Chapter 5 Magnetostatics

5.1 The Lorentz Force Law

5.2 The Biot-Savart Law

5.3 The Divergence and Curl of B

5.4 Magnetic Vector Potential

5.1.1 Magnetic Fields
Charges induce electric field
q2 q1
Q F
F E
Q
q3

Source charges Test charge

5.1.1

 
(v  B )
5.1.2 Magnetic Force
Fmag  Q(v  B)
F  Q[ E  (v  B)] Lorentz Force Law

Ex.1 Cyclotron motion

Fmag  QvB
2
Fcentripetal  mvwc  m R
v

moment p  mv  QBR
QB
cyclotron frequency wc  m
QB
relativistic cyclotron frequency wc 
m
microwave

relativistic electron cyclotron maser w ~ wce  eB

 me
light laser EM wave   1.1
5.1.2 (2)

~1960 EM : maser [ 1959 J.Schneider ; A.V. Gaponov]

ES : space [1958 R.Q. Twiss ]
(1976) K.R. Chu & J.L. Hirshfield : physics in gyrotron/plasma
1978 C.S. Wu & L.C. Lee : EM in space (  ~ 1.01 )
1986 K.R. Chen & K.R. Chu : ES in gyrotron
Ni eB
relativistic ion cyclotron instability w ~ wci 
 mi
1993 K.R. Chen
ES in Lab. plasma [fusion ( ~ 1.00093)]
EM ? Lab. & space plasmas ?
5.1.2 (3)
Ex.2 Cycloid Motion
E vz
FB  qvz Byˆ
v(t  0)  0 v(t  t )  vz  qE t
dv dy
m  q( E  v  B) vy  vz  dz
dt dt dt
E  Ezˆ B  Bxˆ

d2y dz d 2
z dy
m 2  q B m 2  q( E  B)
dt dt dt dt
y  wc z z  wc ( E  y )
B
assume y  Vy  Vyd Vyd  const
z  Vz V y (t ) Vz (t )
5.1.2 (4)
V y  wcVz Vz  wc ( EB  V y  V yd )
(t ) (t ) (t )

 V yd  E
B V y  wcVz V y  C1 sin wct  C2 cos wct
Vz   wcV y Vz  C2 sin wct  C1 cos wct

v y (t  0)  0 v y  V y  V yd  C2   EB
v z (t  0)  0 v z  Vz  C1  0
vy  E (1  cos w t )
B c

vz  E sin w t
B c
y E ( wt  sin w t )  C
wB c 3

z   wB
E cos w t  C
c 4
5.1.2 (5)
y (t  0)  0 C3  0
z (t  0)  0 C4  E
wB

 y  E ( wc t  sin wct )  R ( wct  sin wct )

wc B

z E (1  cos w t )
wc B c  R(1  cos wct )

 2
 2
y  Rwct  z  R  R 2 
y z R
2 2 2

y  y  Rwct y   R sin wct

z zR z   R cos wct

 E  B drift. 
 
the cause of Hall effect 
5.1.2 (6)
Magnetic forces do not work

for Q moving dl  vdt

dWmag  Fmag  dl
 Q ( v  B )  vdt
0
5.1.3 Currents
The current in a wire is the charge per unit time passing
a given point.

I
  vt 
v ( A)
t Amperes 1A = 1 C/S
I v
The magnetic force on a segment of current-carrying wire

Fmag     dl   v  B     I  B  dl


  I dl  B  I  Idl

Fmag  I   dl  B 
5.1.3 (2)
surface current density
K  dI
dl

the current per unit length-perpendicular-to-flow

K  v  : surface charge density
(mobile)
The magnetic force on a surface current is

Fmag    da   v  B     K  B  da

 da  Q 
5.1.3 (3)

volume current density

J  dI
da

The current per unit area-perpendicular-to-flow

J v  : volume charge density
The magnetic force on a volume current is
Fmag     d   v  B 
(  d  Q)

Fmag    J  B  d
5.1.3 (4)
Ex. 3 If Fmag ()  Fg ()  0 B
what is I ?
I
Sol.
Fmag  IBa  mg
mg I B
I
Ba
I B I B
Ex. 4
(a) what is J ?
(uniform I)

