RADIO SCIE-.

ICE, Vol 1 (New Ser~es),No 6, June 1966

A Normal Mode Theory of a n Underwater Acoustic

Duct by Means of Green's Function
Roy 1. Deavenport

U S . Navy Electronics Laboratory. San Diego. Calif. 92152 U.S.,4.

( K r c e i v r d D e r e m h r 20. 1965: revised J a n u a r y 21, 1966)

1. Introduction
' h e ac.c:ustic- field is de~.i\-cdfor a C:.&. point source Icwa!ed i i ~a 1,irninar inh0rn;.!~e~it>o!1:~
medium. Apl)lic.ation is made to a medium w h r r the velocity of' propagation c ( z )is a f'unctiorl o!'
depth onl). and varitt.; a(.wrdinp to a law givc~n!,y Epsteit~[1930]. Gazarian [l9:;7j has stud:r.tl
this problem using the Fourier~Krssrltransr'omi. h u t his paper appears t l ! have minor errors ill it.
By using a diKerent approacrh we can obtain a generalization and ct,rrrcticin of Gazarian's results.
It shouid be noted that hoth methods are c.losely related. an(! should always +ve the came results.
aithough the representations may he dii'krent.
The method employed \vill he the resolvent Green's f'unctiorl r x h n i q u e /llarcuvirz. 19.5 1 :
Titchmarsh. 1951: Friedman. 1955: Felsen. 1937: kazarinoff and k t t . 19.59: Krasi~i~shAin. 1962:
Bianchi and Faveila. 1964: Cohrn. 19641. This techniqur is defined as a p r o c ~ d u r et'or caonbtruciing
alternative rrpresentations for a Green's function solution of' a partial diKrrc;itial tyuatii,n whic.h
r
separates in sclrne c.oordinate system. I h r procedure consists q.)f separa:ing thr p a s t ~ a ciiffrrential
7

func3tions art' termed reioljent i c h d w ~ t e r i b t i ~Green'.

,) func.tions. and a:? unique!\ detr~mineclt r )
i the ieI)ai .ition conctant.. .
r e i t r i c t i o ~ ~on
T h e Green'. fun( tion of the partmi differcnt~alequation 1. then giken a+ 3 produg t ( i contour
integral5 mkolcing the resolkent Green's function.. i ~ ~ tthe l l i e p d ~ a t ~ oronctdrits
n ds t h r c om;~lex
integration \ ariables. Eat 11 c oniour muat separarr the i m g u l a ~ i i i ~ofi t ~ \ oI ekolvent Grcxpn'i
fun, t ~ o n c and . can he closed ahout the .~ngi~!aritlesof e ~ t l i e one.
r th:~- ~ ) r o \ ~ d i anlgt r r n a t ~ b ereprc-
sentations f o ~the Green'. function (if the partial differential equation. It i s ieen that t h ~ s1 5 l u s t
a get;cralizi:tion vf the %-atson transfornration.
In section 2 the formal solution is derivrd f(or a plane stratified rnedium w;ih either finitc or
infinite vertical boundaries. 'I'hr derisity of the rr~ediunii s asaumcr-i to remain cw11.tant. The
time-independent solutiol; is given as a contour inter;.al of the product of' two resolvent Grrcn'~:
functions. In section 3 t h e formal solution is iised t o find the tinre-independ~ntvelocity potential
for a medium where the velocity-depth variation is given h)- the Epstein profile. In section 4 p11i:s
 Roy L. Deavenport

are made of propagation loss versus range for a typical ocean profile. 'These plots indicate a com-
plicated pattern of beats resulting from a superposition of a set of normal modes. In the appendix
a method is given for developing velocity-depth profiles for which the one-dimensional wave equa-
tion can be solved exactly. This is done by transforming an equation whose solutions are known
into the wave equation, and then stating the solutions to the wave equation in terms of the original
equation. T h e allowed velocity-depth variations are then given as a Schwarzian derivative [Poole.
19601. and an invariant first derived by Zlalet [1882]. This technique, when applied to the hyper-
geometric differential equation. leads to the Epstein profile. This method has been developed
independently by Bose [I9641 in constructing solvable Schriidinger potentials. and more recently
by Heading [I9651 in developing refractive index profiles for electromagnetic wave propagation.
Also similar ~ o r khas been done by Wait [196%]and Burman and Gould [I9651 in studying radio-
wave propagation. T h e technique developed in the appendix is closely related to that developed
in section 2 due to the one-dimensional nature inherent in both sections.

