Reconstructing the African Identity in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart

Abstract

Achebe’s efforts to revise and redefine the cultural contexts of Igbo community to

urge his people to reconstruct their own identity as Africans to raise their collective voice in

the world, be self-confident and sovereign through following their own traditional structures

through overcoming its defects and removing the authority of colonial assertions to express

themselves before the world through fictional adaptation in Things Fall Apart. The

postcolonial theoretical framework of Louis Tyson to investigate and explore the different

aspects of precolonial, colonial and postcolonial dimensions covered in the text. Several

critics are agreed that this text depicts the clear image of Nigerian society, discovering the

strengths and weaknesses of Igbo culture and interferences of missionaries into their society

in terms of religion, traditions and social norms fixed by the elders of the clan. This paper is

designed through the textual analysis of the text, taking support from the previous literature

to find the gaps and interpreting it through the postcolonial lens. Hence, Achebe as the

representative of his society following the trends of his contemporaries asserts the needs of

rebuilding his language, culture and sociopolitical system to clarify the original identity of

Igbos to the world through fanaticizing the words as more powerful weapon to demolish the

colonial culture and identity in his land.

Key Words: Postcolonial, reconstruction, culture, identity, society

Introduction

Achebe demonstrates the decline of the social, traditional, religious and political

values of African culture in this novel due to the effects of the process of occupation of the

territory that translates the language, culture, the lifestyle and belief system of the people
through imposing the rules and regulations of missionary invaders. He intends to make his

people aware about their true culture and identity replaced by White people who introduces

their education system, religion, language and customs to Umuofia to enslave them for their

own benefits. He tries to rebuild the individual identity of his people to educate them about

their true culture, belief system, race and identity that are not inferior to the ruling elite and

unveils the discriminations of colonizers towards his community. He resists against the

cruelties of the oppressors who snatches the freedom and basic human rights from the

common people living the lives full of miseries and sufferings. The clashes between two

different languages, cultures, races, genders and identities explore the postcolonial factors in

this novel where Achebe uncovers the negative impacts of colonization of Africa through the

perfect representation of the time period in which it takes place.

This novel is written in 1958 the time of protest against British rulers to leave the

colonies and the natives should be given the charge to govern over the land. This time period

is significant as Nigerians are raising the voice for their rights of self-governed state so that

people can make decisions according to their own interests and live freely without any kind

of colonial pressure. Achebe as the eye witness of colonization and its decline in his country

present the true cultural and moral changes of his society converting from traditional to

modern through neglecting their own social values and traditions set by the elders of the clan

for the years and practiced by Igbos throughout their lives. As a citizen of Nigeria, he is eager

to remove the anarchy and its impacts in the lives of his people and make them conscious

about their individuality, identity, rights and the culture to follow and reconstruct the society

destructed by the colonizers.

Main plot of this novel revolves around the main protagonist Okonkwo who brings

fame to his clan of Igbo people at young age as an energetic wrestler and a hardworking

farmer. He is afraid of his downfall as he does not want to become like his father who was a
lazy and could not earn reputation in the Umuofia that is famous for its skilled population,

traditions and the social institutions governed by its own people. Okonkwo succeeds to

become the respected leader of the Igbos in less time because of his successes in wrestling,

marrying the three women of the tribe and the high production of yams that are the certain

standards set by the elders of the village to meet the status of power in African culture. The

sacrifice of Ikemefuna a young boy of the opposite tribe initiates destructions in his life due

to his emotional attachment like his own son. Later on, he beats his wife in the peace week

and also kills a young man result in the punishment of exile from the tribe for seven years.

Passing this tenure in the village of his mother he goes back to his village where missionary

Christians starts colonizing the land, imposing their own laws and changing the native culture

of Africa. He is grieved of his lost culture, offended to his own son Nwoye who starts

following Christianity and resists against the colonizers that ends up in committing suicide

due to the punishment and disgrace by Deputy Commissioner.

