 1920s, an improved version was adopted in 1933 as the Browning M2 water–
cooled machine gun. Subsequent models, using the same receiver, were adopted by
the various services. During World War II, nearly two million M2 machine guns of all
variations were produced. The M2 is the mainstay of all Marine Corps heavy
machine gun platoons.

II. DESCRIPTION:

The Browning machine gun caliber .50 HB, M2 (see picture below) is a belt–
fed, recoil–operated, air–cooled, crew–served machine gun. The gun is capable of
single shot, as well as automatic fire, and operates on the short recoil principle. The
machinegun is capable of being fed from either the right or left by repositioning
certain parts. The weapon has nonfixed headspace that must be set. Timing must
also be adjusted to cause the gun to fire slightly out of battery to prevent damage to
moving parts. The force for recoil operation is furnished by expanding powder gases,
which are controlled by various springs, cams, and levers. Maximum surface of the
barrel and receiver are exposed to permit air–cooling. Perforations in the barrel
support allow air to circulate around the breach end of the barrel and help cool the
parts. A heavy barrel is used to retard early overheating.

1. Sights – The M2 .50 caliber machine gun has a leaf–type rear sight
(see diagram below), graduated in both yards and mils. The scale ranges from 100
to 2,600 in yards and from 0 to 62 in mils.

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M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun Sights

2. The windage knob permits deflection changes to right or left of center.

The front sight is a fixed blade type with cover (see diagram below).

Front Sight Blade

III. CHARACTERISTICS:

1. The table below lists the characteristics of the M2 .50 caliber machine gun.

Characteristic Specification
Weight
Receiver 60 pounds
Barrel 24 pounds
Tripod 44 pounds
Total 128 pounds
Length
Receiver with barrel installed 65 inches
Barrel 45 inches
Eight lands and grooves with a right–hand twist
Rifling
One turn in 15 inches
Muzzle velocity – M2 Ball 3050 feet per second

2. The table below lists the rates of fire and ranges for the M2 .50 caliber
machine gun.

Rates of Fire
Sustained Less than 40 rounds per minute (rpm)
Rapid 40 or more rpm
Cyclic 450–550 rpm
Range
Maximum 7400 meters
Maximum
1830 meters
Effective
Grazing fire 700 meters

IV. AMMUNITION:

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The table below lists the ammunition (see diagram below) used in the M2 .50
caliber machine gun.

Type Identifying Characteristics

Plain
M2 – Dummy Holes in cartridge
M1, M1A1 – Blank No bullet, crimped cartridge
M2, M33 – Ball Plain
M1, M10, M17 – Tracer Red, orange, or brown tip
M1, M23 – Incendiary Blue tip
M2 – Armor piercing Black tip
M8 – Armor–piercing incendiary Aluminum tip
M20 – Armor–piercing incendiary–tracer Aluminum tip with red ring
M903 – Sabot light armor penetrator Amber tinted round
M962 – Sabot light armor penetrator–tracer Red tinted round

M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun Ammunition

V. NOMENCLATURE:

The major components of the 50 caliber HMG (see diagram below) and their
purposes are shown in the table below:

M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun Components

Diagram
Component Purpose
Number
 Houses cartridges for firing
1 Barrel group
 Directs projectile
Provides handle to:
2 Carrier assembly  Carry barrel
 Remove barrel from the receiver

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3 Back plate group
Houses the:
 Trigger
 Bolt latch releases lock
 Buffer tube sleeve
 Left and right spade grips

 Feeds linked belt ammunition

4 Cover group
5 Bolt group
6 Receiver group
7 Bolt stud
8 Barrel extension group  Secures the barrel to the recoiling parts
9 Barrel buffer body
Driving spring rod
10 assembly
 Positions and holds cartridges in position
for extracting, feeding, and chambering
 Provides feeding, chambering, firing, and
extracting, using the propellant gases
and recoil spring for power
 Serves as support for all major
components
 Houses action of weapon, which controls
functioning of weapon
 Provides a means to move the bolt to the
rear with the retracting slide handle
 Assists in recoil and counter–recoil of the
bolt group
 Drives the bolt forward when the bolt
latch release is depressed

