wnmveweÁvb (Accounting)

Lecture # 12
 wnmveweÁv‡bi bxwZgvjv (Accounting Principles)
Accounting Degrees
CA CMA CPA CCA

Accounting Bodies

FASB IASB ICAB ICMAB IFAC SAFA

Accounting Standards or Principles

BFRS IFRS GAAP

Accounting Bodies & Standards

IAASB BSA ISA

 Avw_©K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi aviYvMZ KvVv‡gv
(Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting)

Avw_©K NUbv wjwce× Ges Z_¨ mieivnKi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ †hme wbqg-bxwZ Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv‡K
wnmveweÁv‡bi bxwZgvjv ejv nq| wnmveweÁv‡bi bxwZgvjv welqwU‡K eZ©gv‡b ÒAvw_©K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi
aviYvMZ KvVv‡gv (Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting)Ó bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
AvšÍR©vwZK wnmveweÁv‡bi bxwZgvjv (IFRS) Abyhvqx ÒAvw_©K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi aviYvMZ KvVv‡gvÓ
Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
 IFRS Abyhvqx Avw_©K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi aviYvMZ KvVv‡gv
(Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting according to IFRS)

First Level

Avw_©K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡`¨k¨ (Objectives of Financial Reporting)

 Second Level

(a) ¸YMZ •ewkóm~n (Qualitative Characteristics)

01. †gŠwjK ¸Yvewj (Fundamental Qualities)
cÖvmw½KZv (Relevance) [c~e©vfvm g~j¨ (Predictive Value), wbwðZKiY g~j¨
(Confirmatory Value), e¯ÍywbôZv (Materiality)]
wek¦vm‡hvM¨ wee„wZ (Faithful Representation) [c~Y©v½Zv (Completeness), wbi‡cÿZv
(Neutrality), fzjgy³ (Free from Error)]
02. ewa©Z/AvKl©Yea©K ¸Yvewj (Enhancing Qualities)
Zzjbv‡hvM¨Zv (Comparability)
hvPvB‡hvM¨Zv (Verifiability)
mgqvbyewZ©Zv/h_vKvjxbZv (Timeliness)
†evaMg¨Zv/mnR‡eva¨Zv (Understandability)
(b) Avw_©K weeiYxi Dcv`vb (Elements of Financial Statements)
01. m¤úwË (Assets)
02. `vq (Liabilities)
03. gvwjKvbv ¯^Z¡ (Equity)
04. Avq/ivR¯^ (Income)
05. e¨q/LiP (Expenses)
 Third Level

kbv³KiY/¯^xK…wZ, cwigvc Ges cÖKvk aviYvmg~n (Recognition, Measurement, and Disclosure

Concepts)
01. aviYv/Abygvbmg~n (ASSUMPTIONS)
e¨emvq mËv aviYv (Economic entity assumption)
Pjgvb cÖwZôvb aviYv (Going concern assumption)
Avw_©K GKK aviYv (Monetary unit assumption)
wnmveKvj aviYv (Periodicity assumption)
e‡Kqv aviYv (Accrual assumption)
02. bxwZmg~n (PRINCIPLES)
cwigvc bxwZmg~nHwZnvwmK e¨q I b¨vh¨ g~j¨ bxwZ (Measurement principles–Historical
cost and Fair value principle)
Avq ¯^xK…wZ bxwZ (Revenue recognition principle)
e¨q ¯^xK…wZ bxwZ (Expense recognition principle)
c~Y© cÖKvk bxwZ (Full disclosure principle)

03. mxgve×Zv (CONSTRAINT)