This novel depicts the tensions between the precolonial and postcolonial versions of

society opposing each other in several matters and creating the binaries of self vs. others, the

colonized vs. colonizers, the modern vs. traditional and Eurocentric versus Afrocentric

cultures. Both types of these forces exist side by side in the postcolonial literature, challenge

the authorities of one over another and give air to the conflicts started with the domination of

colonizers and their occupation of resources and economy of the country. Postcolonial writers

mentions the brutalities of the foreigners, challenges their powers and raise the collective

voice of their community which is unable to speak before the oppressor and cannot gain their

basic human rights in their own country. These oppressors not only change their social

structures but also their mindset through taking pride in their own language and societal

norms and disheartening the African people through considering them inferior and forcing

them to adopt their language and education system which make them slave to the rulers.
 In this regards, Louis Tyson claims that postcolonial literary tradition emerges in the

last decade of the previous century to investigate the colonization at the larger context in the

different parts of the world in the previous few centuries. The literature written in these years

is important to explore the different methods of colonizing the minds, lands, resources and

value systems of the previous colonies which are the victims of oppressions and battling for

their sovereignty throughout the decade. Contention between self and others remains

dominant in these texts which illustrates the superiority of one over another as whites

consider their own culture and language superior, developed and civilized while colonized

are savage, uncivilized and inferior to white race. Tyson suggests that these people have

established the monarchy of European culture all over the world and people from the other

countries blindly follow the Eurocentric customs just to meet the certain standards given by

the American and British to them. The forceful empowerment of this culture over the natives

creates the problems of identity in the underdeveloped countries where people still used to

practice and follow the culture of the invaders. These colonizers has trained the native people,

tamed them to meet their expectations and handover the governance to these people who

remain loyal to their masters and help in the production of enslaved minds for the

generations. This is the reason that the colonies are facing the issues of socioeconomic and

political sovereignty and interference into the different governmental affairs that is

questioning their independence of identity and land. Tyson presents the clear vision of the

postcolonial discourses in the literature covering the most of the aspects of the colonial rule

and analyzing the fictional reconstruction of the colonized identities intends to uplift the

suppressed cultures to convince their readers to regain their original identities.

Exploring the postcolonial identity and its reconstruction through the fictional

representation of Igbo culture in Things Fall Apart, this paper intends to interrogate the

clashes between the African and European cultures, language, religion and conversion of the
mindsets of the people through introducing the education system and constitutional

frameworks by the colonizers in Africa. Achebe gives air to the different burning questions in

this novel and encourages his readers to bring back their own and original culture as it was

before the colonial invasion. It also investigates the questions of identity in the novel

including how the colonial powers translate the society of the colonized through making

changes in the native communities, how these invaders enslave the minds of the local and

how the writer is labelling the differences between the precolonial and postcolonial culture

through the settings of this novel in these two different periods that shifted the societal trends

from traditional to modernity.

Moreover, this work is organized through qualitative research method, initiating the

discussion about the contention of reconstructing the deconstructed identity, interpreting the

novel through the lens of postcolonial identity proposed by Tyson and the textual analysis of

the text through unveiling the facts and figures about the postcolonial transformation of the

culture, the character of Okonkwo and the symbolism of language, culture and religion

presented in the text to make it clear that Achebe is emphasizes on the need of the removal of

authority of the foreigners at sound basis and make people aware that they have left their own

traditional roots and their conversions are responsible for their inabilities to introduce their

own culture before the world which is facing the discriminations just because of its own

people. It also collects the evidences from the previous literature about the text and

theoretical framework in order to fill the gaps created by the critics and support the main

arguments of the paper to justify the questions mentioned above.

Literature Review

The existing literature about this novel helps in establishing the main arguments of the

paper as it is mandatory to find and fill the gaps created by the critics who analyzes this text
through different lenses. They have shown that Achebe is presenting the clashes of two

opposing forces, differ to each other in several matters and creating the disruptions in the

peaceful society of the Igbo people. He is raising the voice of his community which is

confused about their own culture and the converts created in it by the colonizers due to their

arrogant behavior towards the democratic system of Umuofia. His main intention is to

differentiate between these two identities so that the people in the world can consider his

culture and people equal to the other races that feel pride in their own identity because of

their civilization and sociopolitical and economic growths.