VI. OPERATING PROCEDURES:

1. Weapon Conditions: The table below lists the weapon conditions for
the M2 .50 caliber machine gun.

Condition Description
▪ Bolt forward
▪ Weapon on Safe
1 ▪ A round in the chamber
This condition is also referred to as full load
▪ Bolt forward on an empty chamber
▪ Rounds all the way against the cartridge stop
2 ▪ Weapon on Safe
This condition is also referred to as half load.
▪ Bolt forward on an empty chamber
3 ▪ Rounds inserted and held in place by the belt feeding pawl
Weapon on Safe
▪ Bolt forward on an empty chamber
4
▪ No source of ammunition Weapon on Safe

2. Unloading & Clearing: The table below lists the steps for
unloading/clearing the M2 .50 caliber machine gun. Ensure the weapon is pointed in
a safe direction.

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Step Action
Ensure the barrel is cold. If hot (150 rounds in 2 minutes or less), let
1
the weapon sit for 15 minutes.
Place weapon in single shot mode. Lock the bolt to the rear by pulling
2 the retracting slide handle to the rear while maintaining positive
control.
Open the top cover and remove the source of ammunition. Inspect the
3
chamber to ensure it is clear.
Bolt forward on an empty chamber
4
No source of ammunition Weapon on Safe

3. Weapon Commands: The table below lists the steps to execute

"LOAD" taking the M2 .50 caliber machine gun from condition 4 to condition 2.

Step Action
Point the weapon in a safe direction. Ensure weapon is in single shot
1
mode.
Ensure the weapon is in condition 4:
▪ No rounds inserted anywhere in the weapon
2 ▪ Bolt forward
▪ An empty chamber
3 Raise cover, lift extractor ejector, and slightly pull bolt to the rear.
▪ Insert the double loop end of the belt in the feed way until the
rounds meet the cartridge stop and place the extractor ejector
4 between the first and second rounds.
▪ Close cover.
▪ Weapon is now half loaded.

The table below lists the steps to execute "MAKE READY" taking the
M2 .50 caliber machine gun from condition 2 to condition 1.

Step Action
1 Point the weapon in a safe direction.
Ensure the bolt latch release is locked down. Ensure the weapon is
2 on automatic.
Pull the retracting slide handle to the rear and release it. CAUTION:
3 The weapon is fully loaded.

The table below lists the steps to execute "UNLOAD/CLEAR GUN"

taking the M2 .50 caliber machine gun to condition 4.

Step Action
Ensure the barrel is cold. If hot (150 rounds in 2 minutes or less), let
1
the weapon sit for 15 minutes.
Point the weapon in a safe direction and ensure weapon is in single
2
shot mode
Pull the retracting slide handle to the rear and maintain positive
3
control.
4 Raise the top cover.
5 Remove the ammunition from the feed way.

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Examine the chamber and T–slot to ensure they are clear of

6
ammunition.
Insert a cleaning rod in the muzzle end of the barrel and push it
7 through the bore until it can be seen in the receiver ensuring that the
weapon is clear.
Return the retracting slide handle forward and depress the bolt latch
8
release sending the bolt forward.
9 Close the cover.

4. Malfunctions: A malfunction is any failure of the gun to function

satisfactorily. Examples of malfunctions are:

a. Failure to function freely: Sluggish operation is usually due to

Human failure to eliminate excessive friction caused by o Dirt Lack of proper
lubrication;
b. Burred parts and
c. Incorrect headspace adjustment o Incorrect timing.

5. Uncontrolled Automatic Fire: Uncontrolled automatic fire (runaway

gun) is when fire continues even when the trigger or trigger control mechanism is
released. If the cause is present before the gun is fired, the gun will start to fire when
the recoiling groups move into battery the second time. If the defect occurs during
firing, the gun will continue firing when the trigger control mechanism is released. A
runaway gun may be caused by o A bent trigger lever, forward end of the trigger
lever sprung downward o Burred beveled contacting surfaces of the trigger lever and
sear o A jammed or broken side–plate trigger.

To stop the uncontrolled automatic fire:

a. Keep the gun laid on target.

b. Twist the belt, causing the gun to jam.

CAUTION: Do not unlatch the cover.

c. Wait 15 minutes to guard against cook off.

d. Clear weapon.
e. Replace broken, worn, or burred parts.
f. Check the side–plate trigger and trigger control mechanism,
when applicable.

