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Hence At=etV 1- = 15s.
wt
(a) Sought average velocity
ee eee
t” 20s
(®) For the maximum velocity, s should be
maximum. From the figure & is maximum for
all points on the line ‘ac, thus the sought
maximum velocity becomes average velocity
for the line ac and is equal to :
be | 100.cm
a ae 3 = 25 cm/s
(©) Time fy should be such that corresponding to it the slope é should pass through the
point O (origin), to satisfy the relationship 4. = From figure the tangent at point d
0
passes through the origin and thus corresponding time f= fy = 165.
1.5 Let the particles collide at the point A (Fig,), whose position vector is 73 (say). If ¢ be the
16
time taken by each particle to reach at point A, from triangle law of vector addition :
en by ach particle t
Ta= 7, +¥ t= ro t+vyt
Sle ate A
so, Hae @G-a)e ® @F ve
therefore, .- Hara (2) ae rd
: Iv2-%] % Vt
From Eqs. (1) and (2)
ee ia =
ee ier) 0 ®
Ree Bea *
or, tS = 3S, which is the sought relationship.
In-rl lve’
We shave
a
2 @
From the vector diagram [of Eq. (1)] and using properties of triangle17
va Vite? 42vgvcosp = 39.7km/br (2)
v
and = or, sin = EP
sin(n-g) sin® yv
or O= sin”
Using (2) and putting the values of v and d
O= 19.1"
Let one of the swimmer (say 1) cross the river along AB, which is obviously the shortest
path. Time taken to cross the river by the swimmer 1.
d
Vv28
For the other swimmer (say 2), which follows the quickest -path, the time taken to
cross the river.
4 , (where AB = d is the width of the river) (6)
Qe 4 Q)
D
Be—— x ——>6
In the time f,, drifting of the swimmer 2, becomes
y
X= V9l= yh (using Eq. 2) @)
If f, be the time for swimmer 2 to walk the distance x to come from C toB (Fig.), then
2 %04 Gasing Ea, 3 4
f- <= 57, (using Ea. 3) (4)
According to the problem f, = f+ 3
d a
or, “7
v2aw
On solving we get
= 3km/hr.4
18
19
Let I be the distance covered by the boat A along the river as well as by the boat B acrc
the river. Let vp be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of each boat with respect
water. Therefore time taken by the boat A in its journey
ue +s
- ae v=%
and for the boat B
"Va z ~ve
Hence, = ( where n = 5)
On substitution ty/tg= 18
Let vp be the stream velocity and v’ the velocity of boat with respect to water. A
Ve
3 1 = 2>0, some drifting of boat is inevitable.
Let v” make an angle 6 with flow direction. (Fig.), then the time taken to cross the rive
d
t= 0 (where d is the width of the river)
In this time intezval, the drifting of the boat
x= (v' cos 8 + v9) t
= (08 04) Se 2 G7 (cot +n cosec 8)
—
‘OF Xin — drifting)
—
d ae 7
Zo (Cot 8 +m cosec 8) = 0, which yields y! .
1 1 vv, —
cos0= -2.-2 0
n 2 x
Hence, O= 120° 0
The solution of this problem becomes simple in the frame attached with one of the bodies.
Let the body thrown straight up be 1 and the other body be 2, then for the body 1 in the
frame of 2 from the kinematic equation for constant acceleration :
os. lo 2
72 Foun * Yount + > M2!
So, Fam Yount (because Wp = 0 and Fo12)= 0)
or, l7gl= [¥oaa)lt q@)
But |¥o,1= |¥al= %
So, from properties of triangle
Voxiny = V ve +8 - 2 v9 ¥9 c08 (2/2 ~ By)
Hence, the sought distance
|7yl= voV 2 -sin 8) t= 22m.1
112
5
Let the velocities of the paricles (say vy and ¥]_) becomes mutually perpendicular after
time ¢. Then their velocitis become
me ee wet oe
Vy = Vj +Bt; vy = v2 tee @
As vy Lip 80, vv) = 0
or, (+84): (+84) = 0
or -yy y+ t= 0
Hence, t= “_
1
Now form the Eq. Fi = Taz + Youn! + zh ot
l7yl= [Vaal (because here Wi, = 0 and 792) 9)
Hence the sought distance
mi
= +2 =>
ale AEBV i Galtian l= v4 Yd)
From the symmetry of the problem all the three points are always located at the vertices
of equilateral triangles of varying side length and finally meet at the centriod of the initial
equilateral triangle whose side length is a, in the sought time interval (say ¢).
