Koperasi

Mohammad Yasin SE.,MSc

Cooperatives : Nature and Place in
the Economy
• Cooperation – working together to achive a common end – gotong
royong
– Contoh :pembangunan mesjid, jembatan, jalan kampung,
keamanan
– Penekanan cooperation pada self-help.Masyarakat “cooperate”
oleh karena mereka sadar sangat sulit mencapai sesuatu
dengan bekerja sendiri
• Cooperative (adj) : marked by cooperation ( --effort), marked by a
willingness and ability to work with others ( --neighbors), of, relating
to, or organized as a cooperative
• Cooperative n (1883) : an enterprise or organization owned by and
operated for the benefit of those using its services
• Cooperation : the action of cooperating : common effort,
association of persons for common benefit -- cooperationist
 Cooperative Business Enterprise
Definisi
• A cooperative enterprise is one which belongs to the people who use its
services, the control of which rests with all members, and the gains of which
are distributed to the members in proportion to the use they made of its
services
• A cooperative is a business voluntary owned and controlled by its member-
patrons and operated for them and by them on a non-profit or cost basis
• Characteristics of cooperative business enterprise :
– Comercial activity
– Non profit enterprise
– Owned by members who are the users
– Organized in response to mutual interest and economic needs of members
– Emphasize member control
– Voluntary
– Recognize the principle of proportionality
 Cooperatives in the political
economy
• Capitalism (Private Enterprise)
– View on Human Nature : “Men are more desirous of
gain than honor”By acting rationally and pursuing
their own interest, people fortunately contribute to the
general welfare as servants of society
– View on the Role of the State : the power of state
need be only minimal (maintain a reasonable degree
of law and order)
– View on Private Property : free individual competition
and limited government intervention
 Lanj’t
• Socialism :
– View on Human Nature : strong sense of “brotherly love”. Early
socialistic leaders often included intellectuals who were willing to
sacrifice such material things as income and physical well-being
for the sake of humanitarian ideals. They believed that a person
exists to serve society and that only by doing so it is possible to
achieve a “ blessed harmonious culture”
– View on the role of state : socialists believe that the basic needs
of society should be met through planned and coordinated
political economic action. Resources – labor, capital, materials
and management –should be allocated and controlled by the
State in the public interest
– View on Private Property : Public ownership and State control of
productive industries were the socialist answer (public utilitie,
banking institutions, railroads, factories, mines and various
service industries
 Lanj’t

• Communism
– View of human nature : concentration of power in an
elite party, control from above, and a highly developed
bureaucratic system maintained through authoritarian
means
– View on the role of State : the State assumed
responsibility for all forms of business activity, and it
nationalized all private property
– View on Private Property : Goods often rationed by
the State, and private property and profits do not
exist.
 Lanj’t
• Fascism
– View on Human Nature : autocratic, exploits
ignorance and prejudice, and seeks conquests and
expansion through military means
– View on the role of the State : society is tight
controlled. Key industrial and financial institutions are
either owned or controlled by the government
– View on Private property : the State regulates and
controls employment, wages, prices, and the direction
of economic growth and development
 Revolusi Industri dan Koperasi
• Di Inggris Revolusi Agraria dan Revolusi Industri
• Rev. Agraria (1700-1846) –rakyat petani jadi miskin
• Rev. Industri –lahirnya kapitalisme
• Dampak Rev. Industri :
– Kaum buruh :kurang menguntungkan (gap majikan dan buruh
makin lebar, beban kerja berat, penggunaan mesin—
mengurangi jumlah buruh, pengangguran, upah turun)
– Pertumbuhan perusahaan2 besar
– Timbulnya iklim persaingan usaha
– Inspirasi bagi lahirnya gerakan koperasi oleh Robert Owen
(1980); timbulnya gerakan koperasi di Rochdale (1844)
– Timbulnya dua sistem pemikiran Economic Science dan
Sosialisme
 Economic Science
• Adam smith “ An Inquiry into the Nature
and Causes of Wealth of Nations” (1776)
• Thomas Robert Malthus “ An Essay on the
Principle of Population as it Affects the
Future Improvement of Society” (1798)
• David Ricardo “Principles of Political
Economy and Taxation” (1817)
• Stuart Mill “Principal of Political Economy”
(1848)
 Sosialisme
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)—pendiri sosialisme Inggris dan orang
pertama yang menggunakan istilah sosialisme
• Usahanya : di New Lanark, rumah buruh tertata rapi, anak dibawah
10 tahun tidak boleh bekerja, jam kerja 10-11 jam sehari
• Cita-citanya reorganisasi sosial : memberdayakan rakyat miskin .