6. Stoppage – A stoppage is any interruption in the cycle of operation

caused by the faulty action of the gun or ammunition. Stoppages are classified as
follows:

a. Failure to Feed: Prevents the round from being properly

positioned in the receiver group.
b. Failure to Chamber: Prevents the complete chambering of the
Round.
c. Failure to Lock: Prevents the breech lock from correctly entering
its recess in the bolt.
d. Failure to Fire: Prevents the ignition of the round.

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e. Failure to Unlock: Prevents the breech lock from moving out of

its recess in the bolt.
f. Failure to Extract: Prevents the extraction of the expended
cartridge from the chamber.
g. Failure to Eject: Prevents the ejection of the expended cartridge
from the receiver.
h. Failure to Cock: Prevents the firing pin extension from being
engaged with the sear.

7. Immediate Action – Immediate action is the prompt action taken by

the gunner without investigating the cause. The gunner performs immediate action;
however, every crewmember must be trained to apply immediate action. The table
below lists the steps to follow to reduce most stoppages without analyzing their
cause in detail.

Step Action
Yell, “Misfire!” 3 times to inform the gun line that you have a stoppage
1
or malfunction.
2 Wait 5 seconds for the possibility of a hang fire.
Within the next 5 seconds, pull the bolt to the rear to guard against a
3
cook off while observing for feeding and ejecting.
If feeding and ejecting occur, aim and attempt to fire. If weapon Fires
4
continue mission.
If the weapon misfires again repeat steps 1–4 for a total of 3 times
5
before moving to remedial action.
If feeding and ejecting does not occur place weapon on safe and
6 determine if the barrel is hot. If so wait 15 minutes for barrel to cool
down.
7 Once the barrel is cool, proceed to remedial action.

8. Remedial Action – is the detailed examination of the weapon and

ammunition to determine the cause of the stoppage.

9. Removal of a cartridge from the T–Slot – If the cartridge does not fall
out during immediate action:

a. Put the weapon on single shot and pull the bolt to the rear.
b. Hold the bolt to the rear pulling out all slack.
c. With the extractor raised, use a cleaning rod to push the
cartridge out the bottom of the receiver or reach under the gun and push the round
up out of the T–slot.

10. Removal of a ruptured cartridge – You may remove a ruptured

(separated) cartridge case with a cleaning rod or ruptured cartridge extractor. When
using the ruptured cartridge extractor:

a. Raise the cover and pull the bolt to the rear.

b. Place the ruptured cartridge extractor in the T–slot of the bolt in
the same manner as that of a cartridge, so that it is held in line with the bore by the
ejector of the extractor assembly of the gun.

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c. With the extractor aligned with the bore and held firmly in the T–
slot, let the bolt go forward into the ruptured case; the shoulders will spring out in
front of the case.
d. Pull the bolt to the rear and remove the ruptured case and
extractor.

VII. ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY:

1. Disassembly: Take the precautions below when working with the M2

.50 caliber machine gun:

a. Ensure the weapon is clear prior to further handling of the

weapon.

b. Before allowing the bolt to go forward, ensure that the cover,

once raised, remains in the raised position with the barrel remaining in the gun.

CAUTION: If the cover is lowered when the bolt is to the rear,

the belt feed.

c. Lever lug will not fit into its proper groove in the bolt; parts may
be damaged as the bolt goes forward. In the cover assembly, the action of the
shoulder headless pin and spring just above the pivot holds the belt feed lever lug to
the left.

d. To allow the bolt to go forward with the barrel out of the gun, pull
the retracting slide handle to the rear, engaging the bolt stud in the notch in the rear
of the retracting slide. Maintain a steady pressure to the rear on the retracting slide
handle. Press the bolt latch release and allow the bolt to ride slowly forward.

CAUTION: If the bolt is allowed to go forward with the barrel out

of the gun, parts may be damaged when the bolt slams forward. The added weight
and cushioning effect of the barrel act as a buffer and protect the parts from damage.

2. General Disassembly: General disassembly consists of removing the

major groups and assemblies (see diagram below) for inspection and cleaning. The
table below lists the eight major groups that must be disassembled in the order they
should be removed.