These critics also illustrates that it is the responsibility of the postcolonial writers to

present their original culture, the dual nature of the colonizers towards the people of the

colonies and their notion of imposing English language and culture over them to legitimize

their oppressive rules. They are ambitious in controlling the mindsets of the natives through

giving them education, agricultural lands and different other things to create the hierarchies

within the society to divide people in different social and religious groups. Things Fall Apart

is the novel which argues that the natives should restrict themselves to their own individual

identity, freedom and recognize their culture and language as equal to the American,

Europeans, Asian and other communities of the world as they have their own culture

embedded in the traditions of peace and harmony among their own community. Alam, Yildiz

and Sadeghi favor these above mentioned points and unveils the differences between the

cultures of colonizers and the colonized analyzing this text. They demonstrate that the

colonization at the larger scale in Africa affected the traditional setups of Igbo clan that is

represented as rich, democratic and well established tribal village of Nigeria. The invaders

has created the tensions in between the people of the Umuofia by converting them into half

white half black community divided into different social categories (Alam 3, Sadeghi 7,

Yaldiz 23).
 In addition to this, there are some critics who declare that Achebe is trying to

demolish the misrepresentations and misunderstandings of the people from different colonies

of the world and urging them to adapt and promote their own traditional structure, belief

system and the values of society that enable them to give them purify their own identity and

culture as independent nations in the world. Mull and Kenalemang in their articles justify that

this novel is working as the spokesperson for Igbo tribes and the writer reveal that the people

of Africa and other colonies must recognize their own customs, remove the evils of the racist

community and purify their society to make themselves confident and feel pride in their own

identity (Mull 5). The people of the former colonies must raise their collective voice in the

world to realize the world that English language and the culture of colonizers are not

necessarily superior to their own cultures, they have the equal rights and opportunities to live

in this world and intellectual thinking powers. In their views, Achebe pretends that the

residents of Africa has last their own traditional system which is more graceful than western

countries, their societies are well established, their tribes are self-governed and have

democratic native elders succeeded to make peace in their territories (Kenalemang 14).

There are some of the points mentioned in the different articles about the postcolonial

study of this novel and support the main objectives of this paper however there is a gap in

these researches. This paper aims to fill this gap through finding the clashes between the

languages, cultures, belief systems and the societal jurisdictions in a colonized society where

the invaders imposed their decisions over the population suffering from the different

problems and trying to get out of the cages of colonialism that never allow them to speak for

their rights before their rulers who are still controlling their minds. It also reveals that how

the traditional and precolonial culture is undermined due to colonization and what are the

positive aspects of Igbo tribes that are subjugated by westernization of the territory.

Discussion
 In the field of literature, postcolonial does not really mean after the colonial but it is

the vast discipline of literary criticism which not only investigates the aftermaths of

colonialism in the texts but also focus upon the different methods used by the colonizers to

occupy the lands according to Tyson as a postcolonial theorist. This literary criticism further

interrogates the arrival of the colonizers for the sake of trade, religious preaching,

development of infrastructure and the other different matters to raise the ties between the two

countries. Gradually they start taking interest in the cultural practices of the colonies and

conversing the minds of the people through their education system, language and religious

teachings to bring people closer to them and after it start taking interests in the governmental

and societal matters of the states. Post-colonialism also differentiates between the

precolonial, colonial and after colonial perspectives, how they are changed from one side to

another going to opposite directions and dominating one over another to capture the lands of

the countries enriched with their traditions and resources to extract to their own countries to

take financial benefits.

These acts of colonizers create the deviations of center and periphery among the

people, placing colonizers at the center and colonized at the periphery in the country leading

towards the disturbance between the both where colonized people suffer a lot due to their

lacking of facilities and rights in their own countries. This presumption of masterfulness of

the colonizers remains inside the minds of the people who are still enjoying the tastes of

powers over the previous colonies following the same notions of colonizers and making

people their mental slaves to legitimize their rules in the countries through the decades. In

this era, people still considers the culture, education system and language of western superior

to their own and think that they are more developed in terms of social and political moralities

in the world. The postcolonial writers convince the people to feel proud and be confident in

promoting and accepting their own moral and traditional values as progress is not only
inclined to the white people. Different writers like Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Amiri Baraka and

several others after the initiation of the process of decolonization start producing the literature

to unveil the circumstances which their people passed through during the years of the

colonization.

