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An Overview Study of Camless Combustion Engines

Article  in  European Journal of Engineering Research and Science · September 2019

DOI: 10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1511

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An Overview Study of Camless Combustion Engines
Thanh Hai Truong, and Van Huong Dong
 technology will soon be adopted. series on internal
Abstract—The internal combustion engine (ICE) finds its
place in the market with latest design modifications in various
components to improve efficiency, economy and overall
performance. However, one component has remained
unchanged in the internal combustion engine development i.e.,
the camshaft, has been the primary means of controlling the
valve actuation and timing, and therefore, influencing the
overall performance of the vehicle. Camless technology is
capturing the future of internal combustion engines. It has
been known to man that if valves could be controlled
independently in an Internal Combustion Engine then there
would be benefits like increased power, reduced emissions and
increased fuel economy. In the camless technology valve
motion is operated by valve actuators of electro-mechanical
and electro-hydraulic type. In this paper we compare camless
valve operation with conventional valve operation and we deal
with the valve actuating mechanisms of camless engine by
considering the electromechanical and electrohydraulic
actuators as the important types of actuating valves in camless
engines.
Index Terms—Valve Actuation, Electromechanical
Actuators, Electro-Hydraulic Actuators.
I. INTRODUCTION
Rudolf Diesel - an outstanding engineer at the Technical
University of Munich in Germany invented a type of
internal combustion engine and a patent granted to him in
1892 protects the copyright of an engine called diesel[1].
Along with the development of the car industry, diesel
engines have been constantly improved. Although there are
still doubts related to performance, reliability, fuel
consumption, etc., some companies have tried to apply
diesel engines to cars[2].
Mercedes has become the first automobile manufacturer
in the world to equip a diesel engine for a 260D since 1936.
The testing of the 260D taxi lot in Germany has shown the
efficiency and real life of a diesel engine[3]. Diesel engines
attracted the attention of consumers at that time. Mercedes'
success has encouraged many companies to participate in
the manufacture and installation of diesel engines for cars,
including Audi, Cadillac, Ford, Buick, Chevrolet, Volvo and
BMW[4]. The role of diesel engines became more evident
when two oil crises occurred in the 1970s and 1980s[5].
Despite many outstanding advantages, especially fuel
economy than gasoline engines of about 30%, diesel engines
are still less popular than gasoline engines due to inherent
limitations in noise and emissions[6].
Cams, thrusters, armors, etc. All these details have now
been incorporated into the internal combustion engines, but
these parts will soon be replaced, and camless engine
Published on September 15, 2019.
Thanh Hai Truong and Van Huong Dong are with Ho Chi Minh city
University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1511
EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2019
combustion engines[7]. In a camshaftless engine, the
movement of the panes is controlled directly by the actuator
without using a camshaft or mechanical connections.
Numerous studies have shown that a camless pan system
can remove many components compared to a traditional gas
distribution system. The automatic engine is equipped with a
camless gas distribution system with electro-hydraulic and
electro-mechanical control mechanisms that have been
studied for more than 20 years, but it has not yet been highly
applicable[8].
Noise has been identified as a major problem with
electro-mechanical actuator technology, arising due to the
high-speed contact of components[9]. To reduce this noise,
the soft contact of the pan valve is required.
The normal suspension system in internal combustion
engines consists of a number of moving components, a
number of rotary movements and some translational
movements. Includes the mushroom valve body acted by the
trigger, with the springs used to push the valve out of the
closed position[10]. In this system, the engine's energy is
used to hybrid the components of the gas distribution
system, and is consumed by the friction of the camshaft,
springs, camshaft transmission belts ... the power output
part. This costs 5% -10% of the total power output of the
engine[11].
Another factor against the traditional suspension
powertrain is the shape of the cam. Usually, the delivery
time and impact of cams are predetermined. The cam lugs
are pre-shaped and therefore it is difficult to change the
timing and order of their actions[12]. The impact of the
valve on the base causes noise and reduces the life[13].
Differences in the profile of the cam result in a difference
in the characteristics of the engine. When the engine rotation
is high, torque is low, so it is necessary to calculate to
achieve the optimal on the same engine. With variable
timekeeping technology, this problem can be better
achieved[14]. But the problem that exists is that the camber
slip still exists, which is why the electromechanical traction
system is considered in subsequent studies. With the ability
to change the time acting on the pancakes, the opening and
closing time of the pancakes will be calculated optimally
necessary for each load mode of the engine as well as for
each cylinder[15].
The camshapless pontoon system can be divided into two
groups: electro-hydraulic and electro-mechanical. With the
mechanical powertrain, there are several designs being
tested[16]. Most of the developers are using the regular disk
valve system (as we see now) but it can also be a spherical
pan valve. Both use electromagnets one way or another to
close and open the valve. As for the hydraulic pontoon boat
system, the pistons are opened and closed by a mechanism
using high pressure hydraulic fluid.
41