>
= 120° 3°
Let us consider an arbitrary equilateral triangle
of edge length / (say).
‘Then the rate by which 1 approaches 2, 2 approches 3, and 3 approches 1, becomes :
On integrating :6
113
1.14
Let us locate the points A and B at an arbitrary instant of time (Fig.).
If A and B are separated by the distance s at this moment, then the points converge or
point A approaches B with velocity =s. v—ucos a where angle o. varies with time.
On intergating,
o ba
~fds= fv-ucos a) at,
V o
(where T is the sought time.)
-
or I= f(v-ucos.a) dt (Qy
0
As both A and B cover the same distance in x-direction during the sought time interval,
so the other condition which is required, can be obtained by the equation
Ax= fv.at
r
So, uT= fvcos a at 2)
°
: ul
Solving (1) and (2), we get T ant
One can see that if u= v, or u oo1.21
ll
Hence, the sought distance
2a Va
s= fvde= f a(1-2ande+ f a@at-War
0 ira
orn a
Simplifying, we get, s= a
(a) As the particle leaves the origin at r= 0
So, Ace x= frat qa
oof, tt
As ve vol),
where ¥ is directed towards the +ve x-axis
So, v= Vy (: - 1} 2)
From (1) and (2),
vo fufi-ae voe(t-35] 8)
0
Hence x coordinate of the particle at r= 6s.
6
x= 10%6 {1-305} 24cm = 024m
Similarly at
and at
20
x 10% 20/1325] ~200em = -2m
(b) At the moments the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin, x = + 10 cm.
Putting x= +10 in Eq. (3)
10= 10r(1--) or, t?-10r+10= 0,
10
So, to p= 12 VI00= 40. VIO 52 Vs
Now putting x= ~10in Eqn (3)
t
-10= 10(1- io}
On solving, t=5eVB 5
As t cannot be negative, so,
t=(5+V35)s12
1.22
Hence the particle is at a distance of 10 cm from the origin at three moments of time :
t=S2Vi5 s,5+v35 s
(c) We have ve voli -=
We hi ve [1 -F
£
vo(t-3) forts t
So, ve |vy=
v,(£-1)} fort>t
ls
So se vo(t-z)a for ts t = vgt(1- 4)
«ote
'
t t
and on foft-s)arefult-s)a for t>
0 t
= vt [1+ (1- 44/2 for t>e (A)
4 4
t t
on fn(i-ga- frof-ga- 24cm,
o 0
And for t= 8s
7 8
t t
oo f0(t-Jae frogs}
0 5
On integrating and simplifying, we get
s= 34cm.
On the basis of Eqs. (3) and (4), x (¢) and s(t) plots can be drawn as shown in the answer
sheet.
As particle is in unidirectional motion it is directed along the x-axis all the time. As at
t=0,x=0
av
So, ar= xe sand Fm
Therefore, veave= avs
oe po oe Gras ae
: dt 2vs dt 2vs
av aavs_ oF
“2ve7 ave” 2 a
dv oe
As, Vea 7
c '
o a?
On integrating, fo-fea on, ve St (2)1.23
1.24
13
(b) Let s be the time to cover first s m of the path. From the Eq.
se fod
'
2 0)
@ at :
fs ae OF (using 2)
0
or t= 2 V5 @)
The mean velocity of particle
2Vs/a
ce
fro |
fa 2Vs/a 2
= oe ——
tT
where Ar” is the net displacement of the body during time of flight.
As, mg"L Ar” so = 0
‘We have ee at?, ot, v= VaRt,
t is defined to start from the begining of motion from rest.
