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wave equation
Reference:
Book 1(theory): Concept of Modern Physics
by “A. Beiser”
Book 2(practice): Problems and solutions in Solid state
Physics by “S.O.Pillai
Schrödinger's wave equation
2m
2 2
( E V ) 0
2
V i
2
2m t
i * i 1
i * j 0 and j * i 0
Operator
2
Energy V
2
i
2m t
Momentum p
i
Velocity Operator v
im
Position operator r
O Value
Expectation Values of Variables
f * f
r * r
p *
i
2
E * V
2
2m
Applications of Schrodinger Wave
Equations
• Particle in one dimensional box
• Particle in three dimensional box
• Potential Barrier
• Harmonic Oscillators
Particle in one dimensional box
• Let a single particle, e.g. a
gas molecule of mass m is V=0
confined within a box of V=
V=
length L.
• The particle can move freely
within region 0<x<L. Inside
the box. X=0 X=L
Let put
2mE
2
k 2
2
k 2
0
x 2
n 2 2 2
E
2mL2
Where
n 1, 2,3, 4.....
Quantization of energy
n x
( x) A sin
L
Normalized
2 n x
( x) sin
L L
1. Calculate the energy difference between the ground state
and the first excited state for an electron in one dimensional
rigid box of length 10 A.
n 2 2 2
E
2mL2
For ground state n=1 and first excited state n=2
4 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
E Eexcited - Eground 2
2
2mL 2mL 2mL2
3 2 2
E 2
113.1eV
2mL
2. Can you observe energy state of ball of mass 10g moving in a
box of length 10 cm.
n 2 2 2
E
2mL2
E n2 3.4 1045 eV
E1 3.4 1045 eV
E2 13.6 1045 eV
E3 30.6 1045 eV
n
2 2 2 n 2 2 2
E E
2m L2 2mL2
Expectation Values of Variables to
calculate expected value of Energy
f * f
p *
i
2
E * V
2
2m
2 n x
( x) sin
L L
2
E * 2 V
2m
2 n x
( x) sin
L L
n x 2 n x
L 2
2
E sin 2
V sin x
L L 2m L L
0
V 0
n x 2 n x
L
2 2
Ex
2mL 0
sin
L x 2
sin
L
x
n2 2 2 n x
2 L
2
Ex sin x
mL L 0 L
n x
1 cos 2
n
2 2 2 L
L x
mL L2 0
Ex
2
n x
1 cos 2
n
2 2 2 L
2
Ex L
x
mL L 0 2
2n x
L
sin
2
n
2 2
L
Ex L
2mL L2 2n
L 0
n2 2
2
2
Ex L 0 0 0
2mL L
n 2 2 2
Ex
2mL2
n 2 2 2
E
2mL2
Extension to 3 dimensional box
2 2 2 2mE
2 2 2 0
x 2
y z
Let put
2mE
2
k 2
2 2 2
k 2
0
x 2
y 2
z 2
nx 2 2 2 ny nz 2 2 2
2 2 2
E Ex E y Ez 2
2
2mLx 2mLy 2mLz 2
2
2 nx 2
nz 2
ny 2
E 2 2 2
2m Lx Ly Lz
h 2 nx 2 ny nz 2
2
E 2 2 2
8m Lx Ly Lz