2. Formal Solution

The wave equation for a point monopole source of unit strength, with angular frequency o.
is given hy

y7'p-7-=-J
1 a2p
c2(z)a t 2 ~ 6 (-r r d exp (- i w t ) , (1)

where cp represents the velocity potential in hydrodynamics and acoustics, and 6 ( r - ro)is the three-
dimensional Dirac delta function. If we assume cylindrical coordinates ir, 8, z) with azimuthal
symmetry (flat earth assumed), and suppress the time factor of exp (-- iwt). we have

where k(z)= W/C(Z) represents the wave number, and where we have chosen the source to be located
at z = zo and r= 0. T h e vertical depth coordinate z varies from - x z1 < z < 22 x . and the +
range coordinate r varies from 0 < r < x as shown in figure 1. T h e vertical physical boundaries
are represented by zi and z?.
T h e velocity potential cp is then exp ( - i w t ) times the Green's function G of (2). T h e bound-
ary conditions imposed on (%) consist of

WAVE N U M B E R - k ' z l RANGE

I
I

F I G L R E 1. D ~ u g r u mof uuiegulde s h o u ~ n gl o c u t ~ o nof source and

field polnt.
Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct

(a) G must satisfy a radiation condition for r + x.

where al, p and pl, are parameters which depend on the ~ h y s i c a lproblem.
It is interesting that ( 2 ) , with somewhat more general source conditions, has been studied by
Bremmer [I9581 and Wait [1962] for the case of electromagnetic wave propagation over a plane
stratified (flat) earth. T h e G would correspond to the z-component of the Hertz vector, and k(z)
would become the effective wave number keff(z)defined as

for horizontal polarization, and

k2
eff

for vertical polarization.

T h e first step to the resolvent Green's function technique is the separation of (2) into the follow-
ing forms:

[I,,.+ Xlr]GI(r, X I )=- 2 S(r), 0 < r < x,

[IJz- A ~ ] G ~ (ZO,
z , - XI)=- S(Z-zo), -X c Z I < (z, zO)

where the differential operators are defined by

and

and X I is the separation constant: G l ( r , XI) and Gliz, zo.- X I ) are defined as resolvent (characteristic)
Green's functions when they satisfy (4) and (5). respectively, and are subject to the above boundary
conditions. T h e separation constant is a complex parameter so restricted as to assure a unique
solution for (4) and ( 5 ) ,respectively. T h e restriction depends on the particular form of the bound-
ary conditions.
Next we state the completeness relation for the eigenfunctions of the two differential operators
L r and L,:

and

where the contours C1 and C? enclose all the singularities of GI and G?. respectively. on the proper
Riemann sheet of the complex X I-plane. Both contours are taken in the positive sense. By
71 2 Roy L. Deavenport

using Cauchy's residue theorem u e find that each of the above integrals can he written as a sum-
mation over the residue contributions. minus line integral5 around an) branch points. The result-
ing function% represent g e n e r a l i ~ e dorthonormal eigerlfunc>tionein the sense that they may have
210th discrete and continuous components [Courant and Hilhert, 19531.
From a hnouledpe of (41-(9). u e find the desired two-dimensional Green's function given hy
a complex con\olution of G I and G2:

where the contour C ieparatee the singularities of G I and el. and can be closed around those singu-
larities of either one nhich a l l o ~a uniqueness condition to he satisfied for GI and GL. T h e as-
surance that the two sets of singularities are separated is given by the restrirtions on the separation
constant which assure uniqueness for GI and G?.
R e n e ~ proceed
t to give the solutions of (4) and (5) which satisfy the required boundary condi-
tions. For the exp i- ~ w tt )i m ~factor, these solutions can be found in Morse and Feshbach [I9531
and \larcuvitz [1951]. respectively, and are given by