Sol. I
J
 R2
5.1.3 (5)
(b) For J = kr, find the total current in the wire.
Sol. dr rd
I   Jda    kr   rdrd 
R 2 2 kR3
 2 k  r dr 
0 3

n
  qivi ~   Idl ~   Kda ~    Jd
i 1 line surface volume

q ~  dl ~  da ~  d
5.1.3 (6)
J relation? 
I   Jda   J  da
s s

 s J  da  V    J d
  dt
d

V
 d      d

V t
(charge
conservation)

Continuity equation  J  
t
5.2.1 Steady Currents
Stationary charges  constant electric field: electrostatics
Steady currents  constant magnetic field: magnetostatics

I No time dependence

0   J  0
t
5.2.2 The Magnetic Field of a Steady Current

Biot-Savart Law: for a steady line current

0 I  R
B( p)  
4 R 2
dl tesla (T )
N cgs : gauss
0 dl  R 1 tesla  1
 I A m 1 T  104 gauss
4 R2
7 N
Permeability of free space 0  4  10
A2
0 K  R
Biot-Savart Law for surface currents B 
4  R 2
da

Biot-Savart Law for volume currents 0 J  R

B
4 R 2
d
0 v  R
for a moving point charge B  q 2
4 R not steady current
5.2.2 (2)
B( P )  ?

z R

Solution: dl
dl  Rˆ  dl sin   dl cos  ̂ z z 1 cos2 
l  z tan  dl  z d tan   d ,  cos , 2 
cos 
2 R R z2
0 dl  R 0 2 cos 2  z
B I  I  ( 2 ) cos  d
4 R 2 4 1 z cos 
2

0 I  2 0 I
 
4 z 1
cos  d 
4 z
(sin  2  sin 1)
  0 I
In the case of an infinite wire, 1   , 2  ; B
2 2 2 z
5.2.2 (3)

The field at (2) due to I1 is

0 I1
Force? B ()
2 d

The force at (2) due to I1 is

0 I1
F  I2 ( )  dl
2 d
The force per unit length is
0 I1I 2
f 
2 d
5.2.2 (4)
B?
B   dB cos  zˆ
0 dl
 I  2 cos  zˆ
4
0 I cos 
 ( 2 )2 Rzˆ
4
2
1
R
cos   ( R2  z 2 ) 2

0 I R2
B zˆ
2 (R2  2 32
z )
5.3.1 an example: Straight-Line Currents
0 I
B
2 R
 B B 0 I 0 I
I R  B dl   2 Rdl  2 R  dl
 0 I

0 I
B ˆ dl  drrˆ  rdˆ  dzzˆ
ẑ r̂ 2 R
0 I 1 0 I 2
 B  dl  2  r r d  2 0 d 0 I
2 1
 d   d  0
1 2
  B  dl  0 I enc ; I enc   J  da

 (  B)  da 0  J  da  B  0 J
5.3.2 The Divergence and Curl of B
Biot-savart law
0 J  Rˆ B ( x, y , z )
B 
4 R 2
d   J ( x, y, z)
0 Rˆ R  ( x  x)iˆ  ( y  y ) ˆj
4 
 B    ( J  ) d , d  dx dy dz 
R2 ˆ  ( z  z)k
Rˆ Rˆ Rˆ
  (J  )  (  J )  J  (  ) d   dxdy dz
2 2 2
R R R
0 0   iˆx  ˆjy  zˆz
  B  0 J ( x, y, z)   iˆx  ˆjy   zˆz
0 Rˆ
 B 
4    ( J  2 )d    ( A  C )  (C  ) A  ( A  )C  A(  C )  C (  A)
R
Rˆ Rˆ Rˆ Rˆ Rˆ
  ( J  2 )  ( 2  ) J  ( J  ) 2  J (  2 )  2 (  J )
R R x  x R R R
ˆ R
0 ( J  ) 2 4 3 ( Rˆ ) 0
R
5.3.2

Rˆ x  x ˆ y  y ˆ z  z ˆ
2
 3 i  3 j 3 k
R R R R
  ( fA)  f (  A)  A  (f )
x  x x  x x  x
( J  )( 3 )    [ 3 J ]  ( 3 )(  J )
R R R for steady current
0
x  x x  x
volume   [ R3 J ]d   surface R3 J  da  0
To where J  0
0
 B     (r  r )d   0 J (r )
3
J ( r )4
4
Ampere’s law in differential form
  B  0 J (r )
5.3.3 Applications of Ampere’s Law
Ampere’s Law in differential form