e¨q mxgve×Zv (Cost constraint)
 cÖvmw½KZvi AšÍfy³
© GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq: e¯ÍywbôZv (Materiality)
e¯ÍywbôZvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: wnmvewbKv‡ki mgq †Kvb Z_¨wU MyiyZ¡c~Y© Ges †KvbwU Kg MyiyZ¡c~Y© GUv
wePvi K‡i wnmvewbKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr wnmvewbKvk‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq wek` Z_¨ Øviv fvivµvšÍ
Kiv DwPZ bq|
e¯ÍywbôZv Abymv‡i:
 †QvU Ges Kg g~‡j¨i m¤úwˇK m¤úwË wn‡m‡e cÖ`k©b bv K‡i LiP wn‡m‡e cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
†hgb: Kg `v‡gi m¤¢vi µq K‡i m¤¢vi bvgK m¤úwË wnmv‡e wjwce× bv K‡i m¤¢vi LiP wnmv‡e
wjwce× Kiv hvq|
 mwÂwZ (eivÏ) c×wZi cwie‡Z© mivmwi Ae‡jvcb c×wZ‡Z Kz-FY Ae‡jvcb Kiv hvq|
 aviYv/Abygvbmg~n (Assumptions)
e¨emvq mËv aviYv (Economic Entity Assumption)
e¨emvq mËv aviYvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: e¨emv‡qi mËv n‡e gvwj‡Ki mËv I Ab¨vb¨ e¨emv‡qi mËv
†_‡K m¤ú~Y© c„_K ev ¯^Zš¿|
GB aviYv Abymv‡i:
 †Kv¤úvwb, Askx`vwi e¨emvq wKsev GK gvwjKvbv e¨emvq †h ai‡bi cÖwZôvbB †nvK e¨emv‡qi
Avjv`v mËv i‡q‡Q e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i wnmvewbKvk Kiv nq|
 e¨emvq wbR bv‡g †jb‡`b I Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 e¨emv‡q e¨envi‡hvM¨ mKj m¤úwË Ges `vq‡K gvwj‡Ki m¤úwË I `vq bv †f‡e cÖwZôv‡bi
m¤úwË I `vq fve‡Z nq|
 e¨emv‡q gvwjK KZ…K
© wewb‡qvM Ges gybvdvi gva¨‡g AwR©Z m¤úwËi Dci gvwj‡Ki AwaKvi ev `vwe _v‡K|
Pjgvb cÖwZôvb aviYv (Going Concern Assumption)
Pjgvb cÖwZôvb aviYvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Zvi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx Awbw`©óKvj a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ggb
Abygvb K‡i wnmvewbKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
GB aviYv Abymv‡i:
 mKj m¤úwË Ges `vq‡K GK iKg g‡b bv K‡i PjwZ I A-PjwZ ev ¯^í‡gqvw` I `xN©‡gqvw` bvgK `yB fv‡M
fvM Kiv nq|
 e¨q‡K (LiP‡K) g~jabRvZxq I gybvdvRvZxq bvgK `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq|
 e¨emvq cÖwZôvb Pj‡Z _vK‡e; ZvB ¯’vqx m¤úwˇK Aemvqb g~‡j¨ g~j¨vqb bv K‡i µqg~‡j¨ g~j¨vqb Kiv
nq| GRb¨B ¯’vqx m¤úwËmg~n‡K DØ„Ëc‡Î Aemvqb g~‡j¨ cÖ`k©b bv K‡i µqg~‡j¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|
AZGe, Pjgvb cÖwZôvb aviYv µqg~j¨ bxwZ‡K mg_©b K‡i|
[we`ª: m¤úwËi Aemvqb g~j¨ (Liquidation Value) = m¤úwËi weµqg~j¨ – Ôweµq LiP / Aemvqb LiP /
n¯ÍvšÍi LiPÕ]
 ¯’vqx m¤úwËi e¨q/µqg~j¨ D³ m¤úwËi AvbygvwbK RxebKv‡ji g‡a¨ eÈb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
AePq, Ae‡jvcb, k~b¨xKiY BZ¨vw` avh© Kiv nq|
Avw_©K GKK aviYv (Monetary Unit Assumption)
Avw_©K GKK aviYvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: kyay Hme NUbv wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e †hMy‡jv A‡_©i g~‡j¨
cwigvc Kiv hvq| GUv wnmveweÁv‡bi GKwU †gŠwjK aviYv|
GB aviYvi `ywU mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| h_v: A_© n‡jv NUbv cwigv‡ci Aw¯’wZkxj gvcKvwV| †Kbbv,
A‡_©i µq ¶gZv w¯’wZkxj bq| Ges e¨emv‡q Ggb A‡bK MyiyZ¡c~Y© NUbv N‡U, hv A‡_©i Øviv
cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
wnmveKvj aviYv (Periodicity Assumption)
wnmveKvj aviYvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Pjgvb Rxeb‡K KZMy‡jv K…wÎg
mgqKv‡j fvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GB mgqKvjMy‡jv‡K ejv nq wnmveKvj| mvaviYZ 1 gvm, 3 gvm,
6 gvm, 1 eQi BZ¨vw` mgqKvj‡K wnmveKvj aiv n‡q _v‡K|
GB aviYv Abymv‡i:
 GKwU wbw`©ó wnmveKvj †k‡l mgš^q `vwLjv †`Iqv nq Ges Avw_©K djvdj ev jvf-¶wZ wbY©q
Kiv nq|
 wnmveKvj †k‡l Avw_©K weeiYxmg~n (Avq weeiYx, gvwj‡Ki ¯^Z¡ weeiYx, DØ„ËcÎ I bM` cÖevn
weeiYx) cÖ¯ÍyZ Kiv nq|
 A¯’vqx ev bvwgK wnmveMy‡jv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó mgqKv‡ji g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLvi Rb¨ mgvcbx
`vwLjvi gva¨‡g mgvß/eÜ Kiv nq|
e‡Kqv aviYv (Accrual Assumption)