\+here z and z , denote the smaller or larger. respectively, of the variables z and 20: Hh(tr) is the
Hanhel function ot the first hind, and W($L. GI) represents the Wronskian of $2 and $11. The func-'
tions $I and $l are each combinations of two independent solutions. denoted by n l and n ~to, the
homogenous part of (5). T h e cornhinations are so chosen as to make satisfy the boundary condi-
tion at zl. and $2 the houndary condition at z2. T h e three quantities $>,and W($>, are each
functions of 5. hut the dependence will not be specified explicitly. By using (11) and (12)in (10)
we hake the Green's function solution of (2). u h i c h represents the time-indeprndent velocity
potential.

here the contour C is chosen to enclose all the singularities of GL which allow a uniqueness condi-
tion to be satisfied. Note that the on11 singularities of GI are branch points at zero and infinity.
Examples of (13) will now be illustrated. If there are no boundaries present, then t / ~ ~ and
(z)
$,(z) must simply satisfy radiation conditions for - t m , respectively. If one of the boundaries con-
sists of a free surface ((; = 0 at z=zl), then (13) becomes

where 7zL(z)must satisfy a radiation condition at tx. T h e contour C ' encloses the singularities
given by n i z l )= O . If one of the boundaries is rigid id G/a z = 0 at z = z l ) , then (13) becomes
Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct 71 3

where 11Az) must satisfy a radiation condition at +

x. T h e contour C" encloses the singularities
given by nl(z,)=O. For these results by other methods. consult Brekhovskikh [I9601 and Wait
[1962].

3. Solution for Epstein Layer

Next we want to apply the formal solution (13) to the problem studied by Gazarian [1957].
This problem consists of finding the field within a nonsymmetric Epstein duct where no boundaries
exist except those of the duct itself.
For a nonsymmetric Epstein duct. k q z ) has the following form:

k2(z)=Am 2 sech 2 ( z / H )+Rm2 tanh ( z / H )t Dw2. (16)

From (16) we have the velocity-depth variation ciz) given by

where the positive quantities A , B, D, and H are the profile parameters. A typical profile is shown
in figure 2 with A = 8.97 X B = 8.39 X D =4.54 X and H = 69.5 meters. T h e dimen-
sions of A , B. and D are (m/s)-? It is shown in the appendix that (16)is one of the simpler profile
forms for which the homogeneous part of ( 5 )is related to the hypergeometric differential equation.
Also from (A30)and (A32) of the appendix we have the following two independent solutions. denoted
by n l ( z ) and nr(z),to the homogeneous part of (5). with P ( z )given by (16):

VELOCITY (rneters/s)
1465 1479 1475 1480 1485 1490 !495 i
I

FIGURE
2. Epstezn t cloc1t3-depth profile.
 Roy L. Deavenport

and

where F ( x ) is the hypergeometric function, and

=H((2 - A2
,) 1 1 2 3 h-, = wlc,,

A =H ( ( 2 ,) I / ? . k , = w/c-,,

+
x = ( 1 tanh 5)/2. c,, = ( D +A)-''' = C ( Z = 0).

In the above example c , = 1470.4 m/s. c - , = 1497.8 m/s, and c0= 1469.4 m/s.
T h e radiation conditions are next applied to the solutions r l l ( z )and n?(z). We shall apply the
radiation conditions hy using the principle of "limiting absorption." first stated by lgnatowshy
[1905]. By using this principle, the usual Sommerfeld radiation conditions are replaced by the
requirement that the solutions, n r ( z )and n l i z ) ,approach zero as z + t w. respectively. T h e princi-
ple states that in order to solve a problem where no absorption occurs. the limit is taken as the
absorption approaches zero. This means that we assume the wave number h ( z ) complex, and then
let the imaginary part approach Lero through positive values to obtain the case for real X(z). If
the wave numher is simply taken to he real ~ i t h o u this t limiting procedure. the radiation conditions
are not satisfied. and the contour of integration cannot be defined, since the singularities of G?
would lie upon the branch cut of G I .
When we let z + -+ x . we find

and

Therefore n l ( z )and n l ( z ) will satisfy the radiation conditions if, for a time factor of exp (- ~wt).
the following conditions hold:

where the wave number X(z) is assumed to have a small positive imaginary part which is allowed
to approach zero. Also it should be noted that the above requirements, needed to satisfy the radia-
tion conditions. give the restrictions on the complex separation constant that assure a unique G I
and C?.
Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct 71 5

