November 22, 2016

6.453 Quantum Optical Communication

Lecture 20

Jeffrey H. Shapiro

Optical and Quantum Communications Group

www.rle.mit.edu/qoptics

6.453 Quantum Optical Communication - Lecture 20

§ Announcements
§ Pick up lecture notes, slides

§ Nonlinear Optics of Interactions

§ Maxwell’s equations with a nonlinear polarization
§ Coupled-mode equations for parametric downconversion
§ Phase-matching for efficient interactions
§ Classical solutions

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Second-Order Nonlinear Optics

§ Spontaneous Parametric Downconversion

signal
pump
idler

§ Strong pump at frequency

§ No input at signal frequency
§ No input at idler frequency
§ Nonlinear mixing in crystal produces signal and idler outputs

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Classical Electromagnetics in Nonlinear Medium

§ Maxwell’s Equations in a Dielectric Medium:

§ Constitutive Relation:

§ Wave Equation for -going Plane Waves:

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Pump, Signal, and Idler Plane-Wave Modes

§ Assume Monochromatic Pump, Signal, and Idler:

§ Non-depleting pump
§ Slowly-varying signal and idler complex amplitudes

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Linear and Nonlinear Polarization Terms

§ Constitutive Law for Second-Order Nonlinear Crystal:

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Coupled-Mode Equations for Downconversion

§ Photon Fission:

§ Signal and Idler Equations for :

dAS (z) ⇥S (2) AP ⇤

= j A (z)ej(kP kS kI )z
dz 2cnS (⇥S ) I
dAI (z) ⇥I (2) AP ⇤
= j AS (z)ej(kP kS kI )z
dz 2cnI (⇥I )

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Conversion to Photon-Units Fields

§ Time-Average Powers on Photodetector Active Area :

c 0 nm (⇥m )A
Sm (z) = |Am (z)|2 , for m = S, I, P
2
§ Photon-Units Fields:

§ Photon-Units Coupled-Mode Equations:

dAS (z)
= j A⇤I (z)ej kz
dz
dAI (z)
= j A⇤S (z)ej kz
dz
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Type-II Phase Matched Operation at Degeneracy

§ Phase Matching for Efficient Coupling:

§ Conservation of photon momentum:

§ Type-II system:

§ Operation at Frequency Degeneracy:

§ Classical Input-Output Relation:

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Coming Attractions: Lectures 21and 22

§ Lecture 21:
Nonlinear Optics of Interactions
§ Quantum coupled-mode equations for parametric downconversion
§ Two-mode Bogoliubov relation
§ Gaussian-state characterization
Quantum Signatures from Parametric Interactions
§ Squeezed states from parametric amplifiers

§ Lecture 22:
Quantum Signatures from Parametric Interactions
§ Photon twins from parametric amplifiers
§ Hong-Ou-Mandel dip produced by parametric downconversion
§ Polarization entanglement produced by parametric downconversion

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6.453 Quantum Optical Communication

Fall 2016

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