e‡Kqv aviYv Abymv‡i, †Kv¤úvwb H wnmveKv‡jB †jb‡`b wjwce× K‡i †h wnmveKv‡j Zv msNwUZ
nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc, Avq ZLbB kbv³ Kiv nq hLb Zv AwR©Z nq (bM` cÖvwßi Dci wfwË K‡i
bq)| GKBfv‡e, e¨q ZLbB kbv³ Kiv nq hLb Zv msNwUZ nq (bM` cÖ`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i
bq)|
 bxwZmg~n (Principles)
cwigvc bxwZmg~n (Measurement Principles)
wjwce×KiY Ges weeiYx‡ckKi‡Yi mgq m¤ú` I `vq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ `ywU bxwZ e¨eüZ nq|
G¸‡jv n‡jv: HwZnvwmK e¨q bxwZ Ges b¨vh¨ g~j¨ bxwZ| GLv‡b welq`ywU Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv:

HwZnvwmK e¨q bxwZ (Historical Cost Principle)

HwZnvwmK e¨q (HwZnvwmK g~j¨) bxwZi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: m¤úwË I `vq‡K µqg~‡j¨ wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
µq-cieZ©x evRvig~‡j¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv hv‡e bv| HwZnvwmK e¨q e¨env‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© myweav n‡jv GUv hvPvB‡hvM¨|
¯’vqx m¤úwËi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ HwZnvwmK e¨q bxwZ e¨envi Kiv nq|

b¨vh¨ g~j¨ bxwZ (Fair Value Principle)