II. DISC VALVE WITH ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DRIVE.
This type of system uses an armature to act on the body of
the valve. The outer shell consists of an electromagnet coil
that can attract or push the steel core, from which the valve
opens and closes.
Fig. 1. Principle of disc valve actuator by electromechanical[17]
Most of these systems use electromagnetism or magnets
to create the attraction or push of the main actuators made of
iron or ferromagnetic core. These types of armature are
limited by the actuators because they depend on the travel
range. If this gap becomes larger (such as when the distance
between the moving part and the permanent magnet or the
electromagnet increases), the impact force will decrease. In
order to maintain the forces exerting heavily on the armature
as the size of the displacement increases, a high voltage
current in the coil must be used[18]. Increasing the current
leads to an increase in the system's energy loss, in addition
to non-linear operation, which makes it difficult to achieve
the desired effect. As a result, most designs have a high
speed of opening and closing of the valve (sudden and
difficult to close) and the system cannot change the
movement amount of the valve[19].
The latest electromechanical valve actuator mechanism of
the type of dish pan type plate does not use an iron or
ferromagnetic armature instead of a armature that is a live
coil[9]. An electromagnetic field is created by an
electromagnetic field generator and directly passes through a
fixed gap. An armature with a live armature coil is placed in
the electromagnetic field in the void. When current flows
through the armature coil and the current is perpendicular to
the electromagnetic field, an impact force will affect the
armature. When current flows across the armature coil
horizontally or vertically in the electromagnetic field, an
electromagnetic induction force (Lorentz force) will apply to
the armature coil. The force generated on the armature
causes the armature to move forward in the space parallel to
the body of the pan. Depending on the direction of the
current supplied to the armature coil, the pan will be moved
to the pile or open position. The latest electromechanical
potters have a higher development and better control of the
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1511
EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2019
force. compared to previous designs. These forces are
constant throughout the armature's displacement because the
size of the gap does not change.
Fig. 2. New type electromechanical actuator driver[20]
Refer to Figures 1 to 4, an electromechanical valve set of
a dish pan valve illustrates the construction of the suction or
exhaust pan valve in the engine. The valve valve (22)
includes a guide tube (28), the body of the valve (30), and
the valve base (32). The Pupil Operator System (20) of the
disc pan system generally consists of an outer box (34) with
2 upper and lower halves (36) and a lower half (42), an
electromagnetic field generator consisting of a magnetic coil
high (48) and high (52), a core (56) consisting of a high core
(58) and a low core (68), and an armature (78) connected to
the body of the valve. The best inductance coil is made of
aluminum wire or other lightweight conductive materials.
The reduction of the weight of the armature is intended to
reduce the effect of inertial forces in both directions[21].
The ability of the actuator to act on the force generated in
both directions and to the change in the magnitude of the
force acting on the armature in both directions is an
important advantage of this design. For example, changing
the current flowing through the armature coil and or
changing the intensity of the electromagnetic field can
control the opening and closing speed of the pan. This
method can also be used to slow down the movement of the
valve, reducing the opening and closing speed of the valve
as well as reducing the noise[22].
42