Succeeding this trend of his time, Achebe attracts his readers to observe the colonial

practices in the text and indicates the positive aspects of their actual culture which is

dominated by the colonizers’ culture, language and education system through the perfect

adaptation of Igbo society before and during the colonial rule. The characterization, time

frame, symbols and different events that take place in this novel are the important factors to

disclose the postcolonial discourse in Achebe’s representation of his society and culture.

Through these aspects he divides novel in two parts; first in which he introduces the original

Igbo culture with its values, traditions and governance by its own people ensuring social

justice and peace in their clan, their democratic system of hierarchy where the wealth and

corps are he standards set by the clan to meet certain requirements without considering the

blood lines. In the second part when Okonkwo returns to his village after exile period and

notices that the missionaries have changed the traditional system of governance, the religion

and the social lives of the people through introducing their own education system and

religion. His resistance against the colonizers is representing the Achebe’s notion of

removing the authority of the western culture upon his land and replace its own culture that is

richer than that of the colonizers. Tyson in his book also reveals these facts at different times

through uncovering the precolonial and postcolonial concepts of governance and culture in

the colonies and Achebe is following the same trends revealed by the Tyson in his time of

writing this novel.

The time period of 1958 is important to address the colonial empowerment in the

country as it is the era of post-World War II when British colonizers used to leave colonies,
their armies and officials are going back to Europe and handing over the rule to the natives

who have remained loyal to them. At this time, the writers from the colonies start writing for

the purpose to compel their readers to go back to their own traditions and rituals through

removing the residues of the colonizers in their country and recognize the true identity of

their land deep rooted in their graceful pasts. It is the time of great social change where the

missionaries arrive in Africa for the purpose of preaching of their religion to the people and

also to raise their mutual trade relationships with Africa. After some time, they launch their

language through entering into their education system, introducing their rituals and

converting people to Christianity through criticizing the goddesses of Igbo people and their

belief system.

Moreover, Tyson directs the postcolonial writers and readers to explore the society

represented in the texts, its history, present and the tentative future through its depiction of its

daily life and traditional setup in order to differentiate between the past and present of it. So

the readers can restore the previous version of their own culture through eradicating its

drawbacks and weaknesses that enabled the colonizer to take over their resources and

reconstructing the positive features to glorify their own identity and culture. Achebe is also

agreed to this notion illustrated by Tyson as he suggests in his essay about the novel writings

that the work of a writer is to present the original and true culture of his/her society and to be

a spokesperson for what he has noticed in the society around him/her. He also declares that it

is impossible for a creative writer to neglect the environment, social behaviors, politics and

religious affiliations of the society to which he belongs. The discourses of politics and social

norms dominates over the creative process and thinking of the writer and it is necessary to

represent and speak for his/her community otherwise it will seem irrelevant to the society. To

Achebe, words represent better than the weapons to resist against the oppressors and it is the

responsibility of an author to choose the accurate words according to the situation of the text
without considering the aftermaths and reactions of people and colonizers against the

sociopolitical phenomenon of the society (Achebe 3). In Things Fall Apart he is conscious

about this notion and presenting the clear image of his society through its traditional

structure, glorifying the past and blaming the colonizers for intervening in the daily life of his

people.

Inclusion to it, he also proclaims that the past of his country was gracious, their rule

and regulations for the social life circle and their culture were developed and advanced

according to the terms and conditions of that time. This culture is not primitive or savage as

considered by Europeans who are ignorant about their social institutions and politics that

have enabled people to live well-disciplined life through religious and political harmony and

neglecting the differences among people from different social backgrounds. The political

culture is more democratic in the sense that there is no discriminations upon the basis of

bloodlines as a son of a poor or a laziest person can achieve the status of political leaders or

decision makers of their clan through hard work and producing more yams as compared to

other. Every member of the community has the equal chances for the progress and bring fame

to the clan through winning the medals in wrestling, working hard in the farms and scoring

more wives as these are some of the certain standards set by the elders to become a leader of

the clan. Their institution of justice is more organized than that off Europeans as they have

equal standards of punishment for a strong and a weak person of the society while the

Europeans are unable to develop this institution due to the discriminations and severe

punishments such as life-imprisonment and executions.