b¨vh¨ g~j¨ bxwZi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: m¤úwË I `vq‡K b¨vh¨g~‡j¨ (evRvig~‡j¨) cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| wbw`©ó wKQz
m¤úwË Ges `vq cÖ`k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î HwZnvwmK e¨‡qi †P‡q b¨vh¨ g~j¨ AwaK MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc,
wmwKDwiwU‡R wewb‡qvM-Gi evRvig~‡j¨i Z_¨ mn‡RB cvIqv hvq weavq D³ welqwU evRvig~‡j¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|
Avq ¯^xK…wZ bxwZ (Revenue Recognition Principle)
Avq ¯^xK…wZ bxwZi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: Avq‡K †mB wnmveKv‡jB wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e †h wnmveKv‡j Zv
AwR©Z n‡e| GB bxwZi Kvi‡YB AwMÖg/AbwR©Z/ AbycvwR©Z Avq‡K Avq wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Kiv nq bv;
wKšÍy e‡Kqv Avq‡K Avq wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi Kiv nq|
e¨q ¯^xK…wZ bxwZ / wgjKiY bxwZ (Expense Recognition Principle / Matching Principle)
e¨q ¯^xK…wZ / wgjKiY bxwZi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: e¨q‡K (LiP‡K) Av‡qi mv‡_ mgš^q/wgj (Match)
Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr AwR©Z Av‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e¨q‡K H Av‡qi wecix‡Z cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j
Av‡qi mv‡_ †gvU e¨q mgš^q bv K‡i kyay H Av‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e¨q mgš^q Ki‡Z nq|
GB bxwZ Abymv‡i:
 †gvU jvf wbY©‡qi Rb¨ weµqg~j¨ †_‡K µxZ c‡Y¨i †gvU e¨q ev` bv w`‡q weµxZ c‡Y¨i e¨q
ev` †`Iqv nq|
 AwMÖg/AMÖcÖ`Ë e¨q‡K e¨q wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq bv| wKšÍy e‡Kqv e¨q‡K e¨q wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
nq|
 weµ‡qi Dci kZKiv nvi c×wZ‡Z Kz-FY mwÂwZ wbY©q Kiv nq|
 m¤úwËi AePq, Ae‡jvcb, k~b¨xKiY BZ¨vw` welqMy‡jv‡K e¨q wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i mgš^q Kiv nq|
c~Y© cÖKvk bxwZ (Full Disclosure Principle)
c~Y© cÖKvk bxwZi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i I evB‡i Aew¯’Z wnmveweÁvb Z‡_¨i
e¨enviKvix‡`i wbKU mvaviYfv‡e AvKvw•¶Z I MyiyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ mieiv‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨ Avw_©K
weeiYxmg~n cÖ¯Íy‡Zi mgq Avw_©K weeiYxi UxKv Ges m¤ú~iK Z_¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|| †hgb: gRy`
c‡Y¨i g~j¨vqb cÖYvwj, wewb‡qv‡Mi evRvig~j¨, m¤¢ve¨ `vq cÖf…wZ Avw_©K weeiYxi mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
c~Y© cÖKvk bxwZ e¨env‡ii †¶‡Î K‡qKwU welq m¤ú‡K© mZK© _vK‡Z nq| GMy‡jv n‡jv: (1) c~Y©
cÖKvk †_‡K cÖvß myweav Zvi e¨‡qi †P‡q †ewk n‡Z n‡e, (2) †Mvcb Z_¨ cÖKvk m¤ú‡K© mZK©
_vK‡Z n‡e Ges (3) Z_¨ †ewk RwUj Kiv hv‡e bv|
 mxgve×Zv (Constraint)
e¨q mxgve×Zv (Cost Constraint)
e¨q mxgve×Zvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv:, Z_¨ e¨envi K‡i cÖvc¨ myweavi wecix‡Z D³ Z_¨ mieiv‡ni e¨q we‡ePbv K‡i Z_¨
mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gvb IFRS I GAAP-Gi AšÍf©y³ bq Z‡e eûj cÖPwjZ GKwU bxwZ: i¶YkxjZv (Conservatism)
i¶YkxjZvi wb‡`©kbv n‡jv: weKí c×wZi g‡a¨ H c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e, †h c×wZ m¤úwË I gybvdv †ewk
†`Lv‡bv †_‡K weiZ iv‡L|
i¶YkxjZv Abymv‡i:
 mgvcbx gRy` c‡Y¨i µqg~j¨ I evRvig~‡j¨i g‡a¨ †hwU Kg †mwU †`wL‡q m¤úwË Ges gybvdv †ewk †`Lv‡bv †_‡K weiZ _vKv nq|
 mwÂwZ (eivÏ) c×wZ‡Z Kz-FY wnmvefz³ Kiv nq ev Kz-FY mwÂwZ m„wó Kiv nq|
 †`bv`v‡ii Dci kZKiv nv‡i Kz-FY mwÂwZ wbY©q Kiv nq|
 DØ„Ëc‡Î †`bv`vi †_‡K Kz-FY mwÂwZ I evÆv mwÂwZ ev` w`‡q †`bv`vi‡K wbU Av`vq‡hvM¨ g~‡j¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|
 AePq avh©Ki‡Yi weKí c×wZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h c×wZ †ewk AePq avh© K‡i †mB c×wZ‡Z AePq avh© Kiv nq| A_©vr ewa©òz
AePq avh©KiY c×wZ (µgn«vmgvb †Ri c×wZ I el© msL¨vi mgwó c×wZ) e¨envi K‡i AePq avh© Kiv nq|
 µgea©gvb g~j¨¯Íi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z (g~j¨wùwZi mgq) gRy` cY¨ g~j¨vq‡b LIFO c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 MCQ
Practice
01. GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi DØ„ËcÎ cÖ¯ÍyZKv‡j wnmveweÁv‡bi wb‡Pi †Kvb aviYvwU MY¨ Kiv nq bv?
(While preparing balance sheet of a firm, which one of the following accounting
concepts is NOT considered?) [Xvwe 18-19]

A. HwZnvwmK e¨q aviYv (Historical cost concept)

B. Pjgvb cÖwZôvb aviYv (Going concern concept)

C. c~Y©-cÖKvk aviYv (Full-disclosure concept)

D. wgjKiY bxwZ (Matching concept)

02. Avw_©K weeiYx‡K me©RbMÖvn¨ Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ gvb n‡jv- (The standards that are used
in making financial statements universally acceptable are-) [Xvwe 17-18; ewe 15-16]

A. GAAP B. GAAS C. IFRS D. GAAT

03. wgjKiY bxwZi cÖv_wgK D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q: (The primary objective of the matching
principle is to-) [Xvwe 16-17]

A. e¨emv‡qi mKj Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv (provide full disclosure)

B. †Kvb mgqKv‡ji Avq AR©‡bi Rb¨ e¨wqZ mKj LiP‡K AšÍf©y³ Kiv (record expenses
in the period in which related revenues are recognized)

C. Z_¨ mieivnKvix‡`i mKj Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv (provide timely information to decision
makers)