Fig.3. Principle of the actuator of a mechanical valve with spring
This system can work without springs, as shown in Fig. 2
or may have springs as shown in Fig. 3
III. SPHERICAL VALVE WITH ELECTRO-MECHANICAL IMPACT
Unlike the regular dish, this type of valve has a spherical
shape. The impact system of this type of valve consists of a
marble that can move along a corridor. If the marble rotates
along the path up to the opening of the marble, air may pass
through it. The opening and closing of the valve pan is done
by electromagnets arranged around its outside.
Refer to Figure 4, the valve cover (7) consists of 2 halves.
Pancake balls (8) have two hardened pivots connected to
balls (12). Disc (10) is fixed and driven to the valve ball and
has electromagnets surrounding the circumference.
Electromagnets (11) are located on both sides of the valve
pan (8) and they are fixed with a valve pan.
The electromagnets are controlled via ECU electronic
controller. A crankshaft sensor mounted on the engine
crankshaft provides information about the relative position
of the piston relative to the upper dead point. At the upper
dead point of the cycle, the ECM unit can be used to
polarize both electromagnets so that they are polarized
opposite to the electromagnet of the pan balls, which rotate
the pan balls into closed position. .
By such a simple replacement, the efficiency of the
spherical pan valve and the arrangement of the valve pan in
the four-stroke engine eliminates all moving parts in the
pan-type driver. This can even be an improvement beyond
the camless pan-plate pan system - the bridge pan simply
rotates on its axis to achieve the desired flow, further
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1511
EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2019
accelerating up and down in compliance. linearity.
Incomplete mode can also be created to increase the
turbulence of air flow into the engine, increasing the mixing
effect of the fuel.
Fig.4. Spherical valve structure[23]
The total wind power potential of Vietnam is estimated at
513,360 MW, which is equal to more than 200 times the
capacity of Son La hydropower and more than 10 times the
total capacity forecasted by the electricity industry by 2020.
Of course, to switch from theoretical potential potentials can
be exploited, so that the technical potential and ultimately
the economic potential is a long story[12]. Considering the
standard for building small wind power stations for
economic development in difficult areas, Vietnam has 41%
of rural areas that can develop small wind power. If
comparing this figure with neighboring countries, Cambodia
has 6%, Laos has 13% and Thailand 9% of the rural area can
develop wind volume. This is indeed a privilege for
Vietnam but we are still indifferent to how to make use of it.
The electromechanical actuator won't work well with the
standard 12V electrical system; the auto industry chose the
42V system as the standard for automation[24].
IV. DISC VALVE WITH ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC IMPACT
In this section, the introduction of electro-hydraulic pan
valve designs includes panes that can be moved between the
first and second position. Energy use is a turbocharged
hydraulic line and a hydraulic actuator mounted on the disc
pan. The movement between the first and second position
depends on the flow of the high-pressure hydraulic line. An
electrically controlled hydraulic valve controls the flow of
high-pressure fluid to the hydraulic actuator.
43

