Simple Stresses & Strains

R=P R=P Assumptions:

1. Material is homogeneous
2. Material obeys HOOKE’s law
3. Component is loaded within Elastic Limit.
d 3. Component is in equilibrium  F  0 ,  M  0

L Load
 S tress 
Resisting Area
P N
σ
A mm 2
l P  Load (N)
P P P A  crosssecti onal area (mm 2 )
 Simple Stresses & Strains
Change in length
Strain 
Original Length
d δl
ε
L L

L  Original length (mm)
δ l  Change in length (mm)
 
l σ  E *ε
E  Elasticity Modulus
P P P
Inserting  & 
PL
δl 
AE
Simple Stresses & Strains

P
Stress σ N/mm 2
A
δl
Strain ε
L
PL
Elongation δl  mm
AE
 Types of Stresses
Normal Stress Shear Stress

P
d P
d t d c
L L

P P P P

P P
σt   (Tensile Stress) σc   P (Compressive Stress) τ  (Shear Stress)
A A A
Simple Stresses & Strains

P
Stress σ N/mm 2
A
δl
Strain ε
L
PL
Elongation δl  mm
AE
Simple Stresses & Strains
D1
C
A 2  100 mm2
120 mm x

B Dx
L
A1  50 mm 2 dx
90 mm
A

D2
P  8 kN

P
 Stresses & Strains in Stepped Bar
E  2 *105 N/mm 2 Stress σ
P
N/mm 2
C σ BC A
δl
Strain ε
A 2  100 mm2 L
120 mm PL
σ AB Elongation δl 
AE
mm

B
A1  50 mm 2
90 mm
A

P  8 kN P  8 kN P  8 kN PL1
δ AB  A E  0.072 mm
1
P 2
σ 
A1
 160 N/mm PL 2
AB δ BC 
A 2E
 0.048 mm
P 2
σ BC

A2
 80 N/mm δ  δ AB  δ BC  0.12 mm
 Stresses & Strains in Uniformly Tapering Rod
P
D1 x 
Ax
(D1  D 2 )
D  D1  x  D1  k* x
x L
x
P P
Dx σx  2 
L ( / 4 )*D x ( / 4)*(D1  k*x) 2
dx
x 4P
x  
E E* *( D1  k *x ) 2
δl
D2 δ  ε x * dx  ε 
l
L L 4*PL
4P
P δ l   ε x *dx   dx 
0 0 E*π*(D1  k*x) 2 π E D1D 2
 Shear Stress & Strain
P
Load
Shear stress 
Resisting area
  P
τ N / mm 2
A
Shear force has tendency to distort the element.
The change in the angle between adjacent faces ' γ'
is measure of distortion & called shear strain.

Within elastic limit shear stress ( ) is directly

proportion al to shear strain ( )

Constant of proportion ality is called as Modulus of Rigidity (G)
τ G* γ
 Simple Stresses & Strains
20
A B C D
50kN 60kN
E  2 *105 N/mm 2
10kN 20kN

400 1000 800

A B
50kN 50kN

B C
40kN 40kN

C D
60kN 60kN
 Simple Stresses & Strains
A B C D
E  2 *105 N / mm 2
RD
200kN 125kN

1000 1000 1000

A  2500 mm 2 RD C D RD

125 -RD B C 125 -RD

325 -RD A B 325 -RD

 Thermal Stresses
 20 Case1-Support B is not there
A B Case2-Support B is rigid
Case3-Support B yields by 0.1mm
t1= 27 C

1500

Pc

P’c

0.1mm
(-0.1)

 Thermal Stresses
A  320 mm 2

At what temperature
t1=- 20 C
the stress in bar will
be 35 MPa.
2.5
3000

Pc
  2.5   '
PC L
3000
2.5 ’=-2.5 ( * L *  t )  2.5 
AE
 3000
18 *10  6 * 3000 *  t  2.5  35
0.8 *10 5
 t  70.60 C
t 2  50.60 C
 Check If you Know the following

1 Is Pressure & Stress are essentially the same

quantities ?
2 Can You measure Stress the way you can measure
Pressure?
(i.e. pressure gauge for pressure measurement)
3 Stress is (Scalar / Vector / Tensor) quantity ?

4 Stress is function of material ?

5 To define state of stress at a point completely, how

many stress components needs to be defined
(3/6/9/….) ? What are they ?