D. wewfbœ mgqKv‡ji Avw_©K weeiYxi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv (promote comparability between
financial statements of different periods)

E. wek¦vm‡hvM¨ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv (provide material information)

04. wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZ †Kv¤úvwbi wewfbœ eQ‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’v Zzjbv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i?
(Which accounting principle helps comparison of accounting and financial
condition of companies over time?) [Xvwe 16-17]

A. iÿYkxjZv (conservatism)

B. Gµzqvj (accrual)

C. Pjgvb cÖwZôvb (going concern)

D. mvgÄm¨ (consistency)

E. cÖvmw½KZv (materiality)
05. Avw_©K weeiYx‡Z mshy³ UxKvq †h Z_¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv nq, Zv Kiv nq- (The information
provided in the notes that accompany financial statements is required became
of the-) [Xvwe 15-16]

A. µqg~j¨ bxwZi Rb¨ (cost principle)

B. c~Y© cÖKvk bxwZi Rb¨ (full disclosure principle)

C. wgjKiY bxwZi Rb¨ (matching principle)

D. Avq ¯^xK…wZ bxwZi Rb¨ (revenue recognition principle)

E. iÿYkxjZvi Rb¨ (conservatism constraint)

06. GKwU cÖwZôvb bM` 80,000 UvKv w`‡q f‚wg µq Kij| f‚-m¤úwËi `vjv‡ji Kwgkb eve`
5,000 UvKv cÖ`vb Kiv nj| bZzb `vjvb wbgv©‡Yi Rb¨ cyi‡bv `vjvb †f‡½ †djv n‡jv Ges G
eve` LiP n‡jv 7,000 UvKv| µqg~j¨ bxwZ Abyhvqx, f‚wgi g~j¨ wjwce× Kiv n‡e: (A
company purchased land for Tk. 80,000 cash. Real estate brokers commission was
Tk. 5,000 and Tk. 7,000 was spent for demolishing an old building on the land
before construction of a new building could start. Under the cost principle, the
cost of land would be recorded:) [Xvwe 15-16]

A. Uv: 87,000 (Tk. 87,000) B. Uv: 80,000 (Tk. 80,000)

C. Uv: 85,000 (Tk. 85,000) D. Uv: 92,000 (Tk. 92,000)

E. Uv: 1,00,000 (Tk. 1,00,000)

07. †Kvb bxwZ/ixwZ `k ermi Kvh©Kvj m¤úbœ GKwU Kjg`vbx µ‡qi mgqB LiP wnmv‡e †jLvi
AbygwZ †`q? (Which concept or convention allows the accountant to expense a
pen-stand with a ten years life?) [Xvwe 15-16; Rwe 13-14, 09-10]

A. ev¯Íe aviYv (Materiality) B. Pjgvb aviYv (Going Concern)

C. wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv (Reliability) D. Avw_©K mËv (Business Entity)

E. cÖKvk bxwZ (Disclosure)

08. wb‡P DwjøwLZ bxwZ AbymiY Kwi e‡j Avgiv m¤¢ve¨ `vq‡K Avw_©K weeiYx‡Z †`LvB:
(Contingent Liabilities should be shown in the body of financial statement
because we follow the principles of:) [Xvwe 14-15]

A. mËvi bxwZ (Entity) B. wnmveKvj bxwZ (Periodicity)

C. wgjKiY bxwZ (Matching) D. avivevwnKZvi bxwZ (Consistency)

E. c~Y© cÖKv‡ki bxwZ (Full disclosure)

09. wb‡Pi †Kvb aviYv ev bxwZ evwl©K AePq avh©‡K eY©bv K‡i? (Which Accounting concept
or principle describes charging of annual depreciation?) [Xvwe 13-14; ewe 15-16]

A. c~Y© cÖKvk bxwZ (Full Disclosure) B. wgjKiY bxwZ (Matching)

C. Pjgvb aviYv (Going Concern) D. mvgÄm¨c~Y© bxwZ (Consistency)

E. Zzjbv‡hvM¨Zv bxwZ (Comparability)

10. GKwU gRyZ c‡Y¨i µqg~j¨ 1,250 UvKv I evRvig~j¨ 1,000 UvKv hv eQi †k‡l gRyZ
c‡Y¨i MYbv †_‡K ev` c‡o †M‡Q| GB gRyZ cY¨wU mwVKfv‡e wnmvefy³ n‡j H e¨emvi
gybvdvq Kx ai‡bi cÖfve co‡e? (What would be the effect of a busines's profit of
discovering that inventory with a cost of Tk. 1,250 and a net realizable value of
Tk. 1,000 had been omitted from the year end inventory?) [Xvwe 13-14]