Contrary to this, he is also revealing the realities of the interferences of missionaries

into their religion because they are converting people to Christianity and drawing lines

between the people leading towards the theological divisions inside the society through

religious impatience. Soon after getting some roles in the society, they start challenging the
traditions and rituals of the native people and disturbing the social structure through arguing

about at different internal matters of the village. They used to criticize the religious practices

and the gods of Nigerian and urging them to accept their religion that is more civilized and

enlighten according to them as in this line of the novel, “Your gods are not alive and cannot

do any harm, they are pieces of wood and stone,” (Achebe 103) Achebe demonstrates the

notion of superiority of the European religion and common way to treat the natives of the

colonies.

Tyson also reveals that the notions of religious preaching and trade are basic steps

taken by the colonizers to convert the mind and religion of the people to make their place in

the society through which they open the gates for their invasions and occupation of the land,

minds and resources of the people. These converts help them to rule as they are much aware

about the weaknesses of their society and present to their masters who use them to create the

sectarian and religious divisions so that the natives cannot find one platform to raise their

collective voice against the acts of colonizers. Achebe asserts that it is the need of an hour to

revise and redefine the values of the society of Igbos and restore the previous societal

structure to recognize and rebuild their own identity being more confident about it from the

raw material of the existing cultural values and removing the evils of colonizers.

Pursuing this postcolonial trend of traditionalism versus modernity, Achebe

characterizes Okonkwo as the symbol of traditional side of society and its cultural heritage

passing through the different ups and downs of his life he never let it down the social

structure of society and resist against the colonizers to leave his country as they are breaking

the foundations of a harmonized society. He is the true representative of the traditional

culture of the village and the colonized people who has sacrificed their identity, religion,

social and moral values after the invasions of colonizers. In first part of his life before the

punishments and downfall, he emerges as a self-made man, wining the competitions and
becomes the member of the elite of his society due to his name, fields of yams and wives at

the age of thirty. It also portrays the image of society before the arrival of Christians to it that

is based upon the collectiveness of the villagers who share their worries and joys together, the

rules of peace weak, the advancement of the judicial system to avoid war to enable peace in

the region and their singleness of religion that does not draw the lines among people of the

society.

Through Okonkwo’s bargaining of the yams seeds with Nwakibie, their stands as one

tribe for the revenge of a woman of the tribe and their efforts for maintaining the atmosphere

of peace among other villages are the symbols of mutual understanding and cooperation

among the people of Umuofia. The role of Okonkwo as the leader of his clan is significant in

all of these matters, he is the true believer of his religion and the follower of the traditions

who tries his best to work for the betterment and prosperity of his village and raises the voice

of brotherhood in the clan. However his fear of failure as his father, overconfidence and

masculine nature lead him towards his downfall in the second part of his life due to his

mistake of beating his wife during the peace week and murder of a man due to his aggression.

The elders of the clan give the punishment of exile from the village for seven years to live in

his mother’s clan for the compensation of his evil deeds.

The third part of his life is about his resistance against the captivity of his land when

he return to his village after exile years and comes to know about the conversions in the

social and religious life of his people that are taking place at the larger scale and especially

the young generation is providing aids to the colonizers to establish their roots in the Igbo

culture. These colonizers have cut it down the society into the different sections such as

divisions on the basis of religions, the social hierarchies and the discriminations of strong

towards weak one because the main intentions of the oppressor to separate the people and

snatch their collective identity through translating their language, education system, religion
and social constitution set by the forefathers of the clan. The traditional nature of Okonkwo

cannot bear these acts of colonizers and with the other leaders of the clan he starts his

opposition against the oppressor to protect his culture and young generation from the harms

of modernity. He also beats his son Nwoye who accepts and practices Christianity and

symbol of the converts because he is among the converts who are the supporters of the

colonizers and gaining financial benefits from them to change their traditions and replace

them with the new one in the name of enlightenment and advancement.