The use of a complex X(z) makes the one-dimensional differential operator Lr non-self-ad~o~nt.
By appl)ing recent developments In the theor) of non-self-ad~ointdifferential operators [Sims.
1957: kazarirloff and Ritt, 1959: Dolph, 1961: KrasnushLin. 1962: 4larienLo. 1963. Cohen, 1964:
\lachover. 1965). it is possible to solve (2)for an absorbing medium. as well as for cwmplex houndary
conditions.
From a study of Forsyth [1929] we find that the Wronskian of 712 and 711 can be written as

Hence by using (24) in (13) we have the following two-dimensional Green's function of (2) for the
Epstein profile:

The contour C is taken around half the poles of r +2

1 - v + ---- , and the branch points X, and
k - , are as she-n in figure 3. The poles are designated by x's and the branch cuts by wavy lines.
The branch cut of GI is taken from zero to minus infinity. The branch cuts of Gl are defined by
the equations Re h = O and Re p=0, and consist of hyperbolic arcs from the branch points to
ii ~ as; shown in figure 3 [Ewing. Jardetzk). and Press. 19571. The contour chosen corresponds
to enclosing on15 the singularities of GL which allow the radiation conditions to be satisfied [Tamir
and Oliner. 19631. In this paper Me shall evaluate only the normal mode solution given by the
residues at the above poles. The branch cut contributions have not been important for the sit-
uations considered. but there are physical problems where they are important.
716 Roy I.Deavenport

where s = O , 1. 2. . . . Thepolest,ofr which allow the radiation conditions to

be satisfied can b e found from (20) and (26), and are given hy

[,=+ + [A/2H+(H/2A)(X:- f ~ 2 , ) ] ~ ) ~ / ~ ,
where A = 2 ( u - 1 - 5 ) .

[=[,.
We therefore want to find the residues of

This is done as follows: W e first define the quantity p as

I-
i "+')
1- v + ----
2
evalunted at

which implies that

Then by using the formula

T( I - 11)= r / r ( p ) sin r p . (30)

we find

By using (31) in (2.5) we have. hy Cauchy's residue theorem. the two-dimensional Green's
function of (2). when X2(z) is given by (16):

where ;l;is defined as the largest positive whole number contained in the expression

and G(r. z. 20) is the time-independent velocity potential

Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct

Equation (32) can also be stated a s

\ L. L /
1 . \
12 cosh [,)"~l-~ (2 cosh (>)"-l-"

where /,<(al;cl: xl) represents a Jacobi polynomial defined a s

and F(xl) is the hypergeometric function with ul. cl, and s a s parameters. It should b e noted that
+
the mode number n is defined as s 1, and values of A and p occurring in the discrete part of (32)
and (34) are evaluated for 6 = 5,.
Equation (34) represents the field in terms of a discrete set of normal modes, plus a continuous
spectrum consisting of two lateral waves. Since the expansion was made in terms of the singu-
larities of G2, the normal mode expansion can be thought of as a summation of waves standing in
the z-direction (at great depths) and traveling in the r-direction, It should be noted that the dis-
crete set in (34) is different from that given by Gazarian [1957]. Gazarian's solution would have to
be multiplied by (2 exp [(A-p) ([, +
[,)])/(At p ) in order to be the same as the discrete part of (34).