Fig. 5. Diagram of disc valve electric-hydraulic drive[25]
In one design, electricity is supplied to an electrically
controlled 3-way valve to control the flow of the high-
pressure fluid flow to the actuator. This valve is supplied
with pressure oil when the electrical pulse is open, and
discharges oil into the engine oil tank when the valve is
reversed with the electrode to the closed position. The use of
engine oil as a hydraulic oil supply simplifies the system
and lowers the cost of the design by removing some of the
details compared to a specific hydraulic system.
The basic hardware design of the electro-hydraulic valve
set tavs is shown in Figure 5. The disc-type pan-plate of the
engine (22) and the springs of the valve valve (24) are used
to restore Restore the status of the valve. Disc-type panes
are driven by actuators (26), which are driven by hydraulic
electro-valves (28) to supply hydraulic oil to pipelines (29).
The preferred hydraulic oil is engine oil, which is supplied
to the electro-hydraulic valves from the common pipe (30).
A hydraulic pump hybrid engine (32) feeds pressure oil,
receiving oil from the engine's oil tank (34). The pump
outlet pressure is also limited by a no-load valve (36), and is
also controlled by a reservoir (38) connected to a shared
pressure oil pipe. With this design the hydraulic pump can
be disconnected periodically, such as under braking mode,
when the traction unit will work by the source of pressure
oil in the tank[26].
Following the trend of all modern engine systems,
camshaft engines are more reliable based on sensors. The
special puffer and control system needs a common pressure
sensor, a common temperature sensor, a flow sensor, a
cooling temperature sensor, a piston speed sensor, a exhaust
sensor, an engine position encoder with high analytical
capability, a decoder for burning fuel time, electronic
injection controller, coil of electronic control valve, Built-in
electronic control of electronic combustion, electronic air
speed controller and electronic power reducer[27]. A pan
type of valve developed by industrial firm Sturman says its
speed could be about six times faster than conventional
hydraulic pan. To achieve such speed, it uses a small tube
sandwiched between the two coils, a microprocessor-based
controller that can quickly move the small tube forward and
backward, thereby acting on the valve. engine appropriately.
V. BENEFITS OF CAMLESS ENGINES
The benefits of a cam freezer actuation are many. One of
its greatest benefits is the ability to change time indefinitely.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1511
EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2019
Increasing torque can be created by trying to change a series
of time values to obtain the optimum usable volume. This
increases engine efficiency and reduces fuel consumption,
also reduces toxic emissions, increases engine durability and
longevity, and allows adjustment to suit different types of
fuel. as well as the conditions of each region of activity.
The cessation of cylinder operation (eg from 8 cylinders
to 6 cylinders) is also possible, with the combined reduction
of exhaust. In addition, the reduction in fuel consumption
can be achieved by combining the technology of the
camshaft pan-less technology with a high-pressure direct
fuel injection system. The amount of lubricant required for
the engine is also reduced because there is no need to
lubricate the previous complicated camshaft system. The
engine start-up process is also optimized for the gas
distribution system. The electromechanical actuator acts to
increase the overall efficiency of the engine by eliminating
friction losses of the camshaft components, reducing the
engine weight and reducing the output power of the
crankshaft. to hybridize gas distribution devices.
VI. COMPARE THE XUPAP SPEED BETWEEN THE
MECHANICAL CAMSHAFT AND THE CAMLESS DRIVE
The enhancement of the speed of the valve driver and
control system is illustrated in Figure 6.
Fig. 6. The graph comparing the speed of the valve effect
The figure depicts a comparison of the speed of the valve
effect between the engine using mechanical cam and
camless engine. Journey length of the pan (inch) according
to the rotation of a mechanical camshaft described on the
chart[28].
On the graph, the open and close cycle of a pan valve is
driven by a mechanical camshaft shaped like a sinusoidal
curve. The open phase (measured according to the rotation
of the crankshaft) remains a constant for any mode of load
or rotation of the engine. However, the opening and closing
of the pan valve is driven faster by the electromechanical
actuator[29]. Designed in accordance with the opening rate
of the valve at the minimum rotation of the engine, the
electric actuator opening of the opening and opening of the
opening at the same time is the same as the unexpected
mode of exploitation of the engine. Due to this improvement
in speed, it leads to greater flexibility in the situation with
muffins, allowing for higher moomen levels, reduced
exhaust emissions, and improved fuel economy. The large
44

opening stages for electromechanical valve actuators are
also shown on the graph.
The control of the intake pan allows to control the air
intake, minimizing unnecessary excess air, thereby
improving the quality of combustion, reducing air loss and
compressor capacity.
The use of a camshaft-free torque control allows pre-
programming of engine reversals. This can be done simply
by reversing a pair of input wires. The reversing process is a
big advantage for ships equipped with two-axis propulsion
or two single-propeller hybrid engines. This also allows the
removal of the necessary mechanisms for reversing such as
gears[30].
However, there are still big problems with electric control
valve. The problem is not only in the software requirements
but also the mechanical system of the actuator. The number
of times the impact of the wire and steel core is not long,
and the effect of poor impact at high revolutions is a matter
of discussion.
VII. CONCLUSION
The main difference between a camshaft engine and a
traditional engine is when we mention the traction method in
both types of engines. In the traditional valve engine, the
engine is driven by the use of camshafts, cam lugs and
gears. But in camshaftless internal combustion engines all
these parts are removed with electric or electro-hydraulic
actuators which we have difficulty with conventional
engines. Benefits such as reduced emissions, increased
power output, and increased fuel efficiency can be achieved
by using camless technology for internal combustion
engines. From all of the above we can conclude that by
applying camless technology to the internal combustion
engine the performance of the machine will be enhanced.
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