Continuing this depiction of intolerance promoted by the rulers in society, Achebe

also enlists several other events of impatience in the last few sections of the novel especially

attack of the villagers on the building of the missionary church that leads towards the

brutalities in the society in which many of the Igbos are jailed and punshed for this act

against the colonizers. This is the major event which overpowers the minds of Okonkwo and

move him forward to his tragic end of life through taking his own life as the fear of failure

and intolerance captures his emotions and compels him to do so. These cultural, social,

lingual and religious clashes reveal the encounter of traditional setup of the village by the

interference of modernity into it and support the statements of Tyson about the resistance of

traditions against the colonizers’ supremacy. These traditional and indigenous people cannot

raise their voice against the oppressors who snatch their rights to live, freedom of expression

and their identity through making them slaves.

Beside of this all, he is also divulging the imperfections and negativities of his society

to his people and urging people to redefine their norms of society to overcome their

weaknesses that paved the way towards the process of colonization. Achebe claims that at

this time after the process of the colonization, the people of Africa should regain their social

statuses and traditions to eradicate the aftermaths of colonization. The discrimination on the

basis of gender in the society where women are treated as the slaves by their husbands, they
are suffering due to the dominance of males, their insulting attitudes and their race of scoring

more wives are some of the factors that created loopholes in their culture and offer the

missionaries to cultivate divisions among Igbos. The rigid nature of their culture and the

religion are the causes of invasion through giving opportunities to the oppressed people to

take refuge in the arms of colonizers through getting the financial benefits. These blemishes

should be removed from his society through ensuring the justice at equal level without any

discrimination of gender, class, sex, race and religion.

Achebe justifies that the original traditional setup should be restored to make people

conscious about their rights and social norms to regain the gracious past of the Africans. Both

Tyson and Achebe claim that colonialism has occupied the lands, resources, culture,

language, society and creativities of the natives that erupts the established and existing setups

of the colonies and reinforce English as the official language of the country through replacing

it with the natives. They also expose the cruel nature of colonizers to the colonized who are

deprived of their basic human rights, facing partitions among their own community, confused

about their accuracy of traditions and do not have the independent identity in the world.

These people should rediscover their own identity and implement it to introduce themselves

before the world to identify themselves as a separate and independent nation through

overcoming all of the negative aspects of their community and strengthening the appreciative

qualities. This is precious time for decolonized people to abandon the internal forces and

prejudices of colonizers that are still working in the minds, societies and state affairs of these

previous colonies and do not permit them to exercise their own culture and identity in their

countries.

Conclusion
 After presenting the both sides of the mirror and disclosing the merits and demerits of

Igbo culture and influence of colonizers over it to highlight their weaknesses and enlighten

the true culture of the clans of Africa through empowering their traditional setups. The

postcolonial perspectives of this novel give it the uniqueness in literature as one of the early

writings of the decolonized territories and the voices of the repressed to raise for their

sovereign identity through practicing their own traditions, beliefs and implementing their own

languages through replacing the anarchy of English language in the world and be confident in

introducing their own cultural, religious and political identities to the world. The controlled

system of government, the social hierarchies, prejudices and divisions should be ignored and

redefine their social and political norms to enlighten themselves with their own identity. The

limitations of time, words and the unavailability of some of the articles due to certain

restrictions to access the webpages faced in conducting this research. This paper plays its role

in redefining the postcolonial discourses in this novel, the aims of Achebe to rediscover and

reconstruct his identity in Africa to introduce his community before the world having an

equal and sovereign identity and investigating its aspects disclose by Tyson in theoretical

framework. This research also opens the ways to the coming critics to explore it more in

details, discovering several more features of postcolonial criticism in the text and interpreting

them to unveil the circumstances faced by the oppressed class of colonies, the elements and

symbolism used in the text for the notion of reconstruction of identity of Africans and make

his people confident in expressing themselves before the other communities of the world.
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