So, 0,2 Ba VaR
Instantaneous power, PaF y= m (Ww, le, + Wy iy, )- (VaR th, ),
(where ii, and i, are unit vectors along the direction of tangent (velocity) and normal
respectively)
So, P= mw,VaR t= ma Rt
Hence the sought average power
' '
f Pdt f ma Rt dt
e SB
' t
fe
0
_maRt? | maRt
2t 2
Let the body m acquire the horizontal velocity vy along positive x — axis at the point O.
(a) Velocity of the body t seconds after the begining of the motion,
ve twee (vy—ket)im q@
Instantaneous power P= Fv (- longi): (vy kgt) i= — kang (vo - ket )
From Eq. (1), the time of motion t= v9/kg
Hence sought average power during the time of motion
1
Hence
kang vo
Jf He 75 — bee ya
ee
: F 7 ~2W (On substitution)
From F,= mw,
— kg = mw, = ee
or, v,dv,= -kgdx = - agxdx1128
1.129
1.130
69
To find v (x), let us integrate the above equation
v x
fue - ag f xae or, Y= y-age a
% 0
Now, P-F vt -maxgVve-agx? (2)
For maximum. power, £We = hex") = 0 which yields x=
Putting this value of x, in Eq. (2) we get,
Po im Ava
Centrifugal force of inertia is directed outward along radial line, thus the sought work
7
Yo
v20g
A= f mw? r dr = 5 mo? (3- 1) = 0-20T (On substitution)
n
Since the springs are connected in series, the combination may be treated as a single spring
of spring constant.
Kim
Ky +k,
From the equation of increment of ME, AT+AU=A,,
2| Ky, +K,
First, let us find the total height of ascent. At the beginning and the end of the path of
velocity of the body is equal to zero, and therefore the increment of the kinetic energy of
the body is also equal to zero. On the other hand, in according with work-energy theorem
AT is equal to the algebraic sum of the works A performed by all the forces, i.e. by the
force F and gravity, over this path. However, since AT= 0 then A= 0. Taking into
account that the upward direction is assumed to coincide with the positive direction of the
y-axis, we can write
O+dK A= A, oF 4-3 a Jar
hb h
Am f @ena-a 7 fer,-me ay
o °
= mg f (1-209) dy= mgh 1 at) = 0.
°
whence h= 1/a.
The work performed by the force F over the first half of the ascent is
M2 wr
Ap= f Fay ame fay) a= 3 mg/4a.
0 0
The corresponding increment of the potential energy is
AU = mgh/2 = mg/2a.70
1131
1.132
From the equation F, = -Z we get F,= [-F 3]
ee
(a) we have at r= rq the particle is in equilibrium position. i.e. F,= 0 $0, ro=
To check, whether the position is steady (the position of stable equilibrium), we have to
satisfy
2
oreo
d’U_[6a_ 2
We have oe |
2a
Putting the value of r= ry= 3 we get
2 4
ie &. (as a and b are positive constant)
au e
So, ae eae ae
a dr? 8a®
which indicates that the potential energy of the system is minimum, hence this position
is steady.
(0) We have Fe -@. -3+3]
dF,
For F, to be maximum, —"= 0
dr
3a
So, r= Sand then Frigas)” 573)
As F, is negative, the force is attractive.
(a) We have
au -au
Bo ~Gie -2ax and Fe =F = - apy
So, Fe 2axi-2Byiand, Fe 2Voerepy (Q)
For a central force, 7 F= 0
Here, 7xF= (eityj )x(-2axi-2Byj)
= -2Bpxyk-2axy(k)«0
Hence the force is not a central force.
()) As U= ox’ + py?
So, F,= z. -2ax and F,= =22
ay = -2By.
So, FeVF+F=V4ers4py
According to the problem
F=2Va7x'+*y? = C (constant)h133
114
1.135
71
oe
or, a+ py = >
2% 2.
e 272 op?
Therefore the surfaces for which F is constant is an ellipse.
For an equipotential surface U is constant.
or,
= k(say) (2)
So, ax’ +By= Cy (constant)
oe oo
or, ve" Var ap Ky (constant)
Hence the equipotential surface is also an ellipse.