4. Numerical Results
T h e depth-function amplitudes C,,(z,2,) are defined by the following equation:

Figure 4 shows a distribution of the depth-function amplitudes a s a function of receiver depths for
the profile in figure 2, and for the source at the axial depth of 34.8 m. T h e frequency is 1130 c/s,
which gives 15 modes. Only the first 12 of the 15 depth-function amplitudes are shown. T h e
maximum amplitudes of modes 13. 14. and 1.5 are. respectively, ,013. ,0058. and ,0013 m-I. All
15 modes are included in subsequent calculations.
T h e propagation loss L in dB is given by

u h e r e the term I, ~r represents the effect of p h ~ s i c a lahsorption and scattering, and has nothing
to do with normal mode theory. Strictly speaking. this term should have been considered when
the wave number k ( z ) was assumed complex. In figures 5 and 6 we show two plots of propagation
loss versus range for the conditions just discussed. In figure 5 the receiver is at a depth of 146.3 m.
 Roy L. Deovenport

- MODE I MODE 4

:
- - - MODE 2 MODE 5
MODE 3 1 MODE 6
120, 1

140t
L
160--62 6 02 oi 06 08 ~b 12 b 16

MODE

DEPTH FUNCTION AMPLITUDE Imeters-I)

whereas in figure 6 the receiver is at the axial depth. T h e value of L4 u a i 4.4 x 10-' dK/rn. In
both plots a random phase curve is shown. This curve is plotted from

which may be expressed a s

where Lo=36.8 and 23.8 dB for figures 5 and 6. respectively.

In figure 5 a very regular pattern of beats are observed. In figure 6 this pattern is not nearly
so obvious. T h e reason for the regular beats in figure 5 is that on11 two of the 15 modes hake sig-
nificant magnitudes, as can be seen from figure 4. These are modes of orders 11 and 12. Hence
we find that the distance ti between beats is approximately

In figure 6 several of the modes have comparable magnitudes, which may be seen also from figure 4,
and therefore the figure does not show a well-defined beat pattern.
Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct

120 I I I 1 I
0 10 20 30 40 50
RANGE (krn)

F IGURE 5. Propagation losses for receiver at 146..?-m depth, source at 34.8-m depth. and frequency
of 1130 cis.
Light curve is for the caae *here phaimg t i cunsidrrrd. Iirar) vurrr 3s for random phaqmg.

I I I 1 I
10 20 30 40 50
RANGE ( k m )

FIGLRE6. Propagation losses f i r receiver at 34.8-nz depth, source at 34.8-m depth, and frequency
of 1130 cis.
I.ight c u n r is for the caae where phasmg wnadrrrd Hra\? curb" is fur randurn phaamg.

5. Appendix. Solutions for General Profiles

From section 2 w e notice that if two independent solutions of

d2n(z)
-+
dz'
[FYz)- t 2 n(z)
] =0

are known. then the Green's function of (5) is given b y (12). B y knowing the Green's function of
(5), the Green's function for (2) is formally given b y (13). Therefore the problem of finding the
720 Roy 1. Deavenport

time-independent velocit) potential G for a plane stratified medium is reduced to finding the Green's
function of (5), and examining its singularities in the complex [-plane. It is therefore desirable
to k n o ~exact solutions of (Al) for a wide varietj of velocity-depth profiles. It is the purpose of
this appendix to show how such solutions can be found.
W e will show that the solutions to ( A l ) are related to those of the following differential equation:

whose solutions are assumed to be known.

First we transform (A2) into normal form by changing the dependent variable from F ( x ) to
V ( x ) a s follows:

where

and

T h e quantity I(x) is an invariant of (A2) [Poole, 19601, and was first derived by Malet [1882].
Subsequently (A2) is transformed into Liouville normal form by changing the independent
variable from x to Z:

where *

and

T h e symbol { x . z } denotes the Schwarzian derivative defined by

By using known properties of the Schwarzian derivative [Poole, 19601, (A8) can be written in the
following form:
Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct 72 1

h here q is a function of z. Therefore if the variation in z is given by (AlO), then the solutions to
(A6) are given b j (.A71 in terms of the solutions of (A2).
If p(z) -- X2(z)- t2.then (A6) is identical with (Al), and the solutions to ( A l ) are given by (A7).
Therefore, by choosing various values for q(z) and x(q). a large variety of velocity-depth varia-
tions are given by (A10) for which (A41)can be solved exactly.
As a special case, choose (A%)to be the following hypergeometric differential equation:

where

and a , b , and c are parameters.