  B  0 J

 (  B)  da   B  dl  0  J  da  0 Ienc
Ampere’s Law in integral form

 B  dl  0 Ienc
Electrostatics: Coulomb Gauss
Magnetostatics: Bio-Savart Ampere
The standard current configurations which can be handled by
Ampere's law:
1. Infinite straight lines
2. Infinite planes
3. Infinite solenoids
4. Toroid
5.3.3 (2)
Ex.7

 B  symmetry
dl  0 I enc  0 I

r B  dl  B  2 r
0 I
B
B? 2 r

Ex.8 B( z )[ ˆj ]

 B  dl  0 I enc  0 Kl
2 Bl
 0 ˆ
 2 Kj for z  0
B
 0 Kjˆ for z  0
 2
5.3.3 (3)
Ex.9 B ẑ
 B  dl  B (2 r )  0 Ienc  0
B  0
r

loop 1.

1 B  dl  [ B(a)  B(b)]L  0 I enc  0

B(a)  B(b)
loop 2.

 2 B  dl  BL  0 Ienc  0 NIL
 0 NIzˆ inside
B
 0 outside
5.3.3 (4)
Ex.10

 0nI
 ˆ inside
Solution:
 B  dr  0 Ienc B (r )   2 r
 0 outside
5.3.3 (5)
0 I  R p  ( x0 ,0, z0 )
B( p )  ? dB  dl
4 R 3 r '  ( r cos , r sin  , z )
R  p  r '  ( x0  r cos  ,  r sin  , z0  z )
I  I r rˆ  I z zˆ  ( I r cos  , I r sin  , I z )
( I  0)
I  R   ijk I i R j kˆ
 xˆ[ I y Rz  I z R y ]  yˆ [ I z Rx  I x Rz ]  zˆ[ I x R y  I y Rx ]
 xˆ[ I r sin  ( z0  z )  I z (  r sin  )]  yˆ [ I z ( x0  r cos  )
 I r cos ( z0  z )]  zˆ[ I r cos  (  r sin  )  I r sin  ( x0  r cos  )]
 xˆ{sin  [ I r ( z0  z )  I z r ]}  yˆ{I z x0  cos  [ I z r  I r ( z0  z )]}
 zˆ[  sin  I r x0 ]
xˆ and zˆ components cancel out sin  from r ' and r "
 I  R  ( ) yˆ  ( )ˆ B in ˆ
5.4.1 The Vector Potential

E.S. :   E  0  E  V V  V   const [ const  0]

 
M.S. :   B  0  B   A A  A  ? [     0]
a constant-like vector function
 Gauge transformation
A is a vector potential in magnetostatics

  B    (  A)  (  A)   2 A  0 J
 
If there is A that   A  0 , can we find a function  to obtain

  A  0 with A  A   ?
5.4.1 (2)
0    A    A   2

   (  A)
2  V 
2
0
1   A 1 

4  R
d V 
4 R
d

 2 A   0 J Ampere’s Law

0 J
A 
4 R
d if J ()  0

0 J 0 I ˆ 0 K
A 
4 R
d 
R R d ; A 
4 R
da
5.4.1 (3)
A( P)  ?
Example 11

s
A spiring sphere

Solution:
0 K
A( P) 
4  da
For surface integration over
1
easier
1
K   v,  ( R  S  2 RS cos  )
2 2 2, da  R 2 sin  d d
v r ( v   , v  rˆ )

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  sin 0  cos
R sin  cos R sin  sin  R cos
5.4.1 (4)
 R[(cos sin  sin  )iˆ  (cos sin  cos   sin cos ) ˆj
 (sin sin  sin  )kˆ]
2 2
0 sin  d  
0
cos  d  0

 0 R 3 sin   cos sin  

 A( P )   
    0 d   ˆj
 2  ( R 2
 S 2
 2 RS cos  )1/ 2

(u  cos )
1 u 1 R 2  S 2  2 RS
1 ( R2  S 2  2 RSu)1/ 2 du  2 R2 S 2  R 2  S 2  2 RS
[ y 2  ( R 2  S 2 )]dy

1  ydy
( y  R  S  2 RSu ; u 
2 2
( R  S  y ); du 
2 2 2
)
2 RS RS
5.4.1 (5)