Let us calculate the work performed by the forces of each field over the path from a
certain point 1 (x,, y,) to another certain point 2 (x,, y2)
gt
@) dA= F-dF= ayivd7™ ayde ot, Ana f ya
a
(il) dA= F-d7™ (tit byi)-d7™ axde + bydy
a Ya
Hence Aa f axdesf byay
a. n
In the first case, the integral depends on the function of type y (x), i.e. on the shape of
the path. Consequently, the first field of force is not potential. In the second case, both
the integrals do not depend on the shape of the path. They are defined only by the coordinate
of the initial and final points of the path, therefore the second field of force is potential.
Let s be the sought distance, then from the equation of increment of M.E.
AT+AU= Ay,
( ~ mb) + ome ssina) = - kang cosas
>
YO fps
or, se 3g (sin a + koos a)
- km,
Hence Ay = ~keng 008 8 5 ay
Velocity of the body at height /, v, = V2g(H— A), horizontally (from the figure given in
the problem). Time taken in falling through the distance A.
tzV . (as initial vertical component of the velocity is zero.)
Now s= v,t= Vigi+h V2 - a=1.136
1.137
For Seay 4 (Hh 12) =0, which yields h= #
Putting this value of h in the expression obtained for s, we get,
Smax = H
To complete a smooth vertical track of radius R, the minimum height at which a particle
starts, must be equal to Sr (one can proved it from energy conservation). Thus in our
problem body could not reach the upper most point of the vertical track of radius R/2.
Let the particle A leave the track at some point O with speed v (Fig.). Now from energy
conservation for the body A in the field of gravity :
me[h-3C +sino)]- Sm?
or, v= gh(1-sin@) qa
From Newton’s second law for the particle at
the point O; F, = mw, ,
lam
(h72)
But, at the point O the normal reaction N= 0
N+mg sin 0 =
So, ve sin 8 (2)
From (3) and (4), sin 0 = 2 and v= ve
After leaving the track at O, the particle A comes in air and further goes up and at maximum
height of it’s trajectory in air, it’s velocity (say v’) becomes horizontal (Fig.). Hence, the
sought velocity of A at this point.
¥ = ve0s (90 0)= vsind = 2+
Let, the point of suspension be shifted with velocity v, in the horizontal direction towards
left then in the rest frame of point of suspension the ball starts with same velocity horizontally
towards right. Let us work in this, frame. From Newton’s second law in projection form
towards the point of suspension at the upper most point (say B) :
2 2
myj mvj
mg+T= >" or, T= 78 (a)
Condition required, to complete the vertical circle is that T= 0. But (2)
5 om = mg (2 +3 mii So, ve= vi-4gl @)1.138
1.139
73
From (1), (2) and (3)
pe MAR 48!)
7 —mgz0 of Wz v5 gl
Thus Ya (ain = V5 gt
From the equation F, = mw, at point C
me
T=—t 4
Again from energy conservation
Sri = Lv? + met (6)
From (4) and (5)
T= 3mg
Since the tension is always perpendicular to the velocity vector, the work done by the
tension force will be zero. Hence, according to the work energy theorem, the kinetic energy
or velocity of the disc will remain constant during it’s motion. Hence, the sought time
t= & where s is the total distance traversed by the small disc during it’s motion.
0
Now, at an arbitary position (Fig.)
ds = (Iy-R0)d0,
UR
s0, s=f a-k 8)d0
0
B RG
"Ro 2R? RR
or, s
sia
6
“ IRV
It should be clearly understood that the only uncompensated force acting on the disc A
in this case is the tension T, of the thread. It is easy to see that there is no point here,
relative to which the moment of force T is invarible in the process of motion. Hence
conservation of angular momentum is not applicable here.
Hence, the required time,
Suppose that AI is the elongation of the rubbler cord. Then from energy conservation,
AU, + AU, = 0 (as AT= 0)
or, = mg (1+ A) + 2x Al = 0
or,
5x 1? — mg Al mg! =074
1.140
1.141
mgt Vf (mg) +4xSmgl 5 r]
ee Cr 2x0
or, Al = xS= 147 1278
2
Since the value of V1 + a is certainly greater than 1, hence negative sign is avoided.