• Menganjurkan dibentuk Village of Cooperation atau Desa Gotong
Royong disebut pula Self Supporting Home Colony
• Pindah ke Amerika –gagal. Balik ke Inggris
• Dianggap sebagai pemimpin perjuangan buruh,pendidikan buruh.
Dengan pendidikan dihasilkan manusia yang rasional, teratur,
sungguh-sungguh, sabar dan rajin
• 1832 mendirikan “Equitable Labour Exchange” Nilai barang dihitung
berdasar jumlah jam kerja. (usahanya gagal)
• Robert Owen bukan penemu koperasi,hanya penggagas.
 Prinsip-prinsip Koperasi
• Webster’s Third New International
Dictionary (Unabridged) in defining the
word “principle” includes the definition ;”A
governing law of conduct”, “ a general or
fundamental truth”, “ a comprehensive or
fundamental law”
 KOPERASI ROCHDALE
• Didirikan 1844 oleh 28 buruh dipimpin oleh Charles Howarth
• Pemogokan buruh tenun 1844 di Rochdale : The Equitable Pioneers
of Rochdale atau The Hungry Forties menunjukkan adanya
kelaparan yang melanda buruh pabrik-pabrik di Inggris pada tahun
40-an.
• Tujuan Rochdale Pioneers:
– Mendirikan toko makanan,minimum,pakaian dsb
– Membangun atau membeli rumah
– Mendirikan pabrik
– Membeli tanah untuk bercocok tanam
– Membangun masyarakat yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya sendiri
– Membangun hotel
 Principles /azas-azas Koperasi
1. That capital should be of their own providing and bear a fixed rate
of interest
2. That only the purest provisions procurable should be supplied to
members
3. That full weight and measure should be given
4. That market prices should be charged and no credit given nor
asked
5. That “profit” should be divided pro rata upon the amount of
purchase made by each member
6. That the principle of “one member one vote” should obtain in
government and the quality of the sexes in membership
7. That the management should be in the hands of officers and
commitees elected periodically
8. That a definite percentage of profits should be alloted to education
9. That frequent statements and balance sheets should be presented
to members
 Sejarah Timbulnya Koperasi
• Adanya defensive reflex (gerakan otomatis untuk
membela diri)
• Inggris akibat Rev. Industri
• Perancis akibat Revolusi Sosial /Revolusi Perancis
(akhir abad 18)—Saint Simon, Charles Fourir, Louis
Blanc—koperasi produksi
• Jerman – kemiskinan petani di desa Rhineland—
Wilhelm Friederick Raffeisen (1818-1888) mendirikan
koperasi kredit (Raffeisen Bank)
• Indonesia –hutang yang melilit kaum priyayi mendorong
R.A. Wiryaatmadja mendirikan “Hulp en Spaarbank”
(1896). Partai politik Budi Utoma (1908), Serikat Dagang
Islam (1912), Studie Club Indonesia (1928)—Parindra
(Partai Indonesia Raya)—memasukkan cita-cita koperasi
 Basic Cooperative Principles
Reexamined
• Three principles
– Service at cost (sometime expressed as prorata
distribution of saving on the basis of patronage or
benefits according to use) or Operation at cost
– Member control
– Limited returns on capital or Limited returns on equity
capital
• Key Cooperative Principles
– Member ownership
– Duty to educate
 Other Principles or Practices
Examined
• Open or selective Membership
• Political, Religius, and Racial Neutrality
• Exclusive Trading with members
• Indivisible Capital Reserves
• Financing in Proportion to Patronage
• Single or Multiple business Services
• Selling at Market Prices
• Cash Trading
• Control of Facilities and service institutions
• Cooperation among Cooperatives
 Koperasi di Indonesia
• Ko-operasi : ko =bersama; operasi=bekerja
• Kooperasi sosial dan kooperasi ekonomi
• Kooperasi sosial tumbuh dari masyarakat (pembawaan) sifat tolong
menolong di pedesaan (gotong royong)—mesjid, rumah, jembatan,
jalan, kematian, perkawinan, sunatan dsbnya.—perhitungan untung
rugi tidak ada—SOLIDARITAS.
