Dr.

Eman Youssef
 1-Introduction on control systems
 2-Major Specifications of measuring instruments
 3-Measurement of pressure
 4- Measurement of level
 5- Measurement of temperature
 6- Measurement of flow
 Engineering is concerned with understanding
and controlling the materials and forces of
nature for the benefit of human kind.
 Control system engineers are concerned with
analysis and design of control systems.
 A control system is an interconnection of
components forming a system configuration
that will provide a desired system response
 A control system is a system of devices or set of devices,
that manages commands, directs or regulates the behavior
of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire results. In
other words, the definition of control system can be
rewritten as
A control system is a system, which controls other system.
 Automatic control is utilized nowadays in almost all of the
engineering applications chemical, mechanical, civil,
robotic systems and electrical engineering
 Control systems perform their work in much the same way
as a human do; they replace the different organs in the
human body namely:
❖ Eyes are replaced by Sensors.
❖ Brain is replaced by Controller.
❖ Muscles are replaced by Actuators.
there are two main types of control system
❖ Open loop control system
❖ Closed loop ontrol system
 A control system in which the control action is totally
independent of output of the system then it is called open loop
control system. Manual control system is also an open loop
control system. Fig - 1 shows the block diagram of open loop
control system in which process output is totally independent of
controller action.
 Practical Examples of Open Loop Control System
 Electric Hand Drier – Hot air (output) comes out as long as you
keep your hand under the machine, irrespective of how much
your hand is dried.
 Automatic Washing Machine – This machine runs according to
the pre-set time irrespective of washing is completed or not.
 Simple in construction and design.
 Economical.
 Easy to maintain.
 Generally stable.
 Convenient to use as output is difficult to measure.

Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System

• They are inaccurate.
•They are unreliable.
•Any change in output cannot be corrected automatically.
 Control system in which the output has an effect
on the input quantity in such a manner that the
input quantity will adjust itself based on the
output generated is called closed loop control
system.
 Open loop control system can be converted in to
closed loop control system by providing a
feedback. This feedback automatically makes the
suitable changes in the output due to external
disturbance. In this way closed loop control
system is called automatic control system.
 Figure below shows the block diagram of closed
loop control system in which feedback is taken
from output and fed in to input.
 Automatic Electric Iron – Heating elements
are controlled by output temperature of the
iron.
 Water Level Controller– Input water is
controlled by water level of the reservoir.
 Closed loop control systems are more
accurate even in the presence of non-
linearity.
 Highly accurate as any error arising is
corrected due to presence of feedback signal.
 Bandwidth range is large.
 Facilitates automation.
 The sensitivity of system may be made small
to make system more stable.
 This system is less affected by noise.
 They are expensive
 They are complicated to design.
 Required more maintenance.
 Feedback leads to oscillatory response.
 Overall gain is reduced due to presence of
feedback.
 Stability is the major problem and more care
is needed to design a stable closed loop
system.
 In process control, the basic objective is to
regulate the value of some quantity. To
regulate means to maintain that quantity at a
desired value regardless of external
influences. The desired value is called the set
point
 The control process may be manual control
or automatic control
 Consider the liquid level control process shows in figure 1
 The objective is to regulate the level at a desired value, the
set point H. the level, is called the controlled variable.
 The main parts of the process are:
- A tank with sight glass S
- A valve to change the output liquid flow by the human.
 The human measures the actual level h in the sight glass
and compares it with the set point H . if h > H , the human
opens the valve to increase the output flow Qout, the
water level h lowers till h=H. If h < H , the human closes
the valve to decrease the output flow Qout, and allow the
level h to rise tillh =H. Therefore, by continuous
monitoring of the sight glass the human can bring the
water level h to the set point H .

 To provide automatic control, the system is
modified as shown in figure (2), the human is
replaced by the following devices:-
 - Sensor: To measure the water level and
generates a signal S that represents that level.
 - Controller: It compares the set point H with the
actual level h and generates a control signal u to
change the valve opening via an actuator.
 - Actuator: is connected to the valve by a
mechanical link
 Each element in the system is represented by a
block as shown in figure
 The basic elements are:-
 - Process: The tank and the liquid.
 - Sensor: Measures the level and converts it into
an electrical or pneumatic signal.
 - Error detector: A part of the controller to
compare the set point H with the actual level h.
 - Controller: A decision making device, it
generates a control signal.
 - Actuator: The final control element, the device
that has a direct on the process and changes the
controlled variable to bring it to the set point
 Instruments are used to measure the process
variables. The measured value is indicated as a
signal, which may be mechanical, electrical,
pneumatic……etc.
 This signal is used for display, recording,
alarming and for controlling the system variable
to the desired value. System variables that may
be measured are pressure, temperature, level,
flow, viscosity, position, velocity …etc.
 The instrument used has to be accurate, sensitive
, reliable and capable to operate for long time in
the marine environment).Namely, vibration, salt
corrosive atmosphere and temperature variation.
 Sensor:
It detects the system-controlled variable
(temperature) and produces a signal
proportional to it, this signal may be:
Electrical – pneumatic or mechanical
movement, for example the pressure is
Sensed by a bourdon tube, or bellows.
 Transducer
It changes the signal received from the
sensor into an amplified electrical output, a
mechanical movement or a pneumatic signal.
 Units
 systems of units are commonly used:
 - The international system of units, SI units, Kg –
meter – second.
 - The English system of units, pound – foot–
second.
 Metric system