A. gybvdv 1,250 UvKv Kg‡e (Decrease of profit by Tk. 1,250)

B. gybvdv 1,250 UvKv evo‡e (Increase of profit by Tk. 1,250)

C. gybvdv 1,000 UvKv evo‡e (Increase of profit by Tk. 1,000)

D. gybvdv 250 UvKv evo‡e (Increase of profit by Tk. 250)

E. gybvdv 1,000 UvKv Kg‡e (Decrease of profit by Tk. 1,000)

11. µqg~j¨ bxwZ Abyhvqx: (Cost principle states that) [Xvwe 13-14]

A. m¤úwËmg~n µqg~‡j¨ wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e (Assets should be recorded at their cost price)

B. m¤úwË cÖv_wgKfv‡e µqg~‡j¨ wjwce× Kiv nq Ges evRvig~j¨ cwieZ©b mgš^q Ki‡Z nq
(Assets should be initially recorded at cost and adjusted when the market value changes)

C. e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj gvwjK †_‡K Avjv`v ivL‡Z n‡e (Activities of an entity are
to be kept separate and distinct from the owners)

D. mKj cÖKv‡ii †jb‡`b UvKvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e (All transaction must be expressed in
terms of money)

E. m¤ú`mg~n evRvig~‡j¨ wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e (Assets should be recorded at their market price)
12. wb‡gœi †Kvb bxwZ Abymv‡i mgš^q Rv‡e`v Kiv nq? (Under which principle, adjusting

entries are passed?) [Xvwe 12-13]

A. wgjKiY bxwZi Rb¨ (as per Matching Principle)

B. mvgÄm¨ bxwZi Rb¨ (as per Consistency Principle)

C. e¨q bxwZi Rb¨ (as per Cost Principle)

D. i¶YkxjZv bxwZi Rb¨ (as per Conservatism Principle)

E. ¸iæZ¡ bxwZi Rb¨ (as per Materiality Principle)

13. wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZ Abymv‡i Gb.Gm. K‡c©v‡ikb Zvi Avq bM` Av`v‡qi cwie‡Z©
AwR©Z n‡jB wnmvefy³ K‡i? (Which accounting principle is the basis for recording
revenue in N.S. Corporation's books of account when it is earned instead of
when cash is collected?) [Xvwe 12-13; Pwe 15-16, 14-15]

A. HwZnvwmK e¨q (Historical Cost)

B. c~Y©v½ cÖKvk (Full Disclosure)

C. Avq ¯^xK…wZ (Revenue Recognition)

D. e¨emvwqK mËv (Business Entity)

E. i¶YkxjZv (Conservatism)
14. Ôav‡i weµqÕ Gi Dci wbw`©ó nv‡i Kz-FY mwÂwZ msi¶Y c×wZ wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZi
mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©? (The method of maintaining allowance for bad debts as a
percentage of 'credit sales' is consistent with which of the following accounting
principles?) [Xvwe 12-13]

A. mvgÄm¨ bxwZ (Consistency)

B. ¸iæZ¡ bxwZ (Materiality)

C. cÖKvk bxwZ (Disclosure)

D. wgjKiY bxwZ (Matching)

E. i¶YkxjZv bxwZ (Conservatism)

15. gvwj‡Ki g~jab `vq wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq KviY Avgiv AbymiY Kwi- [Xvwe 11-12; ivwe 17-18]

A. mËvi bxwZ (Entity principle)

B. cÖKv‡ki bxwZ (Disclosure principle)

C. Pjgvb bxwZ (Going concern principle)

D. †g‡UwiqvwjwU bxwZ (Materiality principle)

E. Av`v‡qi bxwZ (Realization principle)

16. wnmveweÁv‡bi †h bxwZ Abyhvqx DØ„Ëc‡Î †`bv`v‡ii wbKU Av`vq‡hvM¨ g~j¨ †`Lv‡bv nq, Zv

n‡jv: (The realizable amount of accounts receivables in the balance sheet based
on the accounting principle:) [Xvwe 11-12 evwZjK…Z, 05-06, 01-02; ewe 15-16]

A. mvgÄm¨ (Consistency)

B. i¶YkxjZv (Conservatism)

C. HwZnvwmK e¨q (Historical cost)

D. weP¶YZv (Prudence)

E. e¨emvwqK mËv (Business entity)

17. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Avw_©K weeiYxi ¸YMZ •ewkó¨ bq? (Which of the following is not a

qualitative characteristics of financial statements?) [Xvwe 10-11; ivwe 18-19; Rwe 15-16]