T h e solutions to (A6) then become

where the variation in z is given by

and where

4K1= c(c - 2),

4Ks=(n+h-c)"l.

W e further specialize by letting

x(q)= [I + tanh ( q / 2 ) ] / 2 ,

and

q(z)= 2 z / H = 2 i .

which implies that

722 Roy L. Deavenport

and

(A%%)

Therefore d z ) becomes

g(z) =- H-'{l + 4(1 - x)'[Kl+ KZ41 -x)-' + K ~ x (-Ix ) - ~ J ) .

But giz) = XZ(z)- t 2 ; hence we arrive at the following Epstein profile:

kyz) = AmZ sech 2 5 + Ba Z tanh 5 + D a Z .

where

Aw2=(K1-K2)/H2=k2,-3 (k2,+X2J,

Bo" 2(K1 -&)/Hz = % (h: - A?,),

~ a ~ = t ~ - ~ - ~ ( 1 + 2 K 1 + 2 K 3 ()k=2$, + k 2 3 ,

and

Therefore when kZ(z) is given by (A24). a solution of (Al) is

nl(z) = (H/2)1/2~1/2(c-1)(1
- x ) ~ / ~ ( ~ + ~b;- ~C; )x),
F~(~,

which may be written as

where

Equation (A30) corresponds, asymptotically, to a wave traveling in the negative z-direction. An

independent solution which corresponds to a wave traveling in the positive z-direction is given by
Normal Mode Theory of Underwater Duct 723

T h e author acknowledges helpful discussions mith h1. -4. P ~ d e r s e nand H. P. Bucker. Grac-e
Wofford drafted the final figures.