— mel, ./ za |
So, ue (1, 14 ng
When the thread FA is burnt, obviously the speed of the bars will be equal at any instant
of time until it breaks off. Let v be the speed of each block and 8 be the angle, which
the elongated spring makes with the vertical at the moment, when the bar A breaks off
the plane. At this stage the elongation in the spring.
Al= hy sec @ ~ hy = ly (sec 8 ~ 1) Q)
Since the problem is concerned with position and there are no forces other than conservative
forces, the mechanical energy of the system (both bars + spring) in the field of gravity is
conserved, ic. AT+ AU = 0
So, 2 G*) +413 (6ec0-1)?— mgiptan 0 = 0 @)
From Newton’s second law in projection form N
along vertical direction : 8
mg = N +x Iy (sec @ - 1) cos @ Klo Gxo-t
But, at the moment of break off, N = 0. r
Hence, x J, (sec 8-1) cos 8 = mg
K1y)- mg
or, cos 0 = ce @)
"™,
a 78, simultaneous solution\of (2) and (3) yields : 3
fo
19
ve = 17m/s.
32
Obviously the elongation in the cord, Al= /, (sec 6 - 1), at the moment the sliding first
Starts and at the moment horizontal projection of spring force equals the limiting friction.
So, x, Alsin 8 = KN qa
(where x, is the elastic constant). KAL
From Newton’s law in projection form along
vertical direction :
k, Al cos 0 +N = mg.
or, N= mg~x, Alcos®
From (1) and (2),
(2)
x, Alsin @ = k(mg - «x, Al cos @) mg1.142
1.143
75
[oe
° 1” Aisin 0 +k Al cos 0
From the equation of the increment of
mechanical energy : AU+ AT = Ay,
1
or, (Fua?)= a,
king Al?
ZAI (in © +k cos 0) ~
kang Ip (sec 0 - 1)
2 (sin 0 - Kcos 6)
Let the deformation in the spring be Al, when the rod AB has attained the angular velocity «.
From the second law of motion in projection form F,= mw, .
or, Ay
Thus Aj, = = 0-093 (on substitution)
rt
mo? |
KAl= ma (p+AD or, Al= 7
(lo + AD eae
From the energy equation, Ajy= 5 mi? + seal?
a
2
2 2
oa mol, \ 1 [ mo I?
= 5mw|h+ +3K 5
2 k = mo’
mo? (+ Alf + 5x Al?
On solving
We know that acceleration of centre of mass of the system is given by the expression.
m+ mi
Wee
. m, +m,
Since Wi= -w,
a _ (m-m) iW
We qa)
oi
Now from Newton’s second law F'= mit, for
the bodies m, and im, respectively.
bof > =>
T+m,Z= mw, (2)
and Te m,g= m= -mw, (3)
Solving (2) and (3)
<> _ (m-m,) 8
8 atm .76
1.144
1.145
1.146
Thus from (1), (2) and (4),
ap (mms
7 2
(mm, + my
As the closed system consisting two particles
m, and of m, is initially at rest the C.M. of
the system will remain at rest. Further as
m,= m,/2, the C.M. of the system divides the
line joining m, and m, at all the moments of
time in the ratio 1 : 2. In addition to it the
total linear momentum of the system at all the
times is zero. So, p, =p, and therefore the
velocities of m, and m, are also directed in
opposite sense. Bearing in mind all these thing,
the sought trajectory is as shown in the figure.
First of all, it is clear that the chain does not
move in the vertical direction during the
uniform rotation. This means that the vertical
component of the tension T balances gravity.
As for the horizontal component of the tension
T, it is constant in magnitude and permanently
directed toward the rotation axis. It follows from.
this that the C.M. of the chain, the point C,
travels along horizontal circle of radius p (say).
Therefore we have,
Tcos0= mg and Tsin0 = mo*p
Thus p= £228. ogcm
@
and T= 782 SN
cos
(@) Let us draw free body diagram and write Newton’s
second law in terms of projection along vertical aud
horizontal direction respectively.
Neos a - mg + frsina= 0 qa
froosa-Nsina = mol Q)
From (1) and (2)
sin a . 2
E g)= 1
SRO (~ frsin + mg) = mo mg
frees a-