A. cÖvmw½KZv (Relevancy)

B. wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv (Reliability)

C. c~e©vYygvb g~j¨ (Predictive value)

D. wbf©i‡hvM¨ (Faithful representation)

E. HwZnvwmK e¨q (Historical cost)

18. †gwk‡bi AePq wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU e¨emvq cÖwZôvb cÖwZ eQiB µgn«vmgvb †Ri c×wZ
e¨envi K‡i| c×wZi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b K‡i bv| G cÖ‡qvM wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZi Dci
wbf©ikxj? (To determine depreciation on machinery, a business uses the reducing
balance method and it does not change the method. This accounting practice is
based on which of the following accounting principles?) [Xvwe 10-11, Rvwe 18-19]

A. Pjgvb e¨emvq (Going concern) B. wgjKiY (Matching)

C. mvgÄm¨ (Consistency) D. c~Y© cÖKvk (Full disclosure)

E. HwZnvwmK e¨q (Historical cost)

19. evsjv‡`‡k Avw_©K weeiYx cÖ¯Íy‡Zi †¶‡Î wb‡Pi †KvbwU AbymiY Kiv nq? (Which of the
following is followed to prepare financial statements in Bangladesh?) [Xvwe 10-11]

A. evsjv‡`k AwWwUs ÷vÛvW©m (Bangladesh Auditing Standards)

B. B›Uvib¨vkbvj GKvDw›Us ÷vÛvW©vm (International Accounting Standards)

C. evsjv‡`k wdb¨vbwkqvj wi‡cvwUs ÷vÛvW©m (Bangladesh Financial Reporting Standards)

D. Gm.B.wm. iæjm-1987 Ges Gm.B.wm. AwW©b¨vÝ-1969 (SEC Rules-1987 &SEC

Ordinance-1969)

E. we.Avi.wc.wW mvKz©jvi (BRPD Circular)

20. gRyZ cY¨ g~j¨vq‡bi †¶‡Î wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq? (Which

accounting principle is used for inventory valuation?) [Xvwe 09-10]

A. e¨q bxwZ (Cost principle)

B. i¶YkxjZvi bxwZ (Conservatism principle)

C. mvgÄm¨ bxwZ (Consistency principle)

D. mËv bxwZ (Entity principle)

E. cÖKvk bxwZ (Disclosure principle)

21. wnmve eQ‡ii †gvU Avq n‡Z H eQ‡ii cÖK…Z I m¤¢ve¨ e¨q ev` w`‡q wbU gybvdv wbY©q Kiv
nq| Bnv wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZi AvIZvfz³? (Net profit is determined by
deducting the actual and probable expenses from total revenue in a year. Which
accounting principle applies in this case?) [Xvwe 09-10]

A. Pjgvb Kvievi bxwZ (Going concern principle)

B. g¨vwPs bxwZ (Matching principle)

C. e¨q bxwZ (Cost principle)

D. e¨emvwqK mËv bxwZ (Business entity principle)

E. Avq ¯^xKvi bxwZ (Revenue recognition principle)

22. wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZ Abyhvqx ¯’vqx m¤ú` wjwce× Kiv nq? (According to which

Accounting Principle are fixed assets recorded?) [Xvwe 08-09, 04-05, 02-03; ivwe 09-10]

A. c~Y© cÖKvk (Full disclosure)

B. HwZnvwmK g~j¨ (Historical cost)

C. i¶YkxjZv (Conservatism)

D. mvgÄm¨ (Consistency)

E. wgjKiY (Matching)
23. †KvbwU wnmveweÁvb Z‡_¨i cÖv_wgK MyYMZ •ewkó¨ bq? (Which of the following is not a
primary qualitative characteristic of Accounting Information?) [Xvwe 07-08]

A. mgqvbyMZ (timeliness)

B. fwel¨ØvYx (predictive value)

C. hvPvB‡hvM¨Zv (verifiability)

D. mvgÄm¨ (consistency)

E. wbi‡c¶Zv (neutrality)
24. ÔGjÕ †Kv¤úvwb 1000 GKK cY¨ µq K‡i Ges nv‡Z †kl gRyZ cY¨ 91 UvKv nv‡i 200
GKK i‡q‡Q| GLb cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨q GKK cÖwZ 80 UvKv| †kl gRyZ c‡Y¨i g~j¨ DØ„Ëc‡Î
KZ UvKv †`Lv‡bv n‡e? ('L' company purchased 1,000 units and has 200 units in
its ending inventory at a cost of Tk. 91 each and a current replacement cost of
Tk. 80 each. At what value should the ending inventory be shown in Balance
Sheet in Taka?) [Xvwe 07-08]