1 R 2  S 2  2 RS
 2 2
2R S
 R 2  S 2  2 RS
[ y 2  ( R 2  S 2 )]dy

RS
y2
y
 2 2 [  ( R 2  S 2 )]
2R S 3 R S

RS
 [ R 2
 S 2
 2 RS  3( R 2
 S 2
)] 
6R2S 2

RS
[ R 2
 S 2
 2 RS  3( R 2
 S 2
)]
6R2S 2

1
 [ R  S ( R 2
 S 2
 RS )  ( R  S )( R 2
 S 2
 RS )]
3R 2 S 2
5.4.1 (6)
if R > S
1
 [( R  S )( R 2
 S 2
 RS )  ( R  S )( R 2
 S 2
 RS )]
3R 2 S 2
1
 [2 RRS  2 S ( R 2
 S 2
)]
3R 2 S 2

2S

3R 2

if R < S
1
 [2 SRS  2 R ( R 2
 S 2
)]
3R 2 S 2
2R

3S 2
5.4.1 (7)
2S
RS , inside
0 R3  sin 3R 2
 A( P)  ˆj ( ) for
2 2R
2 RS , outside
3S
  S   S sin ˆj 0 R
(  S ) RS , inside
3
 A( P)  for
0 R 4
3
(  S ) RS , outside
r 3S
in     ẑ S  rrˆ  
 0 R
 3 r sin  ˆ (r  R)

A(r , ,  )  
 0  sin  ˆ
 4
R
(r  R)
 3 r2
5.4.1 (8)
Note: r  R

1  1 
B   A  (sin  A)rˆ  (rA)ˆ ( A  Aˆ )
r sin   r r
20 R ˆ 2 2
 (cos r  sin   )  0 R z  0 R
ˆ ˆ
3 3 3
B is uniform inside the spherical shell
 5.4.1 (9)
Example 12 N turns per unit length

sol : A?
     
 A  d      A  da   B  da  
 Bin  0 NI
B  d  0 I enc  
 Bout  0
 0 NI ( r 2 ) rR
 A  d   B  da   NI ( R 2 ) rR
 0
=

(ˆ ) A 2 r
 0 NI ˆ rR
 2 r
A

 0 NI R 2
ˆ r  R
 2 r
5.4.2 Summary and Magnetostaic
Boundary Conditions
0 J  Rˆ
recall   B  0   B  0 J  B 
4  2
d

  A  0  A  B 
1 B  Rˆ 
 A
4  2
d V E

 
 1 Β Ρ
Α   2 dτ
4π Ρ
5.4.2 (2)
B.C. for B

 B  da  0  Bd  (B above B below )

 0 I enc  0 K

B  above  B below B B  0 K
above below

(E a  E b)
Babove  Bbelow  0 ( K  nˆ )  

( E a  E b  nˆ )
0
5.4.2 (3)
B.C. for A

  A  0  Aabove  Abelow (Va  Vb )

 A  B
(  A)above  (  A)below  0 ( K  nˆ )
 
(nˆ  A)above  (nˆ  A)below  0 ( K  nˆ )
n n

Aabove Abelow Va Vb 

   0 K  
n n n n 0
 5.4.3 Multipole Expansion of the Vector Potential

0 J 0 I 1
A  
d 
4 R line 4  R
d
current

1 1 r  r 1 1 r
 2   (1  cos   )
R (r  r 2  2rr  cos  )1/2 r[1  2(r  r ) cos  ]1/2 r r

0 I 1 r 0 I 1 1
A
4  r (1  r cos  )dl 
4 r
[  dl  2  r cos dl  ]
=
r
0
monopole dipole
5.4.3(2)
0 I 0 I
Adip (r ) 
4 r 2
 r cos dl  4 r 2
 (rˆ  r)dl (dl  dr )

rˆ   (r   dr )  r(rˆ  dr)   dr(rˆ  r)

  d  (r (rˆ  r )    (rˆ  r )dr    dr (rˆ  r )
 2  (rˆ  r )dr 
0 I  1 
Adip (r )  
2 2
4 r 
ˆ
r   ( r   dr ) 

0 m  rˆ I
Adip (r )  m   (r   dl ) magnetic dipole moment
4 r 2 2
1
m  Ia a   (r   dl )
2
5.4.3(3)
Ex. 13

m?

solution:
m  IS 2 ˆj  IS 2kˆ
5.4.3(4)
0 m  rˆ
Adip ( r ) 
4 r 2
0 m sin  ˆ
= 
4 r 2

1    1  ˆ
B   A   (sin  A )  rˆ    (rA )  
r sin     r  r 
0 m
 (2cos  ˆ  sin ˆ)
r
4 r 3

Field of a “pure” magnetic dipole Field of a “physical” magnetic dipole