Sequence Major Group

1 Barrell Group
2 Back–Plate Group
3 Driving Spring Rod Assembly
4 Bolt Group
5 Barrel Extension
6 Barrel Buffer Assembly
7 Barrel Buffer Assembly
8 Receiver Group

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BACKPLATE GROUP

M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun Major Component Groups

3. Barrel Group: Follow the steps in the table below to remove the barrel
group.

Step Action
Turn the cover latch and raise the cover group (see diagram below).

Grasp the retracting slide handle with the right hand, palm up, and pull
the recoiling parts to the rear until the lug on the barrel locking spring
2 aligns with the 3/8–inch hole in the right side plate of the receiver (just
below the feed way exit). The barrel can be turned only when the lug is
aligned with the 3/8–inch hole.
Unscrew the barrel from the receiver (see diagram below).

CAUTION: Be careful not to damage the threads or barrel locking

notches when setting the barrel down.

Pull back slightly on the retracting slide handle and remove the link or
4
spacer from the receiver.

4. Back–plate Group: Follow the steps in the table below to remove

backplate group:

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Step Action
Ensure that the bolt latch release is up, free of the bolt latch release
lock. If it is not, push down on the bolt latch release and turn the
buffer tube sleeve to the right to free it (see diagram below).

The bolt must be forward before the backplate is removed. If the bolt
is to the rear, push down on the bolt latch release, place palm up on
the retracting slide handle, and ease the bolt forward.
2
CAUTION: Take care to prevent the bolt from slamming forward with
the barrel removed.

The backplate latch lock and latch are below the buffer tube. Pull out
on the lock and up on the latch; remove the backplate by lifting it
straight up.

WARNING: Never attempt to cock the gun while the backplate is

off and the driving spring assembly is in place. If the backplate is off and the
driving spring assembly is compressed, the retaining pin on the driving spring
rod can slip from its seat in the side plate and seriously injure anyone behind
the gun.

5. Driving Spring Rod Assembly: Follow the steps on the next page to
remove the driving spring rod assembly.

Step Action
The inner and outer driving springs and driving spring rod are located
inside the receiver next to the right-side plate (see diagram below).

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Push in on the head of the driving spring rod and push to the left to
2 remove the driving spring rod retaining pin from its seat in the right-
side plate.
3 Pull the driving spring assembly to the rear and out of the receiver.

6. Bolt Stud: Follow the steps in the table below to remove the bolt stud.

Step Action
Grasp the retracting slide handle and give it a quick jerk, freeing the
1
bolt from the barrel extension.
Align the collar of the bolt stud with the clearance hole in the bolt slot
on the right-side plate and remove the bolt stud (see diagram below).

If the bolt is accidentally moved all the way to the rear, the bolt latch
will engage in the bolt latch notches in the top of the bolt. If this
occurs, raise the bolt latch (left of the trigger lever) and push the bolt
forward to align the bolt stud with the clearance hole (see diagram
below).

7. Bolt Group: Follow the steps in the table below to remove the bolt
group.

Step Action
After freeing the bolt, slide it to the rear and out of receiver (see
diagram below).

Place the bolt down on its right side (with the extractor arm up), so that
2 the extractor will not fall from the bolt.

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8. Barrel Buffer Body Group and Barrel Extension Group: Follow the
steps on the next page to remove the barrel buffer body and barrel extension groups.

Step Action
Insert the drift of a combination tool, or other pointed instrument,
1 through the hole in the lower rear corner of the right-side plate.

Push in on the barrel buffer body lock. At the same time, place one
hand in the receiver and push the barrel extension group and barrel
buffer group to the rear (see diagram below).

Remove the barrel buffer group and barrel extension group from the
3
receiver.
Separate the two groups by pushing forward on the tips of the
accelerator (see diagram below).

9. Barrel Buffer Assembly: Follow the steps in the table below to

remove the barrel buffer assembly and complete general disassembly.

Step Action
Pull the barrel buffer assembly from the rear of the barrel buffer body
1
group.
The barrel buffer assembly will not be disassembled (see diagram
below).

VIII. GENERAL ASSEMBLY:

To assemble the gun, replace the groups and assemblies in reverse order of
their removal in disassembly.

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1. Barrel Buffer Assembly and Barrel Buffer Body Group: Follow the
steps in the table below to assemble the barrel buffer assembly and barrel buffer
body groups.