• Kooperasi ekonomi abad 19 ke abad 20 : gabungan solidaritas dan
individulitas (kesadaran akan harga diri pasa anggota-anggotanya
• 1896 didirikan Hulpp-en Spaarbank (bukan bank koperasi) tapi
idenya menggerakkan asisten residen De Wolf van Westwrode
untuk mendirikan kooperasi kredit buat orang tani di Banyumas
• 1934 bank-bank yang berdiri sendiri2 disatukan menjadi Algemeene
Volkscredietbank yang tidak berbentuk kooperasi
Bung Hatta (Mohammad Hatta)
• Ide koperasi = ekonomi
kerakyatan=perekonomian rakyat
• Timbulnya pasal 33 Bab Kesejahteraan Sosial”
– Perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha bersama
berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan
– Cabang-cabang produksi yang penting bagi negara
dan yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak
dikuasai oleh negara
– Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung di
dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan
untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat
 Perekonomian Negara
• Ditentukan Tiga hal
– Kekayaan tanah
– kedudukan terhadap negara lain dalam
lingkungan internasional
– Sifat dan kecakapan rakyat serta cita-cita
• Sejarahnya sebagai tanah jajahan (khusus
Indonesia)
 Jenis Kooperasi dalam sejarah
• Kooperasi kredit : cukup banyak
• Kooperasi penjual
• Kooperasi produksi :sedikit jumlahnya
• Kooperasi konsumsi: kalah dengan
warung karena sistem kredit boleh
ngutang dulu bayar belakangan.
• Kooperasi lumbung : lumbung bibit, kredit,
ijon dan pajak
 Lima Tradisi Koperasi
1. Koperasi Konsumen : Rochdale Pioneers
2. Koperasi Pekerja (perancis)
3. Koperasi Kredit (Jerman)
4. Koperasi Pertanian (Denmark Jerman)
5. Koperasi Jasa (perumahan, kesehatan)
di daerah industri Eropa.
 Types of Cooperatives
• Group served
• Size
• Areas served
• Functions performed
• types of membership
• Legal status
• Financial structure
• Quasi- Cooperatives
 Types of Cooperatives
• Cooperative Service and Trade
Associations
• Factors Influencing Types of Cooperatives
Established
 Groups served
• Agricultural producers
– Marketing cooperatives
– Production supply cooperatives
– Service cooperatives
– Credit cooperatives
– Mutual insurance cooperatives
– Mutrual irrigation cooperatives
– Dairy-herd improvement cooperatives
– Artificial breeding cooperatives
– Machinery-use cooperatives
 Consumer cooperatives
• Consumer goods cooperatives
• Credit cooperatives
• Health cooperatives
• Housing cooperatives
• Insurance cooperatives
• Recreation cooperatives
 Worker Cooperatives
• Industrial worker cooperatives
• Agricultural worker cooperatives
• Handicraft cooperatives
• Fishery cooperatives
• Business persons’ cooperatives
– Grocery chains
– Cooperative business services
 Area served
• Local cooperatives
• Regional cooperatives
• National cooperatives
• International cooperatives
 Function performed
• Marketing
• Purchasing
• services
 Size of Business
• Volume of business (annual)
• Number of members
• assets