6 . References

Bianchi. L... and L. Favrlla (19641. i convolution integral for the resolvrnt of the r r l n of t\\o commuting operators. Vuovo
Cirnento 34, 1825-1828.
Bosr. 4 . K. (19641. .iclass of solrahle potentials. Kuovo Cimento 32, 679-688.
Rrekhovskikh. L. h1. 11960). 'iavei in Layered XIedia (.icade~nicP r e ~ s London . and h e w Yorh. K.Y.1.
Bremnier. H. (1958). Propagation of rlrctromapnetic wa\es. Harrdhu(,h der Physik. vol. 16. 550-56?1 s springer-Vt.rlag.
Berlin).
Rurman. R.. and R. N. Gould 119651. Propagation of vertically polarized electrnnlagrretic Haves in a horizontall>- stratified
magnetoplasma. Radio Sci. 1 . Res. S U S 69D, No. 5. 693-700.
Cohen. D. S. 11964). %paration of variables and a l t e r n a t i ~ errpresrntatiuns for no11-self-adjoint houndar) \ a l n r p r ~ ~ b l r r n s .
Cornm. Pure i p p l . Math. 17, 1-22.
Courant. R.. and D. Hilbert (1953). Methvds of hlathematical Physics, 1st English ed., vol. 1. p. 404 (Interscience Publishers,
Inc., New York. K.Y.).
Dvlph. C. L. 119611. Recent de,elopmt.nts in some non-self-adjoint problenrs of mathematical physics. Rull. Amcr. hlath.
Soc. 67, 1-69.
Epatein. P. S. (19301. Rrflrction of wave. in an inhornogcncous absorbing medium. Proc. Nat. Arad. Sci. 1-5.16, 627-6,37.
Ewing. \I.. 'i-. .lardeizk). and F. Press (1957). Ela5tic 'i-a\es in Layered \Iedia. 44-47 (\IcGrawHill Unoh Co.. In(,.. Ucu
1-ork. Y.Y.).
Felwn. I,. H. il9571. l t e r n a t i \ c ficld ~.cpreserrtationsin regions hounded hy- spheres. cones. and l~lanc.;.IRE Trans. .Ant.
Prop. AP-5, 109-121.
Forsyth. .4. R. 119291. .4 Treatise on Diff'errntial Equations. 6th rd.. p . 229 ~hlacrnillanand Co.. London).
Friedman. R. (19551. .4n abstract formulation of the mrthod of separation of variables. h.Y.11. Inst. of RIath. Sri.. Div. of
E.hI. Res.. Rept. No. UR-12.
(;azarian. Iu. I-. 11957).K'acedurt propagation of sound for one particular (,lass of laminarl>-inhornogeneo~~~ media. Soviet
P h > > .:Icoust. {English Transl.) 3 , 135-159.
Heading. J . 119651. Refractive index profile> b a d on the h y - p ~ r ~ e o m e t requation
ic and the confluent hypergeometric rilua-
tion. Proc. (:amh. Phil. Soc. 61. 897-913.
Iynatowsky. U .119051. Reflexion elehtromagnetischer 'iellen an einem Draht. iinn. Physik 18. 4 9 5 5 2 2 .
Kazarinoff. N. D.. and R. K. Ritt (1959). O n the theory of scalar diffraction and its application to tht. prolate spheroid. Ann.
Ph>-s.N.Y. 6 , 277-299.
Krasnushkin. P. E. 119621. O n the propagation of long and very long radio wave5 around the earth. Suppl. Nuovo (:imento
26, 50-1 12.
\lachover. hl. (19651. Generalized eigenvectors and separation of variable<. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 115, ,505-524
hlalet. J . C. 11882). On a class of invariants. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 173. 751-776.
h l a r k n k o . \-. 4 . ! 1963). Expansion in rigenfunctions of nun-self-adjoint singular differential npcrators of second order. .4m.
>lath. Soc. Transl. 25, 77-130.
Marcuvitz. N. 11951). Field representations in sphericall) stratified regions. Comm. Pure -4ppl. hlath. 4 , 26:3-315.
Xlorse. P. M.. and H. Feshbach (19.53). Methods of Theoretical Phi-sics. 826-827 (hlcGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.. Kew York,
N.Y.).
Poole. E. G. C. (1960). Introduction to the Theor)- of Linear Differential Equations. 120-122 (Dover Publications. New
York, N.Y.1.
Sims. A. R. (19571. Secondary conditions for linear differential operators of the second order. J. Math. Merh. 6 , 247-285.
Tamir. T., and A. -4. Oliner (1963). Guided contplev waves, Part 1. fields at an interface. Proc. Inst. Elec. Engrs. (London)
110, 310-324.
Titchmarsh, E. C. (1951). .4 relation between Green's functions, J. London Math. Soc. 26, 31-36.
Wait, J . R. (1962). Electromagnetic Waves in Stratified lIedia (Prrgamon Press, Oxford. and Macmillan Co.. New York,
N.Y.).
 Roy L. Decvenport

6.1. Additional Related References

B u r m a n . R.. a n d K. N. (hid (1965). T h e reflection of w a \ e s in d penrrali/r.d Epstein profile, C a n . J . P ~ I ) . . 43,92IkY34.

d e Hoop. -3. T . (19651. . note on the. propagation of n a v e s in a ror;'inuou~l\ 1a)ered m e d i u m . .ippl. :ii,i. R c s . S w t . B 1 2 ,
71-80.
E c k a r t . G. (19601. K e l l r n o p t i s c l l c B e h a n d l u n g d e r S t r a h l u n g r i n r s m a g n * ~ t i s c h e nDipoli in r i n c m t.11t.n p e s c l ~ i c l ~ t e t r n
\Icdium nac,h d e r R l e t h o d r von Epstein. B a l e r Akad K i s s . I l a t h - S a t u r n . K l a s i e . U e u e E ' o l g ~ .Heft 102. \ l u n i c . h .
(::.l-man!.
F11c.k.l'. .4. (1065).Electromagnetic Diffraction a n d P r i ~ p i ~ a t i ( IJro1;lrrns
vn ~F'ergarnon P w s s . New York. N . 1 . I .

(Paper 1-6-80)