Step Action
Replace the barrel buffer assembly in the barrel buffer body group,
with the key on the spring guide to the right.
1
NOTE: This key must fit in its slot in the right side of the barrel buffer
body.
Turn the barrel buffer tube until the screwdriver slot (in the rear of the
tube) is vertical and the arrow is pointing to the right (see diagram
below). The stud on the tube lock will now engage the serrations in the
barrel buffer tube to keep the tube from turning.

Push the barrel buffer assembly fully forward (see diagram below).

2. Barrel Buffer Group and Barrel Extension Group: Follow the steps
in the table below to assemble the barrel buffer and barrel extension groups.

Step Action
To join the two groups together, hold the barrel buffer group in the
right hand, with the index finger supporting the accelerator. Join the
notch on the shank of the barrel extension group with the cross–
groove in the pistol rod of the barrel buffer assembly. At the same
time, align the breech lock depressors with their guideways in the
sides of the barrel extension, ensuring that the tips of the accelerator
are against the rear end of the barrel extension (claws against the
shank) (see diagram below).
1

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2 Push the groups together.

As the accelerator rotates to the rear, press down on its tips to ensure
3 positive locking of groups.
Slide the bolt group back on to the barrel extension group. Place the
groups in the receiver and push them forward until the barrel buffer
body spring lock snaps into position.
4
NOTE: When the parts are properly locked in place, the barrel buffer
tube should protrude about 1 1/8 inches from the rear of the barrel
buffer body group.

3. Bolt: Place the bolt in the receiver, with the top of the cocking lever
forward and the extractor down. The barrel extension, barrel buffer, and bolt groups
may be assembled and returned to the receiver together (see diagram below). Press
up on the bolt latch in the receiver to slide the bolt, barrel extension and buffer body
groups into the receiver.

M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun Bolt

4. Bolt Stud: Follow the steps in the table below to assemble the bolt
stud.

Step Action
1 Align the stud hole in the bolt with the clearance hole.
Replace the bolt stud, ensuring that the collar of the stud is inside the
side plate (see diagram below).

3 Push forward on the bolt stud until the bolt is fully forward.

5. Driving Spring Group: Follow the steps in the table below to

assemble the driving spring group.

Step Action
Press up on the bolt latch and push the bolt all the way forward by
1 pushing on the bolt stud only.
Place the end of the driving spring rod in its hole in the rear of the bolt
2 and push forward on the driving spring group and the barrel buffer
tube.

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Press in and to the right on the head of the driving spring rod and
3 place the retaining pin in its seat in the right-side plate.

NOTE: At this time, the barrel buffer tube should be completely inside the
receiver. If not, the barrel buffer body spring is not properly seated.

6. Backplate Group: Follow the steps in the table below to assemble the
backplate group.

Step Action
Hold the backplate with the latch down and the trigger up; place the
1 backplate guides in their guideways.

Hold out on the latch lock and tap the backplate into position until the
latch snaps into place (see diagram below).

Release the latch lock and pull up on the backplate group to ensure it
3 is firmly seated.

CAUTION: Do not use the driving rod to drive the bolt forward from the
rear position, or you may damage the driving spring group and cause a stoppage.

7. Barrel: Follow the steps in the table below to assemble the barrel and
complete general assembly of the M2 .50 caliber machine gun.

Step Action
Pull the retracting slide handle to the rear until the lug on the barrel
1 locking spring is visible through the 3/8–inch hole in the right-side
plate.
Screw the barrel all the way into the barrel extension; then unscrew
2 the barrel two notches.

8. Function Check: Perform a function check as soon as the weapon is

assembled to ensure that it has been assembled correctly. Follow the steps in the
table below to check the function of the weapon.

Step Action
1 Place the weapon in the single–shot mode.
With the cover closed, lock the bolt to the rear (bolt should stay to rear
2 while in the single–shot mode).
Return retracting slide handles to full forward position and press the
3
bolt latch release.

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Press down on the trigger; weapon should fire. (Check T–slot to

4 ensure that firing pin does protrude.) Open the cover.
5 Place the weapon in the automatic–fire mode.
Pull the retractor slide handle to the rear and release. (Bolt should not
6 lock to rear)
7 Make sure firing pin does not protrude.
8 Press trigger, weapon should fire.
9 Make sure firing pin does protrude.

***** End *****

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