A. 91,000 (91,000) B. 80,000 (80,000)

C. 18,200 (18,200) D. 17,100 (17,100)

E. 16,000 (16,000)
25. DØZ©c‡Î `v‡qi ¯^í‡gqvw` Ges `xN©‡gqvw` †kÖwYwefvM Kiv nq: (In a Balance Sheet,
liabilities are classified into short-term and long-term on the basis of:) [Xvwe 06-07]

A. wnmveKvj aviYv Abymv‡i (periodicity concept)

B. HwZnvwmK g~j¨ aviYv Abymv‡i (historical cost concept)

C. Pjgvb cÖwZôvb aviYv Abymv‡i (going concern concept)

D. i¶YkxjZv aviYv Abymv‡i (conservatism concept)

E. wnmve mËv aviYv Abymv‡i (economic entity concept)

26. wnmvewe`MY ¯’vqx m¤úwËmg~n HwZnvwmK g~‡j¨ wjwce× K‡ib Ges µq-cieZ©x g~j¨
cwieZ©b mvaviYZ wnmv‡ei eB‡Z †`Lvb bv| wb‡gœi †Kvb bxwZ/aviYvi Kvi‡Y GwU nq?
(Accountants record fixed assets at cost and normally do not adjust the
accounting record for subsequent changes in market price. Which of the
following principles/concepts is considered for this practice?) [Xvwe 05-06]

A. mvgÄm¨ bxwZ (Consistency principle)

B. Pjgvb e¨emvq bxwZ (Going concern concept)

C. wgjKiY bxwZ (Matching principle)

D. i¶YkxjZv bxwZ (Conservatism principle)

E. Dc‡ii †Kv‡bvwUB bq (None of the above)

27. Avw_©K weeiYx‡K me©RbMÖvn¨ Kivi Rb¨ iwPZ gvb n‡jv: (The standard that is used in
making financial statements universally acceptable is:) [Xvwe 05-06]

A. GAAP B. GAAS

C. FRS D. GAAT E. IASC

28. Valuing assets at their liquidation value rather than their cost is inconsistent
with which of the following? (m¤úwËi g~j¨vqb µqg~‡j¨ bv †`wL‡q Aemvqb g~‡j¨ Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mv‡_ AmvgÄm¨c~Y©?) [Xvwe 01-02]
A. Conservatism concept (msi¶YkxjZvi bxwZ)

B. Time period assumption (mgq Kv‡ji Abygvb)

C. Matching principle (wgjKiY bxwZ)

D. Going concern assumption (Pjgvb cÖwZôv‡bi Abygvb)

E. Materiality constraint (e¯ÍywbôZvi evav)

29. At what value marketable securities are reported in the Balance Sheet?
(weµq‡hvM¨ wmwKDwiwUR DØZ©c‡Î †Kvb g~‡j¨ D‡jøL Kiv nq?) [Xvwe 01-02]

A. at market price (evRvig~‡j¨)

B. at purchase price (µqg~‡j¨)

C. at face value (wjwLZ g~‡j¨)

D. lower of market price and purchase price (evRvi I µqg~‡j¨i g‡a¨ †hwU Kg)

E. lower of market price and face value (evRvi I wjwLZ g~‡j¨i g‡a¨ †hwU Kg)
30. wnmveweÁv‡bi †Kvb bxwZ Abyhvqx GKwU m¤ú` evRvig~‡j¨ wjwce× bv n‡q µ‡qig~‡j¨
wjwce× Kivi †hŠw³KZv cÖ`vb K‡i? (Which accounting principle justifies the
recording of an asset in the accounts at its cost price rather than at its market
value?) [Xvwe 2000-01]

A. cÖKvk (Disclosure)

B. HwZnvwmK g~j¨ (Historical cost)

C. i¶YkxjZv (Conservatism)

D. w¯’iZv (Consistency)
31. µqg~‡j¨i cwie‡Z© Av`vq g~‡j¨ m¤úwËi g~j¨vqb wb‡Pi †KvbwUi AmvgÄm¨? (Valuing
assets at their liquidation value rather than their cost is inconsistent with the)
[Xvwe 98-99]

A. Kvjxb Abygvb (Periodicity Assumption)

B. wgjKiY bxwZ (Matching Principle)

C. MyiyZ¡ mxgve×Zv (Materiality Constraints)

D. Pjgvb cÖwZôvb Abygvb (Going concern assumption)

 mgvß
(The End)